Biodegradation and Detoxification of Micropollutants in Industrial Wastewater




Contributors
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 - Evaluation of micro-pollutants removal from industrial wastewater using conventional and advanced biological t ...
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Types of micro-pollutants (MPs) in industrial wastewaters and their toxic health effects
1.2.1 Organic micro-pollutants
1.2.2 Inorganic micro-pollutants
1.3 Conventional biological treatment
1.3.1 Activated sludge process
1.3.2 Biological trickling filter
1.3.3 Biological passive aeration nitrification/denitrification reactor
1.4 Advanced biological treatment
1.4.1 Two-phase partitioning bioreactor
1.4.2 Membrane based reactor
1.4.3 Moving bed biofilm reactor
1.4.4 Cell-immobilized bioreactor
1.4.5 Hybrid methods
1.5 Pros and cons of biological treatment process on MPs removal over conventional ones
1.6 Future aspects of BWWTPs of large-scale MPs remediation
1.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 - Fate and occurrence of micro- and nano-plastic pollution in industrial wastewater
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Micro- and nano-plastics in the environment
2.3 Structural difference between micro- and nano-plastics
2.4 Characterisation of micro- and nano-plastics
2.5 Techniques used for characterization of micro- and nano-plastics from wastewater
2.5.1 Visual characterization
2.5.1.1 The size and color sorting (SCS) system
2.5.1.2 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
2.5.2 Vibrational spectroscopy
2.5.2.1 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
2.5.2.2 Raman spectroscopy
2.5.3 Mass spectrometry
2.5.3.1 Thermal desorption coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (TDS-GC–MS)
2.5.3.2 Pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (py-GC–MS)
2.6 Health hazards of microplastics and nanoplastics
2.6.1 Effects on terrestrial environment
2.6.2 Effects on aquatic environment
2.6.3 Major consequences on human health
2.7 Impact of micro- and nano-plastics in industrial wastewater
2.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 3 - Biosensors as an effective tool for detection of emerging water and wastewater pollutants
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Conventional methods of pollutants’ detection in wastewater
3.3 Biosensors
3.3.1 Optical biosensors
3.3.2 Electrochemical biosensors
3.3.3 Thermal biosensors
3.3.4 Enzymatic biosensors
3.3.5 Paper based biosensors
3.3.6 Other biosensors
3.3.6.1 Piezoelectric biosensors
3.3.6.2 Microfluidic biosensors
3.3.6.3 Immunochemical biosensors
3.4 Advantages of biosensors over conventional detection methods
3.5 Nanotechnology for biosensors
3.5.1 Nanophotocatalysis
3.5.2 Nanomotors and micromotors
3.5.3 Nanomembranes
3.5.3.1 Nanofiber membranes
3.5.3.2 Nanocomposite membrane
3.5.3.3 Aquaporin-based membrane
3.5.3.4 Self-assembling membranes
3.5.3.5 Nanofilteration membrane
3.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4 - Removal of organic micro-pollutants by aerobic and anaerobic microorganism
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Organic micropollutants
4.2.1 Sources
4.2.2 Types of organic micropollutants
4.2.2.1 Human and animal associated OMPs
4.2.2.2 Agriculture associated OMPs
4.2.2.3 Industry-associated OMPs
4.2.3 Physicochemical characteristics of OMPs
4.3 Effect of organic micropollutants on the environments
4.4 Different methods for the removal of organic micropollutants
4.4.1 Nonbiological method for remediation
4.4.2 Biological methods of remediation
4.4.3 Enzymatic degradation of OMPs
4.4.4 Biofiltration of OMPs
4.5 Aerobic and anaerobic microorganism for the removal of ­micropollutants
4.5.1 Microbiological aspects of micropollutant degradation
4.5.2 Factors effecting the feasibility of microorganism selection
4.5.2.1 Structure of compound
4.5.2.2 Operating condition
4.5.3 Application of aerobic and anaerobic system for micropollutants removal
4.6 Limitations and future prospects
4.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5 - Emerging dye contaminants of industrial origin and their enzyme-assisted biodegradation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Enzymes for dye degradation
5.2.1 Azoreductase
5.2.2 Laccase
5.2.3 Peroxidase
5.3 Immobilized enzymes
5.4 Conclusions and future prospects
References
Chapter 6 - An overview on the application of constructed wetlands for the treatment of metallic wastewater
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Sources of metal pollution and its environmental implications
6.2.1 Natural origins
6.2.2 Industrial (or anthropogenic) origins
6.3 Environmental impacts
6.4 Treatment of metal-laden industrial wastewater
6.4.1 Physico-chemical treatment
6.4.2 Biological treatment
6.5 Constructed wetlands for heavy metal removal
6.5.1 Metal removal mechanisms
6.5.1.1 Filtration and sedimentation
6.5.1.2 Sorption
6.5.1.3 Precipitation and co-precipitation
