Bioenergy: Impacts on Environment and Economy

Contents
Editors and Contributors
1 Bioenergy—Impacts on Environment and Economy
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Raw Materials for Bioenergy Production
1.3 Types of Bioenergy
1.4 Biogas
1.5 Biobutanol
1.6 Algal Fuels
1.7 Microbial Fuel Cell
1.8 Bioenergy and Ecosystem
1.9 Integrated Approaches for Economic Feasibility
1.10 Conclusion
References
2 Need of Bioenergy—An Insight Into Global Perspective
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Bioenergy Sector
2.1.2 Bioenergy Technologies
2.2 Financial Demand
2.2.1 Key Policy Mechanisms
2.3 Environmental Demand
2.3.1 Environmental Factors
2.3.2 Key Policy Factors of BRICS and G7 Countries
2.3.3 Environmental Policy Factors
2.4 Contributions by Some of the Major Players
2.5 Valorization and Bioenergy
2.6 Carbon Sequestration and Climate Change
2.7 Conclusions
References
3 Sustainable Development of Bioenergy and Its Impacts on Ecosystem
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Impact of Bioenergy on Economy and Its Monetary Effects
3.3 Social Effects
3.4 Ecological Effects
3.5 Strategies
3.6 Energy Innovations in Technology
3.7 Technologies for Sustainable Development
3.8 Bioenergy and Its process—The Source of Changes in Ecosystem
3.8.1 Thermochemical Process
3.8.2 Biochemical Process
3.9 Taxonomy of Technological Innovation Around Bioenergy
3.10 Optimal Utilization of Existing Innovation in Bioenergy
3.11 Implication of Bioenergy on Reducing Greenhouse Emissions
3.12 Impact of Technology on Biofuels
3.13 Aspects of Energy and Environment in the Production of Biofuels
3.13.1 Emission of Greenhouse Gases
3.13.2 Agro-Ecological Concerns
3.13.3 Socioeconomic Issues
3.14 Qualities of Bioenergy
3.15 Conclusion
References
4 Integrated Approaches for Economic Sustainability of Biofuel Industries
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Bioenergy
4.2 Biorefineries
4.3 Types of Biorefineries
4.3.1 Biomass-Based Model
4.3.2 Based on the Chemical Nature of Biomass
4.4 Lignocellulosic Biorefinery
4.5 Microalgae/Triglyceride Biorefinery
4.5.1 Other Valuable Products from Microalgae Biorefinery
4.5.2 Utilization of Crude Glycerol for Integrated Biorefinery Concept
4.6 Challenges in Establishing Biofuel Industries
4.7 Economic Development Biofuel Industries
4.8 Circular Economy, Bioeconomy and Green Economy
4.9 Sustainability Assessment of Biorefineries
4.10 Verification of Sustainable Development
4.11 Socioeconomic Framework Analysis
4.12 Conclusion
References
5 The Impact of Bioenergy Resources for Sustainable Environment
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Raw Materials for Bioenergy Production
5.2.1 Lipid Feed Stocks
5.2.2 Cellulose Feedstock
5.2.3 Sugar Feedstock
5.3 Biowaste Resources and Management
5.3.1 Forest and Wood Processing Industry
5.3.2 Food Processing Waste
5.3.3 Paper Industry
5.3.4 Municipal Solid Wastes
5.3.5 Animal Wastes
5.4 Bioenergy Production Through Technologies
5.5 Impact of Bioenergy in Sustainability
5.6 Conclusion
References
6 The Impact of Bioenergy Utilization on the Ecosystem—Toward a Sustainable Future
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Scenario of Bioenergy Production
6.2.1 State-Wise Bioenergy Production in India
6.2.2 Clean Energy versus Bioenergy Production
6.3 The Global Market of Bioenergy
6.3.1 Bioenergy in Transportation Sector
6.3.2 Bioenergy for Power Generation
6.4 The Growth of the Bioenergy Industry
6.4.1 Industry of Solid Biomass
6.4.2 Industry of Liquid Biomass
6.4.3 Industry of Gaseous Biomass
6.5 Environmental Impact of Bioenergy Use
6.5.1 Impact on Air Quality
6.5.2 Impact on Water Quality and Quantity
6.5.3 Impact on Soil
6.5.4 Green House Gas Emission
6.6 Sustainable Development with Bioenergy
6.6.1 Sustainable Development Goals and Global Policies
6.6.2 Sustainable Bioenergy Market Expansion Measures
6.7 Conclusions and Future Scope
