Biofuel Technologies for a Sustainable Future: India and Beyond

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Contributors
List of Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Current Scenario of Renewable Energy in India and Its Possibilities in the Future
1.1: Introduction
1.2: RenewableEnergy
1.2.1: Biomass
1.2.2: Biofuels
1.2.3: Small Hydro
1.2.4: Solar Energy
1.2.4.1: Grid-connected
1.2.4.2: Off-grid solar PV program
1.2.5: Wind Energy
1.2.6: Wasteto Energy
1.2.7: Geothermal Energy
1.3: Future of Renewable Energyin India
1.4: Policy Gaps and Opportunities
1.5: Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Application of Green Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Systems: A Review of the Current Status
2.1: Introduction
2.2: Use of Nanotechnology for Improved Energy Efficiency
2.3: Nanomaterials and Sustainability Issues
2.4: Green Nanomaterials Enhancing the Sustainability in Energy Applications
2.4.1: Green Reagents Used During Nanoparticle Synthesis
2.4.2: Green Processes Involved in Nanoparticle Synthesis
2.4.3: Biomass Based Green Nanotechnology in Energy Devices
2.5: Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Production of Energy from Biowaste: An Overview of the Underlying Biological Technologies
3.1: Introduction
3.2: Current Technologies for Energy Generation from Biowaste
3.3: Anaerobic Digestion for Generation of Biogas
3.4: Microbial Fermentation for Bioethanol Generation
3.5: Microbial Fermentation for Bio-Hydrogen Generation
3.6: Transesterification for Biodiesel Generation
3.7: Discussion on Potential Challenges and Solutions for Biofuel Generation
3.8: Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Coconut Shell-Based Activated Carbon Supported Metal Oxides in Catalytic Cracking Activity
4.1: Introduction
4.2: Experimental Procedures
4.2.1: Material
4.2.2: Catalyst Preparation
4.2.3: Catalytic Cracking of Waste Cooking Oil
4.2.4: Product Analysis
4.3: Results and Discussion
4.3.1: Properties of Waste Cooking Oil
4.3.2: Catalytic Cracking of Waste Cooking Oil
4.3.2.1: Activated carbon-based catalysts
4.3.2.2: Activated carbon supported metal oxides
4.3.3: Characterization of Activated Carbon Supported Metal Catalysts
4.3.3.1: X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis
4.3.3.2: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
4.3.3.3: Temperature programmed desorption (TPD)
4.3.3.4: Catalyst stability test
4.4: Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Biofuels – Are they a Sustainable Alternative?
5.1: Introduction
5.2: Abstraction of Biofuels from Food
5.2.1: Water Resources
5.2.1.1: Availability of water
5.2.1.2: Stored water assets
5.3: Water Usage
5.3.1: Usage of Water in the Growing Crop
5.4: Biofuels and their Energy Content [31]
5.5: Is Biomass is a form of Solar Energy [31]
5.6: Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Current Research Trends on the Utilization of Mono and Hybrid Nano-Fluids for Solar Energy Applications
6.1: Introduction
6.2: Nano-Fluids as Smart Fluids
6.2.1: Hybrid Nano-Fluid
6.3: Utilization of Mono/Hybrid Nano-Fluids in Solar Energy
6.3.1: Solar Collectors (SCs)
6.3.2: Photovoltaic Thermal (PV/T) System
6.3.3: Solar Desalination
6.4: Challenges with Nano-Fluid-Based Solar Technologies
6.5: Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
Chapter 7: Modification and Application of Vegetable Oils for Biofuels
7.1: Introduction
7.2: History of Vegetable Oil as a Fuel
7.3: Transesterification of Vegetable Oil
7.4: Biodiesel Feedstock
7.4.1: Palm Oil
7.4.2: Sunflower Oil
7.4.3: Soybean Oil
7.4.4: Rapeseed Oil/Canola Oil
7.4.5: Rice Bran Oil
7.4.6: Jatropha
7.4.7: Used Cooking Oil
7.5: Biodiesel
7.6: The Current Senior of Biodiesel Derive from Vegetable Oil
7.7: Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: A Green Automotive Industry for a Sustainable Future
8.1: Introduction
8.2: Scope of Development in Conventional Internal Combustion (IC) Engine
8.2.1: Possibility of Improvement in Short Term
8.2.1.1: Improvement in engine construction
8.2.1.2: Exhaust treatment systems
8.2.1.3: Changes in fuel for the IC engines
8.2.2: Possibility of Improvement in Long Term
8.2.2.1: Gasoline compression ignition (GCI)
8.2.2.2: Reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) system
8.2.2.3: Octane on demand (OOD)
8.2.2.4: Opposed piston engines
8.3: Green Engine Technology
8.3.1: Technical features of green engine
8.3.2: Working of Green Engine
8.4: Hybrid Vehicles (HVs)
8.4.1: The Definition of Hybrid Vehicles (HVs)
8.4.2: Types of Hybrid Vehicles
8.4.2.1: Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)
8.4.2.2: Hybrid solar vehicle (HSVs)
8.4.2.3: Plug-in-hybrid electric vehicle (PHEVs)
8.4.3: Need HVs to Replace Conventional ICs and EVs-Why & Why Not??
8.5: Hydrogen Fuel IC Engines (H2-ICEs)
8.5.1: Fundamental of H2-ICEs
8.5.2: Types of Advanced H2-ICEs
8.5.2.1: Pressure Based H2ICE
8.5.2.2: Liquid-hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine (l-H2-ICEs)
8.5.2.3: Direct-injection hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine (DI-H2ICE)
8.5.2.4: H2-ICE-electric hybrid
8.6: Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Thermochemical Conversions of Contaminated Biomass for Sustainable Phytoremediation
9.1: Introduction
9.2: Biomass Fuels Contaminated with Heavy Metals
9.3: Combustion
9.3.1: Fundamentals of Solid Biomass Combustion
9.3.2: Fluidized Bed Combustion for Solid Biomass Fuels
9.3.3: Ash Formation and Fate of Heavy Metals During Combustion of Solid Fuels
9.3.4: Combustion Relevant for phytoremediation Plant Biomass Contaminated with Heavy Metals
9.4: Gasification
9.4.1: Gasification Fundamentals
9.4.2: Gasification Relevant for Phytoremediation Plant Biomass Contaminated with Heavy Metals
9.5: Pyrolysis
9.5.1: Pyrolysis Fundamentals
9.5.2: Pyrolysis Relevant for Phytoremediation Plant Biomass Contaminated with Heavy Metals
9.6: Hydrothermal Processing
9.6.1: Fundamentals of Hydrothermal Treatments of Biomass
9.6.2: Hydrothermal Treatments Relevant for Phytoremediation Plant Biomass Contaminated with Heavy Metals
9.7: Conclusionand Perspective
References
Index
About the Editors