This volume is fourth part of the five-part set on bioenergy research. This volume covers biomass to bioenergy production concept. The book is focused on the possible and versatile biomass options available for the generation of bioenergy. Additionally, the book also explores different types of biomass for bioenergy generation at a commercial level. Further, the book elaborates on different kind of cellulose and sugar rich waste which can also be utilized for bioenergy production. It covers other relevant issues such as recent technological advancement in biomass to bioenergy conversion, waste management in the context of biomass to biofuels production technologies, green methods of energy production, alternates of fossil fuels in the near future. It also explores biomass waste valorization, utilizing microbial processes in bioenergy production. This is a useful reading material for students, researchers, industry and policy experts. Other four volumes of this set explore basic concepts, latest progress, commercial opportunities and integrated solution for bioenergy concerns.
Author(s): Manish Srivastava; Neha Srivastava; Rajeev Singh
Series: Clean Energy Production Technologies
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 272
City: Singapore
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Editors
1: Advancements in Biofuel Production
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Environmental Effects of Fossil Fuels
1.3 Need for Alternative of Fossil Fuels
1.4 Production of Biofuels
1.5 Advancement in Biofuel Generations
1.6 First Generation (1G) Biofuels
1.7 Second Generation (2G) Biofuels
1.8 Third Generation (3G) Biofuels
1.9 Fourth Generation (4G) Biofuels
1.10 Recent Advancements in Biofuel Production
1.11 Bioethanol
1.12 Biobutanol
1.13 Biodiesel
1.14 Biohydrogen
1.15 Biogas
1.16 Conclusion
References
2: Bioenergy: Sustainable Renewable Energy
2.1 Introduction: Bio Energy-A Sustainable Energy Source
2.2 Biomass
2.2.1 Biomass Feedstock
2.3 Biomass and Land Use
2.4 Technologies for Biomass Conversion
2.4.1 Biochemical Conversion
2.4.1.1 Anaerobic Digestion
Hydrolysis
Acidogenesis
Acetogenesis
Methanogenesis
2.4.1.2 Fermentation
2.4.2 Thermochemical Conversion
2.4.2.1 Pyrolysis
Slow Pyrolysis
Fast Pyrolysis
Flash Pyrolysis
Catalytic Pyrolysis
2.4.2.2 Gasification
2.4.2.3 Combustion
2.4.2.4 Hydrothermal Processing
2.4.3 Physiochemical Conversion
2.4.3.1 Esterification
2.5 Examples of Biofuels
2.5.1 Bioethanol
2.5.2 Biodiesel
2.5.3 Biogas
2.5.4 Other Sustainable Fuels
2.6 Benefits of Biofuels
2.6.1 Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions
2.6.2 Generating Heat and Electricity
2.6.3 Better Air Quality
2.6.4 Biofuels Are Biodegradable
2.6.5 Local Economic Development
2.6.6 Providing Support to Agricultural and Food-Processing Industries
2.6.7 Cost Savings
2.6.8 Less Landfills
2.6.9 Energy Security
2.6.10 New Technologies and Applications
2.6.11 Alternatives to Prescribed Forest Burning
2.6.12 Environmental Benefits from Bioenergy Crops
2.7 Uses of Biofuels as Sustainable Renewable Energy
2.7.1 Transportation
2.7.2 Power Generation
2.7.3 Heat Generation
2.7.4 Remediation of Oil Spills
2.7.5 Cooking Fuel
2.7.6 Other Uses
2.8 Conclusion
References
3: Biofuel from Microalgae
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Characteristics of Microalgae
3.3 Production of Microalgae
3.4 Harvesting of Microalgae
3.5 Generations of Biofuels
3.6 Types of Biofuels from Microalgae
3.6.1 Biodiesel
3.6.2 Bioethanol
3.6.3 Biomethane
3.6.4 Biohydrogen
3.7 Benefits and Drawbacks of Microalgae-Derived Biofuel
3.8 Worldwide Production of Biofuel
3.9 Other Applications of Microalgae
3.10 Conclusion
References
4: Waste to Bioenergy: Recent Technologies
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Biomass Residues and Wastes
4.3 Residue of Agriculture and Wood
4.4 Algal Biomass
4.5 Waste Oils (Used Cooking Oils)
4.6 Bioenergy ``Conversion Techniques´´
4.7 Thermochemical Conversion
4.7.1 Gasification
4.7.2 Liquefaction
4.7.3 Pyrolysis
4.8 Physical Upgradation
4.9 Hydrodeoxygenation Upgradation
4.10 Catalytic ``Upgradation´´
4.11 Biochemical Conversion
4.11.1 Anaerobic Digestion
4.11.2 Fermentation-Alcoholic
4.11.3 Hydrogen Production: Photobiological
4.12 Transesterification
4.13 Acid/Base and Enzyme Catalysis
4.13.1 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) Method
4.14 Bioelectricity Production from Biomass
4.15 Current Challenge and Future Prospects
4.16 Conclusions
