Bioethics and Public Health Law

Front Matter......Page 2
Editorial Advisors......Page 3
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 7
About Wolters Kluwer Legal & Regulatory U.S.......Page 8
Dedication......Page 9
Summary of Contents......Page 10
Contents......Page 11
Preface......Page 22
Health Care Past and Present......Page 30
End-of-Life Warning at $618,616 Makes Me Wonder Was It Worth It......Page 35
Doctors, Patients, and Health Insurance: The Organization and Financing of Medical Care......Page 39
Competing Solutions: American Health Care Proposals and International Experience......Page 41
Doctors, Patients, and Health Insurance: The Organization and Financing of Medical Care......Page 45
Clinical Decision Making: From Theory to Practice......Page 47
Magic or Medicine? An Investigation of Healing and Healers......Page 49
The Tyranny of Health......Page 50
The Machine at the Bedside......Page 53
Making Medical Spending Decisions......Page 54
Notes: The Phenomenology of Sickness and Healing......Page 61
Clinical Decision Making: From Theory to Practice......Page 63
Complications: A Surgeon’s Notes on an Imperfect Science......Page 69
Health and Medical Care Reform in the United States: Ethical Questions and Concerns......Page 76
Notes: The Crisis in American Medicine......Page 84
Allocating Health Care Morally......Page 88
The Professional Paradigm of Medical Care: Obstacle to Decentralization......Page 90
The Practice of Autonomy: Patients, Doctors, and Medical Decisions......Page 92
Medical Law And Ethics in the Post-Autonomy Age......Page 94
Notes: Professionalism, Autonomy, Empiricism, and Other Paradigms......Page 102
Hurley v. Eddingfield......Page 108
Wilmington General Hospital v. Manlove......Page 109
Wideman v. Shallowford Community Hospital......Page 113
Notes: The Differing Obligations of Physicians and Hospitals; Hospitals as Quasi-Public Facilities......Page 116
Notes: Moral and Constitutional Rights to Health Care......Page 123
Burditt v. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services......Page 125
Notes: The Federal Patient Dumping Statute......Page 133
Walker v. Pierce......Page 142
Notes: Discriminatory Denials of Care......Page 145
United States v. University Hospital......Page 147
Glanz v. Vernick......Page 155
Notes: Denials of Care Because of Disability......Page 159
Alexander v. Choate......Page 162
Will Clinton’s Plan Be Fair?......Page 166
Health Care Rationing and Disability Rights......Page 168
Making Medical Spending Decisions: The Law, Ethics, and Economics of Rationing Mechanisms......Page 175
Rationing Health Care in Britain and the United States......Page 178
Notes: Rationing Insurance Benefits; Disability Discrimination......Page 183
B. The Fiduciary Nature of the Treatment Relationship......Page 195
C. Confidentiality of Medical Information......Page 197
1. The Federal Duty to Maintain Medical Privacy: Federal Privacy Regulations (HIPAA)......Page 198
In the Matter of Miguel M. v. Barron......Page 202
Notes: HIPAA Privacy Protections......Page 208
Notes: Beyond HIPAA — Constitutional, Common Law, and Statutory Duties to Maintain Confidentiality......Page 216
2. The Duty to Breach Confidentiality......Page 220
Notes: Statutory Disclosure Obligations......Page 223
Bradshaw v. Daniel......Page 226
Notes: Common Law Duty to Warn......Page 230
Discussion Problems......Page 238
Rethinking Informed Consent......Page 240
Notes: The Theory and Practice of Informed Consent......Page 243
Note: Informed Consent and the First Amendment......Page 250
Canterbury v. Spence......Page 252
Culbertson v. Mernitz......Page 259
Notes: Competing Disclosure Standards......Page 264
Notes: The Other Elements of a Nondisclosure Claim......Page 268
Rizzo v. Schiller......Page 270
Notes: Limiting Liability for Failure to Disclose......Page 274
Autonomy and Privacy: Protecting Patients from Their Physicians......Page 284
Moore v. The Regents of the University of California......Page 286
Howard v. University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey......Page 295
Notes: Fiduciary Principles and the Disclosure of Provider-Associated Risks......Page 301
Notes: Financial Conflicts of Interest......Page 303
Notes: Nonfinancial Provider-Associated Risks......Page 310
E. Human Experimentation and Research......Page 315
Why Informed Consent? Human Experimentation and the Ethics of Autonomy......Page 319
