Bioenergy Research: Evaluating Strategies for Commercialization and Sustainability

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
List of Contributors
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Biofuels Production Technologies: Recent Advancement
Chapter 1 Role of Enzymes in Biofuel Production
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Biofuel Classification
1.3 Enzymes Role in Biofuels
1.4 Enzymatic Reaction
1.5 Enzyme Recovery and Reuse
1.6 Enzyme Immobilization
1.6.1 Adsorption on Physical Surface: Physical Adsorption
1.6.2 Ionic Bonding
1.6.3 Entanglement or Envelopment
1.6.4 Cross‐Linkage
1.7 Unique Techniques of Enzyme Immobilization
1.8 Application of Various Enzymes in Biofuel Production
1.8.1 Amylases
1.8.2 Proteases
1.8.3 Dehydrogenases
1.8.4 Lipase
1.9 Biofuel Production Process
1.9.1 Bioethanol
1.9.2 Biohydrogen
1.9.3 Biomethane
1.9.4 Biodiesel
1.10 Production of Biodiesel by Enzymatic Catalysis
1.10.1 Batch Method
1.10.2 Continuous Stirred‐Tank Method
1.10.3 Packed‐Bed Columns
1.11 Future Prospects
1.12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Microbial Technology for Biofuel Production
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Microbial Biofuel
2.3 Microbial Pathway for Biofuel Production
2.3.1 Sugar Conversion to Alcohols/Glycolytic Pathway
2.3.2 Butanol Synthetic Pathway/ABE Pathway
2.3.3 2‐Keto Acid Pathways for Alcohols
2.3.4 2‐Keto Acid Pathway for Iso‐Butanol
2.3.5 Protein into Alcohol
2.4 Algal Biofuel Production
2.4.1 Microalgal Cultivation
2.4.2 Microalgae Harvesting
2.4.3 Conversion Techniques for Algal Biofuel Production
2.4.3.1 Thermochemical Conversion
2.4.3.2 Biochemical Conversion
2.4.3.3 Transesterification (or Chemical Conversion)
2.4.3.4 Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cell
2.5 Bioethanol
2.6 Biodiesel
2.6.1 Stages of Biodiesel Production
2.6.1.1 Cultivation
2.6.1.2 Harvesting/Dewatering
2.6.1.3 Oil Extraction
2.6.1.4 Conversion
2.7 Biohydrogen
2.7.1 Stages of Biohydrogen Production
2.7.1.1 Biophotolysis
2.7.1.2 Photo Fermentation
2.7.1.3 Dark Fermentation
2.7.1.4 Two‐Step Process (a Combination of Photo and Dark Fermentation)
2.8 Applications of Biofuel Production
2.8.1 In Aviation
2.8.2 Maritime Industry
2.8.3 Heat
2.8.4 Backup Systems
2.8.5 Cleaning Oil Spills
2.8.6 Microalgae Applications
2.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Biohydrogen Production from Cellulosic Waste Biomass
3.1 Introduction
3.2 History of Hydrogen Fuel
3.3 Biohydrogen Fuel Cell
3.4 Cellulosic Biohydrogen Production from Waste Biomass
3.4.1 Biohydrogen Production from Wheat Straw and Wheat Bran
3.4.2 Biohydrogen Production from Corn Stalk
3.4.3 Biohydrogen from Rice Straw and Rice Bran
3.4.4 Biohydrogen Production from Food Waste
3.4.5 Biohydrogen from Bagasse
3.4.6 Biohydrogen Production from Mushroom Cultivation Waste
3.4.7 Biohydrogen Production from Sweet Potato Starch Residue
3.4.8 Biohydrogen from De‐Oiled Jatropha
3.4.9 Biohydrogen Production Banyan Leaves and Maize Leaves
3.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Strategies for Obtaining Biofuels Through the Fermentation of C5‐Raw Materials: Part 1
4.1 The Nature of Pentoses
4.2 Alcoholic Fermentation of C5
4.3 Lipid Biosynthesis from C5
4.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Strategies for Obtaining Biofuels Through the Fermentation of C5‐Raw Materials: Part 2