References
5: Bioenergy from Agricultural Wastes
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Biomass
5.3 Biology of Biomass
5.4 Agricultural Residues
5.5 Types of Bioenergy
5.5.1 Bioalcohol
5.5.2 Biodiesel
5.5.3 Biogas
5.6 Bioenergy Production
5.7 Raw Material
5.8 Production of Bioenergy
5.9 Conversion to Biofuels
5.10 Advantages of Biofuels
5.11 Effect on Environment and Economy
5.12 Challenges and Advances
5.13 Conclusion
References
6: Bio-Processing: Biomass to Commercial Alcohol
6.0 Introduction
6.0 Composition of Biomass
6.1.1 Cellulose
6.1.1 Hemicellulose
6.1.1 Lignin
6.1.1 Starch
6.1.1 Minor Organic Components
6.1.1 Inorganic Matter
6.1.1 Other Elements in Biomass
6.1.1 Fluid Matter
6.0 Factors Affecting Ethanol Production
6.1.1 Temperature
6.1.1 Composition of substrate
6.1.1 Influence of pH
6.0 Agricultural Waste for Production of Alcohol
6.1.1 Plant Crops
6.1.1.1 Sugarcane
6.1.1.1 Sorghum
6.1.1.1 Beetroot (Sugar Beet)
6.1.1 Other Sugar- and Starch-Containing Plant Produces
6.1.1 Other Sources of Biomass
6.0 Pretreatment of Biomass
6.0 Fermentation Process
6.0 Case Studies
6.1.1 Production of Ethanol
6.0 Conclusion
References
7: Hydrogen Production by Utilizing Bio-Processing Techniques
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Hydrogen Application
7.2 Hydrogen Production via Biological Processes
7.2.1 Biophotolysis
7.2.2 Dark Fermentative Hydrogen Production
7.2.2.1 Organisms
7.2.2.2 Consequences of Substrate
7.2.2.3 Effects of Trace Metals and Minerals
7.2.2.4 Effects of pH
7.2.2.5 Effects of Temperature
7.2.2.6 Effects of Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT)
7.2.2.7 Effect of Partial Pressure
7.2.3 Photo-Fermentative Hydrogen Production
7.2.3.1 Organisms
7.2.3.2 Effects of Substrate
7.2.3.3 Effects of Trace Metals and Minerals
7.2.3.4 Effect of Illumination
7.3 Biological Production of Hydrogen
7.3.1 Fermentation
7.3.2 Enzymes and Biocatalyst
7.3.2.1 Hydrogenases
7.3.2.2 Nitrogenase
7.4 Biomass Production of Hydrogen
7.4.1 Pyrolysis
7.4.2 Biomass Gasification
7.5 Water-Gas Shift Reaction (WGSR)
7.6 Hydrogen in the Future and Economic Perspectives
7.7 Summary
References
8: Bacterial Hydrogen Production: Prospects and Challenges
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Microbial Hydrogen Production
8.3 Mesophilic Bacterial Hydrogen Production
8.4 Thermophilic Bacterial Hydrogen Production
8.5 Phototrophic Bacterial Hydrogen Production
8.6 Structure and Functions of Nitrogenase and Hydrogenase
8.7 Factors Influencing Hydrogen Production
8.7.1 Pretreatment
8.7.2 Light Intensity
8.7.3 Temperature
8.7.4 pH
8.7.5 Carbon Sources
8.7.6 Nitrogen Sources
8.7.7 Immobilization
8.7.8 Metal Ions and Co-Cultures
8.7.9 Inhibitors
8.7.10 Bioreactors
8.8 Prospects and Challenges
8.9 Conclusions
References
9: Bioethanol Production from Biodiesel-Derived Glycerol: A Case Study
9.1 Biofuels
9.2 Glycerol: A Byproduct of Biodiesel Industry
9.3 Microbial Fermentation of Glycerol to Bioethanol and Other Alcohols
9.4 Other Applications of Glycerol
9.5 Laboratory Scale Case Study
9.5.1 Biodiesel and Crude Glycerol from Waste Cooking Oil
9.5.2 Isolation, Screening, and Characterization of Glycerol-Utilizing Bacteria
9.5.3 Screening for Ethanol Production
9.5.4 Glycerin Soap from Biodiesel Byproduct
9.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects
References
10: Advancement on Biomass Classification, Analytical Methods for Characterization, and Its Economic Importance
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Classification of Biomass
10.2.1 Woody Biomass from Higher Plants
10.2.2 Biomass from Herbaceous Sources
10.2.3 Biomass from Animal and Human Waste
10.2.4 Aquatic Biomass
10.2.5 Mixed Biomass
10.3 Major Components of Biomass
10.3.1 Cellulose
10.3.2 Hemicellulose
10.3.3 Lignin
10.3.4 Starch
10.4 Characterization Techniques
10.4.1 Chemical Methods
10.4.1.1 FTIR Analysis
10.4.1.2 XPS Analysis
10.4.1.3 Mass Spectrometry (MS)
10.4.2 Physical Method for Biomass Characterization
10.4.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
10.4.2.2 TEM Analysis
10.4.2.3 AFM
10.4.2.4 XRD Analysis
10.4.3 Biological Characterization
10.4.3.1 Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing
10.4.3.2 Sanger Dideoxy or Chain Termination Sequencing Method
10.4.3.3 Automated DNA Sequencing
10.4.3.4 Pyrosequencing
10.5 Economic Importance of Microbial Biomass
10.5.1 Solid Waste Management
10.5.2 Bioenergy Production
10.5.3 Wastewater Treatment
10.6 Conclusion
References