Grimes v. Kennedy Krieger Institute, Inc.......Page 322
Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects......Page 342
Notes: Human Subjects Research......Page 348
Problem: The SUPPORT Trial......Page 368
Problem: Compensation for Research-Related Injuries......Page 370
Problem: Medical Research, Biobanks, and the Privacy Rule......Page 371
Problem: DNA Research and Indigenous Communities......Page 374
A. Refusal of Life-Sustaining Treatment......Page 381
In the Matter of Karen Quinlan......Page 382
In re Conroy......Page 387
Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health......Page 391
Notes: The Individual Interest in Refusing Treatment......Page 398
Notes: The State’s Interest in Preserving Life......Page 405
Notes: The State’s Interest in Preventing Suicide......Page 412
Notes: The Ethical Integrity of the Medical Profession......Page 413
Notes: The Protection of Innocent Third Parties......Page 416
Lane v. Candura......Page 418
Department of Human Services v. Northern......Page 420
Notes: Assessing Competence......Page 421
3. The Incompetent Patient......Page 426
In re Conroy......Page 427
In re Jobes......Page 434
Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health......Page 440
Notes: Deciding for the Incompetent Patient......Page 448
Notes: Advance Planning......Page 467
Problems: Interpreting and Drafting Advance Directives......Page 477
Notes: Young Children and Adolescents (Not Competent)......Page 479
Notes: Severely Disabled Newborns......Page 484
B. Physician Aid in Dying......Page 488
Washington v. Glucksberg......Page 489
Vacco v. Quill......Page 498
Notes: Physician Aid in Dying......Page 505
C. Futility......Page 527
In re Baby K......Page 528
Causey v. St. Francis Medical Center......Page 532
Notes: Medical Futility......Page 536
Notes: Brain Death......Page 543
Chapter 4: Organ Transplantation: The Control, Use, and Allocation of Body Parts......Page 553
1. Competent Organ Donors......Page 555
2. Incompetent Organ “Donors”......Page 559
Strunk v. Strunk......Page 560
In re Pescinski......Page 563
Notes: The Incompetent Organ Donor......Page 567
3. Redefining Death......Page 569
In re T.A.C.P.......Page 571
Notes: Redefining Death......Page 577
State v. Powell......Page 580
1. Mandates or Incentives for Organ Donation......Page 579
Brotherton v. Cleveland......Page 585
McFall v. Shimp......Page 588
Notes: Obligations to Give Up Organs and Tissues; Autopsies......Page 591
Problem: Obligatory Stem Cell Donation......Page 600
Notes: Financial Incentives for Organ Donation......Page 601
Moore v. The Regents of the University of California......Page 605
Greenberg v. Miami Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Inc.......Page 612
Notes: Human Tissue in Research......Page 617
C. Allocation of Organs......Page 623
OPTN/UNOS Policy for Organ Distribution and Allocation......Page 626
Notes: Criteria for Rationing Organs......Page 630
Chapter 5: Reproductive Rights and Genetic Technologies......Page 648
Note: Many Streams or One River: Reproductive Rights and Substantive Due Process......Page 649
Buck v. Bell......Page 650
Skinner v. Oklahoma......Page 652
Notes: The Right to Procreate......Page 658
Problem: Sterilization and Advances in Genetics......Page 663
Problem: Incompetent Persons and Long-Term Contraception......Page 666
B. A Right to Avoid Procreation?......Page 667
Griswold v. Connecticut......Page 668
Notes: A Right to Avoid Procreation......Page 674
Roe v. Wade......Page 679
Notes: Roe v. Wade......Page 684
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey......Page 687
Gonzales v. Carhart......Page 701
Notes: The Post-Casey and Post-Gonzales Landscape, including Whole Women’s Health v. Hellerstedt......Page 712
Notes: Funding, Speech, Religion, and Abortion......Page 721
1. Introduction......Page 729
a. State Law and Fetal Personhood......Page 732
b. Federal Recognition of Fetal Interests......Page 735
The Colonization of the Womb......Page 736
In re A.C.......Page 741
Notes: Forced Medical Treatment......Page 748
Problem: Pregnancy, Advanced Directives, and Brain Death......Page 754
Problem: Post-Cesarean Deliveries......Page 755
Whitner v. South Carolina......Page 756
Ferguson v. City of Charleston......Page 762
Notes: Maternal Substance Abuse......Page 771
Assisted Reproductive Technology and the Family......Page 781
Assisted Reproductive Technology Surveillance — United States, 2014......Page 783
