Biodegradable Materials and Their Applications

Cover
Half-Title Page
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
1 Biodegradable Materials in Electronics
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Biodegradable Materials in Electronics
1.2.1 Advantages of Biodegradable Materials
1.3 Silk
1.4 Polymers
1.4.1 Natural Polymers
1.4.2 Synthetic Polymers
1.5 Cellulose
1.6 Paper
1.7 Others
1.8 Biodegradable Electronic Components
1.9 Semiconductors
1.10 Substrate
1.11 Biodegradable Dielectrics
1.12 Insulators and Conductors
1.13 Conclusion
Declaration About Copyright
References
2 Biodegradable Thermoelectric Materials
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Biopolymer-Based Renewable Composites: An Alternative to Synthetic Materials
2.3 Working Principle of Thermoelectric Materials
2.4 Biopolymer Composite for Thermoelectric Application
2.4.1 Polylactic Acid–Based Thermoelectric Materials
2.4.2 Cellulose-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials
2.4.3 Chitosan-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials
2.4.4 Agarose-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials
2.4.5 Starch-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials
2.4.6 Carrageenan-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials
2.4.7 Pullulan-Based Composites as Thermoelectric Materials
2.4.8 Lignin-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials
2.5 Heparin-Based Biocomposites as Future Thermoelectric Materials
2.6 Conclusions
References
3 Biodegradable Electronics: A Newly Emerging Environmental Technology
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Properties of Biodegradable Materials in Electronics
3.3 Transformational Applications of Biodegradable Materials in Electronics
3.3.1 Cellulose
3.3.2 Silk
3.3.3 Stretchable Hydrogel
3.3.4 Conjugated Polymers and Metals
3.3.5 Graphene
3.3.6 Composites
3.4 Biodegradation Mechanisms
3.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
4 Biodegradable and Bioactive Films or Coatings From Fish Waste Materials
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Fishery Chain Industry
4.2.1 Evolution of the Fishery Chain Industry
4.2.2 Applications of Fish Waste Materials
4.3 Films or Coatings Based on Proteins From Fish Waste Materials
4.3.1 Films or Coatings for Food Packaging
4.3.2 Development of Protein-Based Films or Coatings
4.3.2.1 Fish Proteins and Processes for Obtaining Collagen/Gelatin and Myofibrillar Proteins
4.3.2.2 Development of Biodegradable and Bioactive Films or Coating
4.3.3 Development of Protein-Based Films or Coatings Incorporated With Additives and/or Plasticizers
4.3.3.1 Films or Coatings Incorporated With Organic Additives and/or Plasticizers and Their Applications
4.3.3.2 Films or Coatings Incorporated With Inorganic Additives and/or Plasticizers
4.4 Conclusion
References
5 Biodegradable Superabsorbent Materials
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Biohydrogels: Superabsorbent Materials
5.3 Polysaccharides: Biopolymers from Renewable Sources
5.3.1 Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)
5.3.2 Chitosan (CH)
5.3.3 Alginate
5.3.4 Carrageenans
5.4 Applications of Superabsorbent Biohydrogels (SBHs) Based on Polysaccharides
5.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
6 Bioplastics in Personal Protective Equipment
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Conventional Personal Protective Equipment