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Ethanol Production Using C5‐Fermenter Strain
5.2.1 Pentose‐Fermenting Microorganisms
5.3 Microbial Lipid Production by C5‐Fermenter Strains for Biofuel Advances
5.4 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 6 An Overview of Microalgal Carotenoids: Advances in the Production and Its Impact on Sustainable Development
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Interaction and Understanding of Carotenoid
6.1.2 Differentiation between Natural or Chemically Synthesized Carotenoids
6.2 Diverse Category of Carotenoids
6.2.1 β‐Carotene
6.2.2 Lutein
6.2.3 Astaxanthin
6.2.4 Canthaxanthin
6.3 Microalgae Prospects for the Production of Carotenoids
6.3.1 Bio‐Formation of Carotenoids inside Microalgae/Carotenogenesis inside Microalgae Cells
6.3.2 Potent Microalgae Strain for Carotenoid Production
6.3.2.1 Haematococcus pluvialis
6.3.2.2 Dunaliella salina
6.3.2.3 Other Microalgae Species Used for the Production of Carotenoids
6.3.3 Enhancement of Carotenoid Productivity by Optimizing Various Physiological Condition/Physiological Approaches for Enhancement of Carotenoid Production inside Microalga Cells
6.3.3.1 Role of Nutrient Deficient Stress for Carotenogenesis
6.3.3.2 Lights and Temperature Stress for Induction of Carotenogenesis
6.3.3.3 Role of Oxidative Stress in Carotenogenesis
6.3.3.4 Approaches which Enhance Carotenogenesis by Heterotrophic and Mixotrophic Cultivation of Microalgae
6.3.3.5 Cohesive Cultivation System in Microalgae for Enhancement of Carotenoid
6.3.4 Metabolic and Genetic Modification in Microalgae for Enhancement of Carotenoid Production
6.4 Significance of Carotenoid in Human Health
6.4.1 Anti‐Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties
6.4.2 Anticancerous Activity and their Potential of a Generation of an Immune Response
6.4.3 As Provitamin
6.4.4 Other Significance of Microalgae Carotenoids
6.5 Opportunities and Challenges in Carotenoid Production
6.6 Present Drifts and Future Prospects
6.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Microbial Xylanases: A Helping Module for the Enzyme Biorefinery Platform
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Raw Material for Biorefinery
7.3 Structure of Lignocellulosic Plant Biomass
7.4 The Concept of Biorefinery
7.5 Role of Enzymes in Biorefinery
7.5.1 In Biological Pretreatment
7.5.2 In Enzymatic Hydrolysis
7.6 Enzyme Synergy: A Conceptual Strategy
7.7 Factors Affecting Biological Pretreatment
7.8 Advantages of Xylanases from Thermophilic Microorganisms in Biorefinery
7.9 The Products of Biorefinery
7.9.1 Bioethanol
7.9.2 Biobutanol
7.9.3 Hydrogen
7.10 Molecular Aspects of Enzymes in Biorefinery
7.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Microbial Cellulolytic‐Based Biofuel Production
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biofuel Classifications
8.2.1 Generations of Biofuel
8.2.2 Bioethanol Production Using Lignocellulose
8.2.2.1 Polymeric Lignocellulosic Composition
8.3 Bioprocessing of Bagasse for Bioethanol Production
8.3.1 Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Cellulose Structure
8.3.1.1 Cellulolytic Microbes
8.4 Microbial Cellulase
8.5 Mode of Economical Production of Enzyme
8.6 Structure of Cellulase
8.6.1 CBH1 Structure
8.6.2 Thermophilic Cellulase Enzyme
8.7 Family Classification
8.8 Consortia‐Based Cellulase Production
8.9 Cellulase Production SSF Mode
8.10 Concluding Remarks
Declarations
