This volume is fourth part of the five-part set on bioenergy research. This volume covers biomass to bioenergy production concept. The book is focused on the possible and versatile biomass options available for the generation of bioenergy. Additionally, the book also explores different types of biomass for bioenergy generation at a commercial level. Further, the book elaborates on different kind of cellulose and sugar rich waste which can also be utilized for bioenergy production. It covers other relevant issues such as recent technological advancement in biomass to bioenergy conversion, waste management in the context of biomass to biofuels production technologies, green methods of energy production, alternates of fossil fuels in the near future. It also explores biomass waste valorization, utilizing microbial processes in bioenergy production. This is a useful reading material for students, researchers, industry and policy experts. Other four volumes of this set explore basic concepts, latest progress, commercial opportunities and integrated solution for bioenergy concerns.
Author(s): Manish Srivastava; Neha Srivastava; Rajeev Singh
Series: Clean Energy Production Technologies
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 272
City: Singapore
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Editors
1: Economical Biofuel Production Strategies from Biomass Biowaste
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Biofuel
1.2.1 Biofuel Classification
(a) First-Generation Biofuels
(b) Second-Generation Biofuels
(c) Third-Generation Biofuels
1.3 Primary and Secondary Biofuels
1.3.1 Advanced Biofuels
1.3.2 Bio-CNG
1.3.3 Bio-Butanol
1.3.4 Ethanol Production
1.4 Bioethanol Production from Cellulosic Biomass
1.4.1 Detoxification Process
1.4.2 Process of Detoxifying Biofuel
1.5 Production of Ethanol
1.5.1 Alternative Techniques
1.5.2 Process Techniques Bioethanol Production
1.5.3 Sources of Biofuel Production (Reginatto and Antônio 2015) Table 1.2
1.5.4 Butanol
1.5.5 Green Diesel
1.5.6 Liquid Biofuels
Bioethanol
Bio-methanol
Biodiesel
Bio-oil
1.5.7 Gaseous Biofuels
1.5.8 Syngas
1.5.9 Bioenergy Conversion Techniques
Gasification
Liquefaction
Pyrolysis
1.6 Conclusion
References
2: Pretreatment of Biomass for Efficient Pyrolysis
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Drawbacks in Raw Biomass Fuels
2.2.1 Hygroscopic Nature and Heterogeneity of Raw Biomass
2.2.2 High Oxygen Content of Raw Biomass
2.2.3 High Moisture Content
2.2.4 Low Bulk and Energy Density
2.2.5 High Alkali Content and Poor Grindability
2.3 Fast Pyrolysis
2.4 Pretreatment of Biomass Feedstock
2.4.1 Thermal Pretreatment Process
2.4.2 Chemical Pretreatment
Leaching and Washing
Steam Explosion
Wet Torrefaction or Hydrothermal Carbonization
2.5 Conclusions
References
3: Biomass Pyrolysis: Current Status and Future Prospects
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Biomass as a Source of Renewable Energy
3.2.1 Components of Biomass
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Lignin
Organic Extractives
Inorganic Minerals
3.3 Demerits of Raw Biomass
3.4 Pretreatment of Raw Biomass
3.4.1 Physical Pretreatment
3.4.2 Biological Pretreatment
3.4.3 Chemical Pretreatment
3.4.4 Thermochemical Pretreatment
Torrefaction of Biomass
3.5 Extraction of Energy from Biomass
3.6 Pyrolysis of Biomass
3.7 Effect of Process Parameters on Pyrolysis of Biomass
3.7.1 Effect of Heating Rate
3.7.2 Effect of Residence Time of Volatiles
3.7.3 Effect of Temperature
3.8 Pyrolysis Reactor System
3.8.1 Fixed Bed Reactor
3.8.2 Fluidized Bed Reactor
3.8.3 Vortex Reactor System
3.8.4 Rotating Cone Reactor System
3.8.5 Vacuum Pyrolysis Reactor System
3.8.6 Intermediate Pyrolysis Reactor System
3.8.7 Solar-Assisted Pyrolysis Reactor System
