Bioenergy and Biochemical Processing Technologies: Recent Advances and Future Demands

Contents
Part I: Energy Utilization, Conversion, and Management
Effective Moisture Diffusivity and Mathematical Modeling of the Drying Process for Cassava Stalk Biomass
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Material Sourcing and Preparation
2.2 Drying Experiments
2.3 Equations for Describing Effective Diffusivity and Activation Energy
2.4 Mathematical Modeling of the Drying Kinetics
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Moisture Diffusion Activity
3.2 Application of Drying Models to Experimental Data
4 Conclusions
References
Production and Characterization of Biochar and Hybrid Produced from the Co-carbonization of Corn Husk and Low-Density Polyethylene Wastes
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Sourcing and Preparation of CH and LDPE Waste
2.2 Experimental Set-up and Procedure
2.3 Characterization of Products
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Reactor Performance and Product Yield
3.2 Product Morphology
3.3 Product Surface Areas and Pore Volumes
3.4 Product Functional Groups
4 Conclusion
References
Energy and Fuels: Structural and Optical Characterization of Cu2ZnSnS4 Solar Absorber Layer for Photovoltaic Application Using SILAR Method
1 Introduction
2 Material and Method
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Structural Analysis
3.2 Morphological Analysis
3.3 Optical Analysis
3.4 Electrical Analysis
4 Conclusion
References
Daily and Cumulative Biogas Yields from Selected Animal Dungs
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Digester Design Calculations
2.2 Anaerobic Digestion of Feedstocks
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 Volume of Biogas Produced Daily for the Different Substrates
3.2 Cumulative Volume of Gas Produced for the Different Feedstocks
4 Conclusion
References
Energy and Fuels: Sol-Gel Synthesized Core-Shell 0.5Li2MnO3∙0.5LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 Material: Effect of Mixed Fuel (Citric Acid and Ammonium Acetate) on the Structural Properties
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Synthesis of 0.5Li2MnO3–0.5LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.08O2 (CS-SG-7525) Material
2.2 Characterization of the CS-SG-7525 Material
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Structural Characterization of CS-SG-7525 Material
4 Conclusion
References
Energy Use and Carbon Footprint in a University: Nigeria Case Study
1 Introduction
2 Overview of University of Lagos
2.1 Limitations
2.2 Energy Consumption Pattern in University of Lagos
The Demand Sector
End Use
3 The Software
4 Projection and Growth in Energy Consumption in the University of Lagos (2009–2033)
5 Projection and Growth in Carbon Footprint in the University of Lagos (2009–2033)
6 Discussion
7 Conclusion
References
Overview on Advancement of Sustainable Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Production of Biodiesel
1 Overview of Biodiesel
2 Overview of Heterogeneous Catalysts
2.1 Natural Sources of Heterogeneous Base Catalysts
2.2 Preparation of Heterogeneous Base Catalysts
2.3 Biodiesel Production
2.4 Recovery and Regeneration of Base Heterogeneous Catalysts
2.5 Sustainability of Heterogeneous Catalysts
3 Conclusion
References
Nigerian Marginal Oilfield Development Program: PIA and Current Issues
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Framework and Review of Existing Literature
2.1 Fiscal Regulations Applicable to Marginal Oil Fields in Nigeria
Petroleum Profit Tax Act (PPTA)
Local Content Act
Petroleum Industry Act (PIA)
3 Discussion
4 Conclusion
References
Part II: Microbial and Enzymatic Processes
Purification and Characterization of Phytase from a Local Poultry Isolate of Aspergillus flavus MT899184
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Sample Collection
2.2 Screening and Selection of Phytase-Producing Fungi from Poultry Soil
2.3 Morphological Identification
2.4 Molecular Identification
2.5 Phytase Production
2.6 Phytase Purification
Ammonium Sulphate Precipitation
Gel Filtration Chromatography