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 9 Recent Developments of Bioethanol Production
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Emerging Techniques in Bioethanol Production
9.3 Advancement in Distillation and Waste‐Valorization Techniques
9.3.1 Heat Integrated Distillation
9.3.2 Membrane Technology
9.3.2.1 Membrane‐Assisted Vapor Stripping
9.3.2.2 Combining Extractive and Azeotropic Distillation
9.3.2.3 Feed‐Splitting
9.3.2.4 Ohmic‐Assisted Hydro Distillation (OADH)
9.4 Green Extraction of Bioactive Products
9.4.1 Pulsed Electric Fields (PFE)
9.4.2 High‐Voltage Electrical Discharges
9.4.3 Enzyme‐Assisted Extraction
9.4.4 Ultrasound‐Assisted Extraction
9.4.5 Microwave‐Assisted Extraction
9.4.6 Subcritical Fluid Extraction
9.4.7 Ohmic‐Assisted Extraction
9.5 Advancement in Bioethanol Production from Microalgae
9.5.1 Surface Methods
9.5.2 Ligno Celluloic Bio Ethanol Production
9.5.2.1 Membrane Technology
9.5.2.2 Microbial Technique
9.5.2.3 Brown Algae
9.5.2.4 Integrated Processes
9.5.2.5 Advances in Bioethanol Production from Agroindustrial Waste
9.6 Fermentation Technique Advances
9.6.1 Synthesis from Municipal Wastes
9.6.1.1 Waste Paper
9.6.1.2 Coffee Residue
9.6.1.3 Food Waste
9.6.1.4 Solid Waste
9.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Algal Biofuels – Types and Production Technologies
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Algal Biofuels
10.3 Production of Algal Biofuels
10.3.1 Algae Cultivation Systems
10.3.1.1 Cultivation of Macroalgae
10.3.1.2 Cultivation of Microalgae
10.3.2 Harvesting of Algae
10.3.2.1 Harvesting of Macroalgae
10.3.2.2 Harvesting of Microalgae
10.3.3 Drying
10.3.4 Cell Disruption
10.3.5 Conversion into Biofuel
10.4 Types of Algal Biofuels
10.4.1 Biodiesel
10.4.2 Bioethanol
10.4.3 Biogas/Biomethane
10.4.4 Biomethanol
10.4.5 Biobutanol
10.4.6 Biohydrogen
10.4.7 Biosyngas
10.4.8 Green Diesel
10.5 Advantages of Algal Biofuels
10.5.1 Ease of Growth
10.5.2 Impact on Food
10.5.3 Environmental Impact
10.5.4 Algal by Products
10.5.5 Economic Benefits
10.6 Limitations
10.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Biomethane Production and Advancement
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Process Involved in Biomethane Production
11.1.2 Purification of Biogas for Methane Production
11.2 Advancement Undergoing in the Process of Methane Production
11.2.1 Adsorption by Pressure Swing
11.3 Adsorption Methods
11.4 Separation by Membrane
11.5 Cryogenic Separation
11.6 Biological Technique for Purification of Biogas
11.6.1 Advantage and Limitation of Biomethane Production
11.6.2 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 Biodiesel Production and Advancement from Diatom Algae
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Diatom Algae as a Source of Lipids
12.3 Biodiesel Production from Diatoms
12.4 Innovative Approaches toward Enhancement in Biodiesel Production and Challenges
12.5 Advancements in Diatoms‐Based Biodiesel Production
12.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13 Biobutanol Production and Advancement
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Biobutanol
13.3 ABE Process for Biobutanol Production
13.4 Biobutanol Production by ABE
13.5 Substrate Used in Biobutanol Production
13.6 Advancement in Pretreatment Method
13.7 Microbial Engineering for Production Enhancement
13.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Index
EULA