Bioenergy Resources and Technologies

Front-Matter_2021_Bioenergy-Resources-and-Technologies
Front Matter
Copyright_2021_Bioenergy-Resources-and-Technologies
Copyright
Dedication_2021_Bioenergy-Resources-and-Technologies
Dedication
Contributors_2021_Bioenergy-Resources-and-Technologies
Contributors
Editors-biography_2021_Bioenergy-Resources-and-Technologies
Editors biography
Preface_2021_Bioenergy-Resources-and-Technologies
Preface
Chapter-1---Usefulness-of-selected-annual-plants-cultiva_2021_Bioenergy-Reso
Usefulness of selected annual plants cultivated for more energy content biomass production purposes in a tempe ...
Introduction
Usefulness of energy crops
Energy crops cultivation potential on the example of Greater Poland
Soil and climate conditions of the region
Characteristics of energy plant species dedicated for the region
Willow (Salix L.)
Poplar (Populus L.)
Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)
Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora Thunb.)
Giant miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus J.M. Greef & M. Deuter)
Prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata Bosc)
Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.)
Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman)
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.)
Agropyron elongatum L
Perennial species
Oats (Avena sativa L.)
Rye (Secale cereale L.)
Corn (Zea mays L.)
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)
Possibilities of using biomass for energy purposes
Biofuel production law
Solid biofuels
Liquid biofuels
Gas biofuels
Conclusion
References
Chapter-2---Catalytic-pyrolysis-of-biomass-using-sha_2021_Bioenergy-Resource
Catalytic pyrolysis of biomass using shape-selective zeolites for bio-oil enhancement
Introduction
Methodology
Zeolites synthesis
Zeolites characterization
Catalytic pyrolysis of biomass using zeolites
Products characterization
Degree of deoxygenation (DOD)
Results and discussion
Raw material and catalysts characterization
Pyrolysis products yield
Gas analysis and DOD
Pore size and shape impact
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter-3---Advance-strategies-for-tar-elimination_2021_Bioenergy-Resources-
Advance strategies for tar elimination from biomass gasification techniques
Introduction
Bioenergy
Biomass thermochemical conversion techniques
Biomass combustion
Biomass pyrolysis
Biomass gasification and its principle
Gasification mechanism
Types of gasifiers
Fixed-bed gasifier
Updraft gasifier
Downdraft gasifier
Cross-draft gasifier
Fluidized-bed gasifier
Entrained flow gasifier
What is tar
Formation for tar
Chemical composition of tar
Classification of tar and their properties
Tar reactivity
Acceptable limits for tar
Relative issues of tar in downstream gasification process
Tar abatement techniques
Primary tar abatement techniques
Operating condition
Secondary tar abatement techniques
Mechanical tar removal methods
Dry tar removal
Wet tar removal
Chemical tar removal technique
Catalytic tar cracking
Thermal decomposition
Tar removal by thermal plasma
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-4---Biogas--A-promising-clean-energ_2021_Bioenergy-Resources-and-Tec
Biogas: A promising clean energy technology
Introduction
Anaerobic digestion
Paybacks of the anaerobic digestion
Principles of anaerobic digestion
Co-digestion
Feedstock for the generation of biogas
Urban waste
Animal manure waste
Industrial effluents and waste
Lignocellulosic material
Various pretreatment techniques used for biogas production
Physical pretreatments
Chemical treatment
Production of biogas in different countries
Conclusion
References
Chapter-5---Potential-of-ionic-liquid-applications-in-_2021_Bioenergy-Resour
Potential of ionic liquid applications in natural gas/biogas sweetening and liquid fuel cleaning process
Introduction
Absorption of CO2 from methane-rich gas mixture
Treatment with traditional methods
CO2 separation using ionic liquid treatment
Conventional ionic liquid treatment
Treatment with ionic liquid-solvent-functional group mixture
Supported ionic liquid membranes treatment
Treatment of liquid fuels
Treatment with traditional methods
Treatment with ionic liquids
Desulfurization
Bio-oil esterification and removal of oxygenates
Influential factors for ionic liquid treatment
Factors affecting gas absorption
Henrys law constant
Nature of cation and anion of ILs
Process parameters
Factors affecting the desulfurization of liquid fuel
Future prospects and challenges
Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
