Biofuels and Biorefining: Volume 1: Current Technologies for Biomass Conversion

Front matter
Copyright
Contributors
Biomass: The driver for sustainable development
Introduction
Global energy context
Biomass for bioenergy and value-added products
Future trends for a bio-based economy
Conclusions
References
Raw materials for a biomass-based industry
Introduction
Triglyceride feedstock
Sugar and starchy feedstock
Lignocellulosic feedstock
Waste feedstock
Biomass to value-added products and/or compounds
Conclusions
References
An overview on the calculation of thermodynamic properties and phase equilibria in biofuels production and biorefinery
Introduction
Prediction of thermodynamic properties for pure components and mixtures involved in biofuels production and biorefinery
Description of available thermodynamic models
Importance of the parameter estimation in thermodynamic models
Calculation of phase equilibria of systems involved in the biofuels production and biorefinery
Gibbs free energy minimization without chemical reactions
Phase stability analysis
Gibbs free energy minimization with chemical reactions
Other relevant thermodynamic calculations: Azeotropy, saturation conditions and critical points
Numerical challenges for the resolution of phase equilibrium calculations
Conclusions
References
Microbial bioethanol fermentation technologies-Recent trends and future prospects
Introduction
Biomass feedstocks for bioethanol production
Sugar-based feedstock
Starch-based feedstock
Lignocellulosic-based feedstock
Algal feedstock
Description of alcoholic fermentation with its biological reactions
Microorganisms for alcoholic fermentation with their metabolic routes
Yeast in fermentation process
S. cerevisiae
Kluyeromyces marxians
Bacteria in fermentation
Z. mobilis
Other bacteria
Pretreatment of biomass
Physical pretreatment
Chemical pretreatment
Biological pretreatment
Hydrolysis
Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis
Enzyme catalyzed hydrolysis
Bioreactors in alcoholic fermentation
Batch reactors
Fed-batch reactor
Continuous reactors (flow reactors)
Fundamentals and modeling of alcoholic fermentation
A review of the trends of alcoholic fermentation
Separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF)
Simultaneous Saccharification and fermentation (SSF)
Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF)
Simultaneous saccharification, filtration, and fermentation (SSFF)
Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP)
Bioethanol recovery and purification
Status of bioethanol in Indian perspective
Conclusion
References
Further reading
Production of biodiesel: From the oil to the engine
Introduction
Raw materials for biodiesel production
Conventional biodiesel production processes
Conversion technologies
Homogeneous catalysts
Heterogeneous catalysts
Enzymatic catalysts
Reaction equipment
Purification technologies
Biodiesel production in the world
Biodiesel economics
Performance in engines
Case study: Design and economic assessment of a biodiesel production process
Problem statement
Development of the process flow diagram
Modeling the oil composition
Kinetic model
Thermodynamic model
Process design
Preparation of the reaction mixture
Pre-treatment by acid esterification
Neutralization after acid pre-treatment
Transesterification reactor
Phase separation
Biodiesel washing
Biodiesel refining
Ethanol recovery
Glycerol purification
Methodology for economic assessment
Results and discussion
Esterification reactor
Transesterification reactor
Purification of biodiesel
Product quality
Use of raw materials and obtained by-products
Equipment costs
Operating costs
Conclusions
References
Production of biojet fuel: Conversion technologies, technoeconomics, and commercial implementation
Introduction
Rationale for biojet fuel
Overview of aviation sector, feedstocks, and supply chains
Conversion pathways used to produce biojet fuel
Oil-to-jet
Hydrogenated esters and fatty acids
Catalytic hydrothermolysis
Hydroprocessed depolymerized cellulosic jet
Sugar-to-jet
Direct fermentation of sugars to hydrocarbons
Catalytic upgrading of sugars to hydrocarbons
Gas-to-jet
Alcohol-to-jet
Separation technologies for the purification of products
Techno-economic modeling of biojet fuel conversion technologies
Oil-to-jet
Sugar-to-jet
Gas-to-jet
Alcohol-to-jet
Case studies of the commercialization of biojet fuel production technologies
Life cycle assessment of biojet fuel in commercial aviation
Oil-to-jet
Sugar-to-jet
Gas-to-jet
Alcohol-to-jet
Conclusions
References
Biogas production: Technologies and applications
A brief review of the raw materials used to produce biogas
Agricultural and livestock feedstocks