Effect of Carbon and Nitrogen Sources on Phytase Production
Effect of Temperature on Phytase Activity
Effect of pH on Phytase Activity
Thermal Stability of Phytase
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 Identification of Phytase-Producing Isolate
3.2 Phytase Production and Purification
3.3 Phytase Characterization
4 Conclusion
References
Optimisation of Soursop Juice Recovery by Alpha Amylase Produced by Aspergillus niger Using Statistical Tool
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Production and Clarification of Soursop Juice
3 Optimisation of Enzyme Concentration Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
4 Experimental Design
5 Results and Discussion
5.1 Development of Regression Model for Clarified Soursop Juice Recovery Using Purified α-Amylase from a. niger OMA1
6 Predictive Optimisation of Soursop Juice Recovery with α-Amylase from a. niger OMA1
References
Molecular Detection of ESBLs, TEM, SHV, and CTX-M in Clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates in Ogun State
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Molecular Technique
2.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
2.3 Detection of CTX-M, SHV, and TEM Genes
2.4 Gel Electrophoresis
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Phenotypic Detection of β-Lactamase
3.2 Detection of CTXM, SHV, and TEM Genes
4 Conclusion
References
Pectinase Production and Application in the Last Decade: A Systemic Review
1 Background
2 Methods
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Microorganisms and Fermentation Method Used for Pectinase Production
3.2 Optimization and Application
4 Conclusion
References
Biogas Production From Thermo–Alkaline Pretreated Corn Stover Co-digested with Rumen Content
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Sample Collection
2.2 Fabrication of Anaerobic Digester
2.3 Pretreatment of Corn Stover
2.4 Lignocellulose Content Analysis
Determination of Extractives
Hemicellulose Determination
Lignin Content Determination
Determination of Cellulose
2.5 Microbial Analysis
Identification of Isolates
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Lignocellulosic Composition of Corn Stover
3.2 Operational Parameters and Biogas Yield
3.3 Microbial Composition of the Feedstocks and Slurry Used for Digestion
4 Conclusion
References
Assessing the Safety of Tiger Nut Drinks Produced from Cyperus esculentus L. Seeds Sold in Ota
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Sample Area
2.2 Collection of Samples
2.3 Preparation of Tiger Nut Drink
3 Methodology
3.1 Serial Dilution and Isolation of Fungi Microflora
3.2 Qualitative Screening for Toxigenic Potential of the Isolates
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Fungi Prevalence in Tiger Nut Samples
4.2 Aflatoxin Detection with Ammonia Vapor
5 Conclusion
References
Trends in Downstream Processing Approaches, Laccase Mediator Systems and Biotechnological Applications of Laccases
1 Introduction
2 Recovery and Purification of Laccases
3 Laccase Immobilization
4 Laccase Mediator Systems
5 Applications of Laccase
5.1 Laccase Application in Food Industry
5.2 Laccase Application in Textile Industry
5.3 Application of Laccase in Pharmaceutical Industry
5.4 Application of Laccase in Biodegradation of PAH and Other Contaminants
5.5 Application of Laccase in Forest Products Industry
5.6 Application of Laccase in Petroleum Industry
5.7 Applications of Laccase in Biosensors and Enzymatic Biofuels
6 Current Challenges and Future Perspectives
7 Conclusion
References
Atherosclerosis and Scientific Interventions: A Review
1 Introduction
2 Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis
2.1 Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Blood Rheology
2.2 Blood Vessel Characteristics
2.3 Mass Transport and Growth in Tissues
2.4 Blood Characteristics and Modelling in Micro-vessels
2.5 Past Works on the Modelling of Plaque Growth in Micro-circulation
3 Inferences from Past Works
4 Conclusion
References
Comparison of Pectinase Activity in the Flavedo and Albedo of Citrus and Thaumatococcus daniellii Fruits