Notes: Reproductive Technologies, Parenting Possibilities, and Advances in Genetics......Page 790
2. Gamete Donation......Page 802
Notes: Gamete Donation......Page 806
3. In Vitro Fertilization......Page 818
Problems: Ethical Aspects of IVF......Page 821
Problem: Mitochondrial Replacement Technology......Page 827
J.B. v. M.B. & C.C.......Page 828
Notes: Frozen Embryo Disputes......Page 837
R.R. v. M.H.......Page 842
Culliton v. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center......Page 849
Notes: Traditional and Gestational Surrogacy......Page 855
Problems: Determining Parentage......Page 871
E. Ethical and Legal Implications of Advances in Genetics......Page 872
2. Human Stem Cell Research......Page 873
Notes: Human Stem Cell Research......Page 880
3. Human Reproductive Cloning......Page 883
Notes: Human Reproductive Cloning......Page 886
4. Intellectual Property and the Ownership of Genetic Discoveries......Page 888
Diamond v. Chakrabarty......Page 887
Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc.......Page 893
Harvard College v. Canada (Commissioner of Patents)......Page 904
Notes on Ownership......Page 908
5. Intellectual Property, Human Genes, and Human Stem Cells......Page 912
Association for Molecular Pathology et al. v. Myriad Genetics, Inc. et al.......Page 914
Notes: Myriad, Human Gene Patents, and Stem Cell Patents......Page 923
Problem: CRISPR, Gene-Editing, and Germ-Line Modification......Page 926
Problem: Patenting Chimeras......Page 929
Problem: Synthetic Biology......Page 930
Note: Concluding Thoughts......Page 931
Chapter 6: Public Health Law......Page 936
History of CDC......Page 938
1. Medical and Legal Views of Public Health......Page 937
Summary of Notifiable Infectious Diseases and Conditions — United States, 2015......Page 939
The Law and the Public’s Health: A Study of Infectious Disease Law in the United States......Page 943
Notes: An Overview of Public Health Strategies......Page 950
2. Risk Assessment and Regulatory Competence......Page 958
American Dental Association v. Martin......Page 957
Notes: Risk Assessment by Legislatures, Agencies, and Courts......Page 962
B. The Source and Limit of Authority to Protect Public Health......Page 964
Jacobson v. Commonwealth of Massachusetts......Page 965
Notes: The State Police Power and Federalism......Page 970
2. Disability Discrimination......Page 976
School Board of Nassau County v. Arline......Page 977
Notes: Balancing Risk Reduction with Other Values......Page 980
C. Regulating Medical Treatment to Protect Public Health......Page 983
1. Testing and Public Health......Page 984
State v. Handy......Page 985
Notes: Testing Programs......Page 991
Problem: Routine HIV Screening for All......Page 999
Problem: State Law, Disaster-Planning, and Bioterrorism Preparedness......Page 1000
Whalen v. Roe......Page 1001
Notes: Informational Privacy......Page 1007
Middlebrooks v. State Board of Health......Page 1009
Notes: Reporting and Contact Tracing......Page 1012
Problem: Reporting and Treatment for HIV Infection......Page 1016
Problem: Reporting and Contact Tracing Under the MSEHPA......Page 1017
3. Isolation and Quarantine......Page 1019
Wong Wai v. Williamson......Page 1021
Jew Ho v. Williamson......Page 1022
Notes: Isolation and Quarantine......Page 1025
Addington v. Texas......Page 1029
In the Interest of J.A.D.......Page 1032
Notes: Mandatory Mental Health Treatment......Page 1036
Problem: Civil Commitment and Drug Abuse......Page 1040
Notes: Mandatory Treatment for Contagious Diseases......Page 1042
Problem: Antiretroviral Therapy and the Risk of HIV Infection......Page 1046
Problem: Public Health Emergencies, Mandatory Treatment, and Quarantine......Page 1048
Abigail Alliance for Better Access to Developmental Drugs v. von Eschenbach......Page 1053
Notes: The Scope and Constitutionality of Pharmaceutical Regulation......Page 1063
2. Federal-State Conflicts: State Regulation and Medicinal Marijuana......Page 1073
Problem: Off-Label Marketing......Page 1076
Problem: Antibiotics......Page 1077
Problem: Drug Importation......Page 1078
Pelman v. McDonald’s Corporation......Page 1079
Nutritional Labeling in Restaurants......Page 1081
Notes: Public Health Law and Obesity......Page 1083
E. Conclusion......Page 1090
Glossary of Organizational Terms and Acronyms......Page 1096
Table of Cases......Page 1099
Index......Page 1119