Chapter-6---Technologies-for-renewable-hydro_2021_Bioenergy-Resources-and-Te
Technologies for renewable hydrogen production
Introduction to hydrogen
Production of hydrogen from fossil fuels
Production of hydrogen from natural gas
Production of hydrogen from coal
Capture and storage of CO2
Heat-dependent methods of hydrogen production
Steam methane reforming and pyrolysis
Factors affecting production of hydrogen from water electrolysis
Thermodynamics of hydrogen
Electrochemistry of hydrogen
Transport resistances
Bubble phenomena
Electrolyzer efficiency and performance
Various hydrogen production technologies from water electrolysis
Alkaline water electrolyzers
Proton exchange membrane electrolyzers
Solid oxide electrolyte electrolyzers
Efficiency, lifetime, and voltage degradation
Main features of commercially available electrolyzers
Alternative conversion technologies for renewable hydrogen production
Thermochemical water splitting
Biomass pyrolysis
Gasification of biomass
Catalytic decomposition of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen production by water splitting due to photocatalysts
Photo-electrolysis (photolysis)
Magnetolysis
Radiolysis
Hydrogen production by biological methods
Anaerobic fermentation for hydrogen production
Dark fermentation
Photofermentation
MEC (microbial electronic cells)
Biophotolysis
Biohydrogen
Use of biohydrogen
Role of water electrolysis
Renewable hydrogen production
Wind energy for hydrogen production
Geothermal energy for hydrogen production
Biomass
Solar, wave, tidal, and ocean thermal energy for hydrogen production
Hybrid renewable systems
Autonomous applications for renewable hydrogen
Grid-connected applications
Current demand for hydrogen and future prospective
Demand for hydrogen
Economic and future prospective of hydrogen production
Comparison of different technologies in terms of cost, efficiency, and reliability in H2 generation
Hydrogen storage and distribution
Gaseous hydrogen storage
Liquid hydrogen storage
Solid hydrogen
Comparison of three storage systems
Hydrogen pipelines and distribution
Focus on distributed systems
Hydrogen safety
Conclusions
Abbreviations
References
Chapter-7---Hydrogen-production-via-electrolysis-_2021_Bioenergy-Resources-a
Hydrogen production via electrolysis: Mathematical modeling approach
Hydrogen and methods to produce
Water splitting methods
Electrolysis
Alkaline electrolyzers (AE)
Proton exchange membrane electrolyzers (PEME)
Solid oxide electrolyzers (SOE)
Renewable hydrogen production
Cost analysis of electrolysis
Background of electrolysis
Mathematical modeling of an alkaline electrolyzer (AE)
Mathematical modeling of a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer (PEME)
Mathematical modeling of the solid oxide electrolyzer (SOE)
Mathematical modeling of electrolyzers powered by renewable resources
Conclusion
Abbreviations
Abbreviations
References
Chapter-8---Techno-economic-evaluation-methodolo_2021_Bioenergy-Resources-an
Techno-economic evaluation methodology for hydrogen energy systems
Introduction
Process model of a hydrogen energy system
The capital cost model
Exponential method
Study method
Estimation of working capital
Operating costs
Simplified model for operating cost estimation
Variable manufacturing cost estimation
Fixed manufacturing cost estimation
Cash flow analysis
Profitability evaluation
Rate of return on investment
Payout period
Net present value (NPV)
Internal rate of return (IRR)
Comparison of NPV and IRR in economic evaluation
Economic evaluation of projects: Effect of inflation
Discounting the Crt to get the present value
Sensitivity analysis
Univariate optimization
Monte Carlo analysis
Results and discussion
Summary
References
Chapter-9---Hydrogen-production-from-municipal-sol_2021_Bioenergy-Resources-
Hydrogen production from municipal solid waste (MSW) for cleaner environment
Introduction
Energy potential of hydrogen
Application of hydrogen
Different sources and processes of hydrogen production
Hydrogen production from fossil fuels
Hydrogen production from renewable sources
Gasification process for waste to hydrogen production
Chemical reactions and conversion process
Benefits of hydrogen generation from MSW
Comparison of MSW gasification with landfill disposal
Comparison of H2 generation from different sources
Future prospects of waste to hydrogen production
Conclusions
References
Chapter-10---A-comprehensive-investigation-on-the-effects_2021_Bioenergy-Res
A comprehensive investigation on the effects of ceramic layering and cetane improver with an avocado seed oil ...