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Chemicals and Reagents
2.2 Substrate Collection and Preparation
2.3 Pectin Extraction from Citrus sinensis (Sweet Orange) Albedo and Flavedo
2.4 Isolation and Screening of Pectinase Producing Aspergillus spp.
2.5 Assessment of Pectinase Production, Extraction, and Activity
2.6 Analyses of Data
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusion
References
Production of Rhamnolipid Biosurfactant from Waste Cooking Oil Using Pseudomonas putida in a Batch Reactor
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Method
2.1 Microorganism and Growth Conditions
2.2 Rhamnolipid Quantification
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Cell Growth
3.2 Rhamnolipid Production
4 Conclusion
References
Estimation Model for Cow Dung-aided Water Hyacinth Digestion
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Digester Design
2.2 Substrate Mix Ratios
2.3 Data Analysis
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 CD-Aided WH Digestion Maximum Biogas Production Rate
4 Conclusion
References
Phytochemicals and Anti-Microbial Properties of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Seed Oil Extract
1 Introduction
2 Material and Methods
2.1 Raw Materials
2.2 Seed Processing
2.3 Extraction
2.4 Preparation of Microbial Culture
2.5 Phytochemical Analysis
2.6 Determination of Anti-Microbial Analysis
Test for the Anti-Microbial Activity of the Oil Extracts
Determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the Oil
Determination of Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the Oil
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Composition of Neem Oil Extract Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Fig. 3 and Table 5)
3.2 Phytochemical Analysis
3.3 Anti-Microbial Analysis
3.4 MIC and MBC Analysis
3.5 Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS)
4 Conclusion
References
Proximate Analyses of Watermelon and Pineapple Wastes as Substrates for Single-Cell Protein Production
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Chemicals and Reagents
2.2 Experimental Methods
2.3 Sample Collection and Preparation
2.4 Proximate Analysis of the Sample
Estimation of Carbohydrate Content
Estimation of Moisture Content
Estimation of Crude Fibre
Estimation of Ash Content
Estimation of Crude Fat
Estimation of Protein Content
3 Statistics
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Turbidity and Urine Turbidity: A Mini Review
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Framework
2.1 Methods of Turbidimetry
Jackson Candle Method
Secchi Disk Turbidimeter
Turbidity Tube
Baylis Method
2.2 Light Scattering
Light Scattering Theory
2.3 Urine and Turbidity
Urine Turbidimetry
3 Conclusion
References
Antibiotic Resistance Status of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Clinical Isolates in Ogun State
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Study Site
2.2 Ethical Approval
2.3 Study Subjects
2.4 Sample Size
2.5 Specimen Collection, Culturing and Bacterial Isolation
2.6 Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing
2.7 Phenotypic Detection of β-Lactamase
3 Statistical Analysis
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Microbial Quality of Watermelons Sold in Ota
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Sample Collection
2.2 Isolation of Microorganisms
2.3 Determination of Microbial Load
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Microbial Load of Watermelon Samples
3.2 Isolated Organisms from Watermelon Samples
4 Conclusion
References
Re-Emerging Systemic Mucormycosis Associated With COVID-19 Infection in Africa
1 Introduction
2 Prevalence of Mucormycosis
2.1 Epidemiology of Mucormycosis
Epidemiology in Africa
2.2 Systemic Mucormycosis
Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis
Pulmonary Mucormycosis
Cutaneous Mucormycosis
Gastrointestinal Mucormycosis
Renal Mucormycosis
Disseminated Mucormycosis
2.3 Underrepresentation and Neglect of Mucormycosis in Africa
2.4 Systemic Pathogenesis and Tissue Pathology
Pathogenesis of Mucormycosis
Factors That Aid Pathogenesis
Host Defense and Mucormycosis Pathogenesis
Iron Uptake and Mucormycosis Pathogenesis
Host-Pathogen Interactions and Mucormycosis Pathogenesis
2.5 Risk Factor for Transmission and Spread
2.6 Control and Prevention
2.7 COVID-19 Associated Mucormycosis
3 Global Impact of Mucormycosis on COVID-19