References
7 Impact of Emulsified Bio-Fuel on the Environment
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Literature Review
7.3 Emulsified Fuel
7.3.1 Major Classification of Emulsions
7.4 Hydrophilic–Liphophilic Balance (HLB)
7.5 The Concept of Micro-explosion
7.6 Preparation of Emulsified Fuel
7.6.1 Diesel-Water Emulsion
7.6.2 Bio-Diesel Water Emulsion
7.6.3 Comparison of Properties for Emulsified Fuels
7.7 Experimental Setup
7.8 Experimental Procedure
7.9 Results and Discussion
7.10 Conclusion
7.11 Scope for Future Research
References
8 Recent Development of Biomass Energy as a Sustainable Energy Source to Mitigate Environmental Change
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Current Scenarios of Global Bioenergy Productions
8.2.1 Bioenergy Production from Agricultural Biomass
8.2.2 Bioenergy Production from Algae and Cyanobacteria
8.2.3 Potential of Genetic Engineering for Bioenergy Crop Production
8.3 Impact of Bioenergy on the Environment
8.3.1 Positive Effects
8.3.2 Negative Effects
8.4 Management Practice to Reduce the Negative Impacts
8.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
9 Rice Straw Biomass and Agricultural Residues as Strategic Bioenergy: Effects on the Environment and Economy Path with New Directions
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Biomass Energy in Global
9.1.2 Biomass Energy in India
9.1.3 Sources of Cellulosic Biomass
9.2 Agricultural Residues as Biomass Sources
9.2.1 Agro-residues from Rice Crops
9.3 Vital Energy from Rice Crop Residues: Role of Developing the Economy
9.4 Overview of Rice Straw, Availability
9.4.1 Features of Rice Straw
9.4.2 Availability of Rice Straw
9.4.3 Rice Straw Management for Biomass
9.4.4 Crop Description
9.5 Environmental and Socio-economic Evaluation of Rice Straw
9.6 Utilization of Rice Straw
9.7 Productions of Bioenergy from Rice Straw
9.7.1 Bioliquid Fuel Production
9.8 Generation of Solid Fuels
9.8.1 Biogas Production
9.8.2 Bioethanol Production
9.8.3 Biochar Production
9.8.4 Generation of Electricity and Power
9.8.5 Paper Manufacturing
9.8.6 Mushroom Cultivation
9.9 Concluding Remarks
References
10 Weed—An Alternate Energy Source
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Impact of Weed on Country’s Economy
10.1.2 Sustainable Management of Weeds Through Anaerobic Digestion
10.1.3 Overview of Biomethanation
10.1.4 Plants as Biomass
10.1.5 Microbiological Anaerobic Digestion with Respect to Plant Biomass
10.1.6 Biochemical Reactions Involved in Anaerobically Digested Biomass
10.1.7 Biogas Technology
10.2 Exploring Parthenium hysterophorus as Alternative Energy Source
10.2.1 Impact of P. hysterophorus
10.2.2 Parthenium Management Measures in the Past
10.2.3 Large-Scale Utilization of P. hysterophorus
10.2.4 Substrate Utilization for Energy Production
10.2.5 Biomethanation
10.2.6 Biogas and Its Determination
10.2.7 Pretreatments
10.2.8 Co-digestion
10.2.9 Inoculum–Substrate (I/S) Ratio
10.3 Conclusion
References
11 Biomethanation for Energy Security and Sustainable Development
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Anaerobic Digestion (AD)
11.3 Biomethanation
11.4 Aceticlastic Methanogens
11.5 Hydrogenotrophic Methanogens
11.6 Methylotrophic Methanogens
11.7 Biomethane—Benefits and Risks
11.8 Biomethane Production
11.9 Biogas Cleaning
11.10 Removal of Water Vapor
11.11 Physical Separation (Condensation)
11.12 Chemical Drying Methods (Absorption and Adsorption)
11.13 Removal of H2S
11.14 Removal of H2S During Digestion
11.14.1 Air/Oxygen Dosing to Biogas System
11.14.2 Addition of Iron Chloride
11.15 Removal of H2S from Biogas
11.15.1 Adsorption Using Iron Oxide or Hydroxide
11.15.2 Absorption with Liquids
11.15.3 Membrane Separation
11.15.4 Biological Filter and Biological Desulphurization
11.16 Biogas Upgradation
11.17 Removal of CO2
11.17.1 Absorption
11.17.2 Adsorption
11.17.3 Membrane Separation
11.17.4 Cryogenic Separation