Industrial residues and byproducts
Organic municipal solid waste (OMSW) and sewage
Biogas production potential and modeling: Scaling-up AD process
Conventional technologies for conversion of raw materials to biogas
Anaerobic reactors: Configuration development and selection
Established technologies used in anaerobic plants (wet biodigestion)
Dry anaerobic digestion
Conventional separation technologies for biogas cleaning and upgrading and the management of the digestate
Cleaning technologies
Water removal
Siloxane removal
H2S removal
Upgrading technologies
Physical and chemical absorption
Pressure swing adsorption (PSA)
Membrane separation
CO2 stream recovery from biogas
Technologies for the treatment and reuse of digestate
Dewatering
Technologies for the management of the digestate liquid fraction
Technologies for the management of the digestate solid fraction
Methane losses in biogas production systems
Practical biogas production and uses
Electricity generation technologies with biogas
Combined heat and power (CHP) systems
Upgrading to biomethane
Technological arrangement and business model for biogas toward bioeconomy: A ``bio-hub´´ case study
Advances in the practical implementation of biogas technologies
Four business models for biogas
Just heat generation
Electric power generation or CHP production
Biomethane production
Biogas products in a biorefinery
Challenges and perspectives for biogas technological applications
References
Production of biohydrogen
Introduction
Characteristics of hydrogen
Hydrogen-producing technologies
Biohydrogen
Applications of hydrogen
Biohydrogen-producing technologies
Biophotolysis
Direct biophotolysis
Indirect biophotolysis
Photo fermentation
Dark fermentation
Microbes capable of biophotolysis
Metabolism pathways
Fermentation types
Microbes in dark fermentation systems
Microbial electrolysis cell
Reactor design
Microbes in MEC
Energy source
Hydrogen production by multistage processes
Sequential dark-photo fermentation
Combined dark fermentation-MEC processes
Others products
Biomass used for biohydrogen production
Agricultural crops
Lignocellulosic biomass
Algae
Other organic wastes
Waste sludge
Food wastes
Biodiesel wastes
Animal manure
Technoeconomic analysis of biohydrogen production
Capital cost
Operating cost
Cost and benefits analysis
Case studies
Applications of hydrogen
Ammonia synthesis
Catalytic hydrogenation
Metallurgic industry
Fuel
Biochemical synthesis
Others
Conclusions and perspectives
Conclusions
Perspectives
References
Biomass production, storage, and pretreatment for the production of solid biofuels
Introduction
Sources and raw materials for the production of solid biofuels
Harvesting residues and process waste
Wood and residues from silviculture
Energy crops
Aquaculture
Characteristics and sampling
Biomass supply chains
Harvesting of biomass
Choosing feedstock
Pretreatment, storage, and preservation of biomass
Comminution and densification of biomass
Densification of biomass
Transportation of biomass
Upgrading
Pretreatment of solid biofuels
Biomass torrefaction
Pyrolysis
Steam explosion
Fermentation
Choosing pretreatment systems
Energy balances
Case: Pyrolysis oil as a binder for pelletized solid fuel
References
Production of high-added value compounds from biomass
Introduction
High-value products obtained from biomass
High-value chemicals obtained transforming biomass
Organic acids
Ketone/aldehyde
Sugar alcohols
Polysaccharides
Biopolymers
Amino acids
Vitamins
Enzymes
Natural high-value phytochemicals in biomass
Overview of conventional processes for biomass transformation to high-added value products
Organic acids
Organic acids produced by microbial catalysis
Organic acids produced by chemical synthesis
Ketone/aldehyde
Sugars and sugar alcohols
Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides produced by microbial catalysis
Polysaccharides obtained by direct extraction
Biopolymers
Amino acid
Amino acids produced by microbial catalysis
Amino acids produced by chemical catalysis
Membrane technology aided production of high-value chemicals
Techno-economic analysis of a high-added value: Xylitol
Final remarks and perspectives
References
Biorefinery, an integrated concept: Analysis of bioethanol and aromas production from whey
Introduction
Biorefineries
Biorefinery feedstocks
Whey as feedstock for biorefineries
Background of biofuels from whey
Aromas, value-added products
Roses aroma. 2-Phenylethanol
Banana aroma. Isoamyl acetate
Kluyveromyces marxianus in the aroma and bioethanol production
Integrated biorefinery for biofuel and aromas production from whey. Tulancingo Valley as study case
Conclusions
References
Index