6.5.1.4 Association of metals with oxides (oxidation) and hydroxides (hydrolysis)
6.5.1.5 Precipitation as metal carbonates
6.5.1.6 Precipitation as metal sulfides
6.5.1.7 Microbial metabolism
6.5.1.8 Plant uptake
6.5.2 Long-term performance feasibility
6.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7 - A glance over current status of waste management and landfills across the globe: A review
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Global scenario of landfilling
7.3 Indian scenario of landfilling
7.4 Land requirement for dumpsites
7.5 MSWM in developed and emerging countries: a comparative analysis
7.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8 - Micro and nanoplastic toxicity on aquatic life: fate, effect and remediation strategy
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Extensive use of plastic in our daily life
8.3 Characterizations of MPs and NPs
8.3.1 Physical characterizations
8.3.2 Chemical characterizations
8.4 Environmental behavior and fate of MPs and NPs
8.4.1 Sources
8.4.2 Mechanism of microplastic conversion to NPs
8.4.3 Migration of MPs and NPs
8.4.4 Aggregation of MPs and NPs
8.4.5 Deposition of MPs and NPs
8.5 Impact of MPs and NPs on aquatic life ecosystem
8.5.1 Effects on aquatic microorganisms
8.5.2 Effects on aquatic organisms
8.5.3 Effect on large marine animals
8.5.4 Effects on human health
8.6 Remediation of MPs and NPs from the aquatic system
8.6.1 Control of sources
8.6.2 Enhancement of removal efficiency
8.6.2.1 Physicochemical approach
8.6.2.1.1 Grit chamber/primary sedimentation
8.6.2.1.2 Coagulation
8.6.2.1.3 Sand filter
8.6.2.1.4 Rapid sand filter
8.6.2.1.5 Granular activated carbon filtration
8.6.2.1.6 Membrane disc-filter
8.6.2.1.7 Conventional activated sludge process
8.6.2.1.8 Membrane bioreactor
8.6.2.2 Chemical methods to treat MPs
8.6.2.3 Ecofriendly and green approach
8.6.2.3.1 Adsorption on green algae
8.6.2.3.2 Enzyme technology
8.6.2.3.3 Metagenomics
8.6.2.3.4 Nano technology
8.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 - Endocrine-disrupting pollutants in domestic and industrial wastewater: occurrence and removal by advanced trea ...
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Sources, fate, and interaction of EDCs with biota
9.3 Removal of EDCs via physical and chemical treatment
9.3.1 Physical treatment
9.3.1.1 Membrane technology
9.3.1.2 Absorption by activated carbon
9.3.2 Chemical treatment
9.3.2.1 Advanced oxidation
9.3.2.2 Heterogeneous photocatalysis
9.3.2.3 Homogeneous advanced oxidation processes
9.4 Nanomaterial assisted removal of EDCs
9.4.1 Carbon nanotubes
9.4.2 Nanocomposites
9.4.3 Zero-Valent iron
9.5 Polymer-based removal of EDCs
9.6 EDC bioremediation technologies
9.7 Conclusion and recommendation
Conflict of interest disclosures
Funding
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10 - Use of microalgae for the removal of emerging contaminants from wastewater
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Selection of micro algae
10.1.2 Cultivation
10.2 Microalgae-based mechanism for degradation of pollutants
10.2.1 Biodegradation
10.2.2 Biosorption
10.2.3 Photo-degradation
10.2.4 Volatilization
10.3 Removal strategies in micro algae based treatment systems
10.3.1 Open ponds
10.3.2 Closed photo bioreactors
10.3.3 Immobilized cells
10.3.4 Consortia
10.4 Combined systems
10.4.1 Physical process
10.4.2 Advanced oxidation
10.4.3 Combined technologies
10.5 Removal efficiency of various emerging contaminants by microalgae
10.5.1 Toxicity of wastewater
10.5.2 Nutrient deficiency
10.5.3 Nutrient removal—nitrogen and phosphorus
10.5.4 Xenobiotic compound removal
10.5.5 Heavy metals removal
10.6 Biomass separation
10.6.1 Coagulation/flocculation
10.6.2 Electrochemical methods
10.6.3 Filtration
10.6.4 Centrifugation
10.7 Harvesting of algal biomass
10.7.1 Sedimentation
10.7.2 Floatation
10.7.3 Filtration
10.7.4 Centrifugation
10.7.5 Drying
10.8 Necessity of pre and post treatment of micro algae
10.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 - Bioaugmentation as a strategy for the removal of emerging pollutants from wastewater
11.1 Introduction to bioremediation
11.2 Current bioremediation methods and their limitations
11.2.1 Microbial remediation
11.2.1.1 Ex-situ bioremediation
11.2.1.2 In-situ microbial remediation
11.2.1.3 Intrinsic in-situ bioremediation
11.2.1.4 The engineered in-situ bioremediation process
11.2.1.4.1 Bioventing
11.2.1.4.2 Biosparging
11.2.1.4.3 Bioslurping
11.2.1.4.4 Biostimulation
11.2.1.4.5 Bioaugmentation
11.2.1.5 Limitations of microbial remediation
11.2.2 Phyto-remediation
11.2.2.1 Limitations of phytoremediation
11.2.3 Advantages and disadvantages of bioremediation
11.3 Nanoparticles for Bioaugmentation: Nanobioaugmentation
11.3.1 Nano-stimulated microbial bioaugmentation
11.3.2 Nano-phytoremediation
11.4 Current technological barriers in using nanoparticles
11.5 Future prospective and conclusion
References
Index