3.1 Potential Impact of COVID-19 Associated Mucormycosis (CAM) in Africa
4 Interventions
5 Conclusion
References
Evaluation of Preservative and Shelf-Life Quality of Probiotic-Lactobacilli Fortified Nigerian Fermented Condiments
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Identification Lactobacillus Species
2.2 Probiotic Assessment of Lactobacillus Isolates
2.3 Co-Fermentation of Raw Seeds with Probiotic Lactobacilli Starter
2.4 Shelf-Life Analysis of Probiotic Fortified Fermented Condiments
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Identification of Lactobacillus Species
3.2 Probiotic Assessment of Lactobacillus Isolates
3.3 Spontaneous Co-Fermentation of Raw Seeds with Probiotic Lactobacilli Starter
3.4 Shelf-Life Analysis Over 3-Week Storage Time
4 Conclusion
References
Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Salmonella Serovars Distributed in Benue State, Nigeria
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Sample Collection and Sampling Distribution
2.3 Isolation and Identification of Salmonella from Fecal Samples
Biochemical Characterization of Isolated Salmonella Species
2.4 Molecular Characterization and Identification of Salmonella Serovars and Strains
Extraction of Genomic DNA
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Sequencing
Sequence Profiling and Identification of Salmonella Strains
3 Results and Discussion
References
Phytochemical Screening of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad and its Cytotoxic Activity Against Cervical Cancer Cells
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Identification and Preparation of Plant Sample
2.2 Extraction and Concentration of Plant Sample
2.3 Phytochemical Analysis
2.4 Cell Culture
2.5 Cytotoxicity Assay
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Phytochemical Screening of Citrullus colocynthis
3.2 Cytotoxic Effects of Ethyl Acetate and Methanol Extracts of C. colocynthis Against Cervical Cell Line (HeLa)
4 Conclusion
References
Susceptibility Pattern of Vibrio cholerae isolated from surface water sources in Makurdi Local Government to commonly used antibiotics
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Sterilization of Material Used
2.3 Sample Collection
2.4 Media Preparations
2.5 Sample Analysis
2.6 Enrichment of Vibrio cholerae from Surface Water in Peptone Water, Plating on TCBS Medium and Identification of Isolates
2.7 Gram Stain Technique
2.8 Antibiotics Susceptibility Test
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Bacteriological Analysis of Surface Water Sources for Vibrio cholera
3.2 Antibiotic Susceptibility of Identified Vibrio cholerae with Antibiotic Disc
4 Conclusion
References
Part III: Fuel Technology and Drilling Operations
Necessity for Nanofluids in Refrigeration Systems: An Overview
1 Introduction
2 Types of Refrigeration System
2.1 Vapour Refrigeration System
2.2 Vapour Absorption Refrigeration
3 Refrigerants and Its Roles
3.1 Nanofluid in Refrigeration
4 Conclusion
References
Synthetic Heat Transfer Fluids: Alternative to Steam in Chemical Industries – A Review
1 Introduction
2 Literatures Gathering Approach
2.1 Heat Transfer Fluid System
Low Temperature Fluids
Medium Temperature Fluids
High Temperature Fluids
2.2 Steam As a Heat Transfer Fluid: Its Operation and Limitations
2.3 Alternative Heat Transfer Fluids
Aliphatic Based Fluids
Hydro-Processed Organic Heat Transfer Fluids
Hydro-Processed White Mineral Oil
Hydro-Processed Naphthenic Fluid
Inhibited Glycol-Based Fluids
Silicon-Based Heat Transfer Fluids
2.4 Synthetic Heat Transfer Fluids
Synthetic Heat Transfer Diaryl Alkyl
Synthetic Heat Transfer Biphenyl/Diphenyl Oxide Mixture
Synthetic Heat Transfer Isopropyl Biphenyl Mixture
Synthetic Heat Transfer Alkyl Substituted Aromatic Fluid
Synthetic Heat Transfer Alkylbenzene
The Synthetic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Mixture
2.5 Benefits of Synthetic Heat Transfer Fluids
2.6 Limitation of Synthetic Heat Transfer Fluids
3 Conclusion
References
Gas Condensate Reservoir Developmental Techniques
1 Introduction
2 Gas Condensate Reservoir Development Techniques
2.1 Pressure Maintenance
Gas Cycling
N2 Injection
Carbon Dioxide Injection
Huff and Puff
2.2 Production Improvement of Condensate Reservoirs
Use of Horizontal Wells
Hydraulic Fracturing
2.3 Chemical Method of Condensate Reservoir Development
Wettability Alteration Method
Application of Solvents
3 Summary
4 Conclusion
References
Index