Introduction
Biodiesel
Overview about avocado
Overview of cetane improver and ceramic coating
Objective and novelty of the present work
Methodology
Materials and methods
Production of biodiesel
Property analysis
Ceramic layering
Cetane improver
Fuel blends
Engine selection
Uncertainty analysis
Results and discussions
Conclusion
Future enhancement
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-11---Effect-of-low-carbon-biofuel-on-carbon_2021_Bioenergy-Resources
Effect of low carbon biofuel on carbon emissions in biodiesel fueled CI engine
Introduction
Karanja oil
Low carbon fuels
Pine oil
Eucalyptus oil
Orange oil
Camphor oil
Di-ethyl ether (DEE)
Acetone
Monoethanolamine (MEA)
Gaseous fuels
Hydrogen
Oxyhydrogen (HHO)
Present study
Experimental setup
Gaseous fuel injection system
Test fuels
Experiment
Results and discussion
Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
Chapter-12---Life-cycle-assessment-of-photosynthetic_2021_Bioenergy-Resource
Life cycle assessment of photosynthetic microalgae for sustainable biodiesel production
Microalgae production and processing
Life cycle assessment (LCA)
LCA studies of algal biodiesel production
Conclusions and recommendations
References
Chapter-13---Social--economic--and-environmental-_2021_Bioenergy-Resources-a
Social, economic, and environmental aspects of bioenergy resources
Introduction
Impacts of bioenergy: Environmental aspects
Water quantity and quality
GHG emissions
Biodiversity
Soil quality and erosion
Impacts of bioenergy production: Social aspects
Gender and equity
Food security
Land ownership and tenure
Health concerns
Social acceptability
Impacts of bioenergy production: Economic aspects
Trade of bioenergy
Employment generation
Interaction with market price
Energy security
Discussions
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter-14---An-overview-of-policy-framework-and-measur_2021_Bioenergy-Resou
An overview of policy framework and measures promoting bioenergy usage in the EU, the United States, and Canada
Introduction
Recent trends in bioenergy
Global bioenergy-An analysis
Renewable energy versus bioenergy: A comparative analysis
Africa
Asia
Central America and Caribbean
Eurasia
Europe
Middle East
North America
Ocenaia
South America
World
Bioenergy resources in the developed world
The European Union policy framework for bioenergy
Key features of the EU bioenergy policy
Implications of RED targets for bioenergy promotion and its deployment
Institutional structures with governance regulations
Response to insufficient ambition and progress (RED Art.27)
Transposition of the RED-FQD as amended by the ILUC directive
The incentives or support schemes for bioenergy
Policy measures/tools (instruments)
Impact of RED on promotion and further deployment of bioenergy
Marketing of bioenergy and the EU
Key challenges
Beyond 2020
Bioenergy policy in the United States
Institutional structures
Regulating the biofuel market and establishing standards
Policy implications
Bioenergy policy in Canada
Policy features (features of bioenergy laws)
Regulating the biofuels market and establishing standards
State of bioenergy in Canada and policy implications
Conclusion
Transposition of EU regulations into MSs legislation
References
Index_2021_Bioenergy-Resources-and-Technologies
Index
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J
K
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M
N
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P
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