11.17.5 Biological Methane Enrichment
11.18 Biomethane and Its Application
11.18.1 Case Study I: Feasibility of Indian Energy Security Through Biogas Fuel
11.19 Future Challenges and Opportunities
References
12 Recent Technologies for the Production of Biobutanol from Agricultural Residues
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Agricultural Residues
12.2.1 Husks
12.2.2 Straw
12.2.3 Bagasse
12.3 Conversion of Agricultural Residues to Biobutanol
12.3.1 Biochemical Routes for Biofuel Production: Important Steps
12.3.2 Alkaline Pre-Treatment
12.3.3 Ionic Liquids (ILs)
12.3.4 Organosolv
12.3.5 Physiochemical Pre-Treatment
12.3.6 Biological Pre-Treatment
12.3.7 ABE Fermentation
12.3.8 Fermentation Modes
12.3.9 Techniques for Recovering ABE Fermentation Products by Separation
12.4 Thermochemical Conversion
12.4.1 Preparation Stage—Thermochemical Conversion
12.4.2 Gasification
12.4.3 Syngas Fermentation
12.4.4 Pyrolysis
12.4.5 Liquefaction
12.4.6 Use of Biobutanol in Road Transport
12.4.7 Physiochemical Properties of Biobutanol
12.5 Conclusion
12.6 Competing Interests
References
13 Microalgal Biomass and Lipid Induction Strategies for Bioenergy Production as a Renewable Resource
13.1 Statement of Novelty
13.2 Introduction
13.3 Materials and Methods
13.3.1 Isolation and Identification of Microalgae
13.3.2 Maintenance of Microalgal Cultures
13.3.3 Cultivation of Microalgae in Laboratory Condition
13.3.4 Collection of Sewage Water
13.3.5 Cultivation of Microalgae in Media and Sewage Water at Environmental Condition
13.3.6 Influence of Different Carbon and Nitrogen Source on Selected Nitzschia sp. for Biomass and Lipid Production
13.3.7 Estimation of Growth Factor
13.3.8 Estimation of Physicochemical Parameters of Sewage Water
13.3.9 Harvesting
13.3.10 Determination of Total Lipids
13.3.11 Lipid Analysis by FTIR Spectroscopy
13.3.12 Algal Fatty Acid Composition of SCO
13.4 Results and Discussion
13.4.1 The pH, Time Taken for Maximum Growth and Their Biomass of Microalgae Grown in Medium at Laboratory Condition
13.4.2 The pH, Time Taken for Maximum Growth in Medium at Environmental Condition
13.4.3 The pH, Time Taken for Maximum Growth in Sewage at Environmental Condition
13.4.4 Biomass in Medium and Sewage at Environmental Conditions
13.4.5 Physicochemical Parameter of Untreated Sewage and Treated Sewage Sample by Microalgae
13.4.6 Carbon Content and Carbon Dioxide Fixation by Microalgal Biomass in Medium (Environmental Condition)
13.4.7 Carbon Content and Carbon Dioxide Fixation by Microalgal Biomass in Sewage (Environmental Condition)
13.4.8 Selection of Microalgae for Lipid Production
13.4.9 Total Lipid Content of Eight Microalgae Grown in Medium at Laboratory Condition
13.4.10 The pH, Growth Rate and Biomass of Nitzschia sp. Under Different Carbon Source
13.4.11 The pH, Growth Rate and Biomass of Nitzschia sp. Under Different Nitrogen Source
13.4.12 The Lipid Content of Nitzschia sp. Under Efficient Carbon and Nitrogen Source
13.4.13 Selection of Efficient Microalgae for Lipid Production
13.4.14 FT-IR Determination of SCO
13.4.15 Characterization of Fatty Acid Properties in SCO
13.5 Conclusion
References
14 Recent Trends in Microbial Fuel Cell
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Anode Materials
14.3 Cathode Materials
14.4 Membrane Materials
14.5 Microorganisms
14.6 Substrate
14.7 Design of MFC
14.7.1 Single-Chamber MFC
14.7.2 Dual Chamber MFC
14.7.3 Stacked MFC
14.8 Types of MFCs
14.8.1 Mediator-Less MFC
14.8.2 Membrane-Less MFC
14.9 Factor Affecting the Performance of MFCs
14.9.1 Electrode Material
14.9.2 Membrane (Porous Interface Layer)
14.9.3 Operational Condition
14.10 Energy Harvesting Technologies
14.10.1 Capacitor-Based Systems
14.10.2 Charge Pump-Based Systems
14.10.3 Boost Converter-Based Systems
14.11 Mathematical Modelling
14.12 Application
14.12.1 Electricity Generation
14.12.2 Wastewater Treatment
14.13 Summary
References