3.9 Current Status and Future Prospects of Pyrolysis of Biomass
3.9.1 Current Status
Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Biomass
Solar Pyrolysis of Biomass
Plasma Pyrolysis of Biomass
3.9.2 Future Prospective of Biomass Pyrolysis
3.10 Conclusions
References
4: Experimental Investigations and Concise Review on Biodiesel Production from Crude Sunflower Oil Using Lime-Based Catalysts
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Experimental Studies
4.2.1 Materials
4.2.2 Methods
Biodiesel Preparation Procedure
Biodiesel Analytical Procedure
Free Fatty Acid
Density, Dynamic Viscosity, Flash and Fire Points, and Cloud and Pour Points
Kinematic Viscosity
Results (Tables 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3)
Discussion
4.3 Concise Review
4.4 Conclusion
References
5: Algal Biomass: Potential Renewable Feedstock for Bioenergy Production
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Algae: A Source of Bioenergy
5.3 Algae Cultivation
5.3.1 Parameters Influencing Algal Growth
5.3.2 Methods of Algae Cultivation
Open Pond System (OPS)
Photobioreactors (Closed System)
5.4 Algal Harvesting
5.4.1 Centrifugation
5.4.2 Filtration
5.4.3 Flocculation
Auto-flocculation
Chemical Flocculation
Inorganic Flocculants
Organic Flocculants
Bio-flocculation
5.4.4 Gravity Sedimentation
5.5 Oil Extraction
5.5.1 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
5.5.2 Conventional Solvent Extraction
5.5.3 Mechanical Extraction
Grinding
Bead Milling
High-Pressure Homogenizer
5.5.4 Hydrothermal Liquefaction
5.6 Algal Conversion to Bioenergy
5.6.1 Bioethanol
5.6.2 Biodiesel
5.7 Conclusion
References
6: Eco-micropunching Techniques for Bioenergy Application
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Micropunching
6.2.1 Microhole Variation in the Initial Micropunching
6.2.2 Punch-Foil Interaction
6.3 Microhole Variations During the Micropunching
6.4 Microholes Distributed in Orifices Potential for Bioenergy
6.5 Conclusion
References
7: Nanomaterials for Energy Storage Applications
7.1 General Introduction (Basic Principle in Energy Conversion and Storage)
7.1.1 Batteries (Principle and Mechanism)
7.1.2 Supercapacitor (Principle and Mechanism)
7.1.3 Advantages and Challenges of Nanomaterials for Energy Conversion
7.1.4 Current Scenario of Energy Storage Devices Based on Nanomaterial
7.2 Nanomaterials Used for Energy Conversion and Energy Storage (Introduction)
7.2.1 Types of Nanomaterials Used for Energy Storage
Metal and Metal Oxide-Based Nanomaterial
Polymer-Based Nanomaterial
Carbon-Based Nanomaterial
Hybrid Nanomaterials
Nitride Materials for Energy Storage
7.3 Synthesis of Nanomaterials
7.3.1 Electrochemical Method
7.3.2 CVD (Chemical Method Deposition)
7.3.3 Laser Ablation Method
7.3.4 Thermal Decomposition Method
7.3.5 Hydrothermal Process
7.4 Impact of Nanomaterials for Bioenergy Production and Conversion
7.5 Impact of Nanomaterials for Hydrogen Storage
7.6 Limitations of Nanomaterials for Energy Storage Applications
7.7 General Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
8: Lignin Depolymerization Strategy and Role of Ionic Liquids
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Structure of Lignin
8.3 Various Methods of Lignin Degradation
8.3.1 Thermochemical Lignin Depolymerization
8.3.2 Chemical Depolymerization
8.3.3 Biological Lignin Depolymerization
Microbial Depolymerization
Enzymatic Lignin Depolymerization
Other Lignin-Degrading Enzymes
8.3.4 An Alternate Approach of Lignin Valorization
8.3.5 Ionic Liquids
Properties of ILs
LCB Treatment with ILs
Enzyme Activity and Stability in IL
Effect of Ions on Pretreatment
8.3.6 Improving Enzyme Stability in IL
8.3.7 Selectivity of Product
8.3.8 Problem During Lignin Depolymerization
8.4 Conclusion
References