6.2.1 Face Masks
6.2.1.1 Surgical Mask
6.2.1.2 N95 Face Masks
6.2.1.3 KN95 Face Masks
6.2.1.4 Cloth Face Masks
6.2.1.5 Two-Layered Face Mask (or Hygienic)
6.2.2 Gloves
6.2.2.1 Latex
6.2.2.2 Nitrile
6.2.2.3 Vinyl
6.2.2.4 Foil (Polyethylene)
6.3 Biodegradable and Biobased PPE
6.3.1 Face Masks
6.3.1.1 Polylactic Acid
6.3.1.2 Polybutylene Succinate
6.3.1.3 Polyvinyl Alcohol
6.3.2 Gloves
6.3.2.1 Butadiene Rubber (BR)
6.3.2.2 Polyisoprene Rubber
6.4 Environmental Impacts Caused by Personal Protective Equipment Made of Bioplastics
6.4.1 Source and Raw Materials
6.4.2 End of Life Scenarios
6.4.3 Remarks on Biodegradability
6.5 International Standards Applied to Biodegradable Plastics and Bioplastics
6.6 Conclusions
References
7 Biodegradable Protective Films
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Types of Protective Films
7.2 Biodegradable Protective Films
7.2.1 Processing of Biodegradable Protective Films
7.2.2 Limitations Faced by Biodegradable Protective Films
References
8 No Plastic, No Pollution: Replacement of Plastics in the Equipments of Personal Protection
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Bioplastics
8.3 Biodegradation of Bioplastics
8.4 Production of Bioplastics from Plant Sources
8.5 Production of Bioplastics from Microbial Resources
8.6 What Are PPEs Made Off?
8.6.1 Face Masks
8.6.2 Face and Eye Shields
8.6.3 Gloves
8.7 Biodegradable Materials for PPE
8.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
9 Biodegradable Materials in Dentistry
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Biodegradable Materials
9.2.1 Synthetic Polymers
9.2.2 Natural Polymers
9.2.3 Biodegradable Ceramics
9.2.4 Bioactive Glass
9.2.5 Biodegradable Metals
9.3 Biodegradable Materials in Suturing
9.4 Biodegradable Materials in Imaging and Diagnostics
9.5 Biodegradable Materials in Oral Maxillofacial and Craniofacial Surgery
9.6 Biodegradable Materials in Resorbable Plate and Screw System
9.7 Biodegradable Materials in Alveolar Ridge Preservation
9.8 Biodegradable Materials of Nanotopography in Cancer Therapy
9.9 Biodegradable Materials in Endodontics
9.10 Biodegradable Materials in Orthodontics
9.11 Biodegradable Materials in Periodontics
9.12 Conclusion
References
10 Biodegradable and Biocompatible Polymeric Materials for Dentistry Applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Polysaccharides
10.2.1 Chitosan
10.2.2 Cellulose
10.2.3 Starch
10.2.4 Alginate
10.2.5 Hyaluronic Acid (HA)
10.3 Proteins
10.3.1 Collagen
10.3.2 Fibrin
10.3.3 Elastin
10.3.4 Gelatins
10.3.5 Silk
10.4 Biopolyesters
10.4.1 Poly (Glycolic Acid) (PGA)
10.4.2 Poly (Lactic Acid) PLA
10.4.3 Poly (Lactide-co-Glycolide) (PLGA)
10.4.4 Polycaprolactone
10.4.5 Poly (Propylene Fumarate)
10.5 Conclusion
References
11 Biodegradable Biomaterials in Bone Tissue Engineering
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Essential Characteristics and Considerations in Bone Scaffold Design
11.3 Fabrication Technologies
11.4 Incorporation of Bioactive Molecules During Scaffold Fabrication
11.5 Biocompatibility and Interface Between Biodegradation and New Tissue Formation
11.6 Biodegradation of Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials
11.7 Biodegradation of Polymeric Biomaterials
11.8 Importance of Bone Remodeling
11.9 Conclusion
References
12 Biodegradable Elastomer
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Biodegradation Testing
12.3 Biodegradable Elastomers: An Overview
12.3.1 Preparation Strategies
12.3.2 Biodegradation and Erosion
12.4 Application of Biodegradable Elastomers
12.4.1 Drug Delivery
12.4.2 Tissue Engineering
12.4.2.1 Neural and Retinal Applications
12.4.2.2 Cardiovascular Applications
12.4.2.3 Orthopedic Applications
12.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
13 Biodegradable Implant Materials
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Medical Implants
13.3 Biomaterials
13.3.1 Biomaterial Types
13.3.1.1 Polymer Biomaterials
13.3.1.2 Metallic Biomaterials
13.3.1.3 Ceramic Biomaterials
13.4 Biodegradable Implant Materials
13.4.1 Biodegradable Metals
13.4.1.1 Magnesium-Based Biodegradable Materials
13.4.1.2 Iron-Based Biodegradable Materials
13.4.2 Biodegradable Polymers
13.4.2.1 Polyesters
13.4.2.2 Polycarbonates
13.4.2.3 Polyanhydrides
13.4.2.4 Poly(ortho esters)
13.4.2.5 Poly(propylene fumarate)
13.4.2.6 Poly(phosphazenes)
13.4.2.7 Polyphosphoesters
13.4.2.8 Polyurethanes
13.5 Conclusion
References
14 Current Strategies in Pulp and Periodontal Regeneration Using Biodegradable Biomaterials
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Biodegradable Materials in Dental Pulp Regeneration
14.2.1 Collagen-Based Gels
14.2.2 Platelet-Rich Plasma
14.2.3 Plasma-Rich Fibrin
14.2.4 Gelatin
14.2.5 Fibrin
14.2.6 Alginate
14.2.7 Chitosan
14.2.8 Amino Acid Polymers
14.2.9 Polymers of Lactic Acid
14.2.10 Composite Polymer Scaffolds
14.3 Biodegradable Biomaterials and Strategies for Tissue Engineering of Periodontium
14.4 Coapplication of Auxiliary Agents With Biodegradable Biomaterials for Periodontal Tissue Engineering
14.4.1 Stem Cells Applications in Periodontal Regeneration
14.4.2 Bioactive Molecules for Periodontal Regeneration
14.4.3 Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Agents for Periodontal Regeneration
14.5 Regeneration of Periodontal Tissues Complex Using Biodegradable Biomaterials
14.5.1 PDL Regeneration
14.5.2 Cementum and Alveolar Bone Regeneration
14.5.3 Integrated Regeneration of Periodontal Complex Structures
14.6 Recent Advances in Periodontal Regeneration Using Supportive Techniques During Application of Biodegradable Biomaterials
14.6.1 Laser Application in Periodontium Regeneration
14.6.2 Gene Therapy in Periodontal Regeneration
14.7 Conclusion and Future Remarks
References
15 A Review on Health Care Applications of Biopolymers
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Biodegradable Polymers
15.3 Metals and Alloys for Biomedical Applications
15.4 Ceramics
15.5 Biomaterials Used in Medical 3D Printing
15.6 Conclusion
References
16 Biodegradable Materials for Bone Defect Repair
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Natural Materials in Bone Tissue Engineering
16.2.1 Collagen
16.2.2 Chitoson
16.2.3 Fibrin
16.2.4 Silk
16.3 Other Materials
16.4 Biodegradable Synthetic Polymers on Bone Tissue Engineering
16.4.1 Poly (e-caprolactone)
16.4.2 Polyglycolic Acid
16.4.3 Polylactic Acid
16.4.4 Poly d,l-Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid
16.4.5 Poly (3-Hydroxybutyrate)
16.4.6 Poly (para-dioxanone)
16.4.7 Hyaluronan-Based Biodegradable Polymer
16.5 Biodegradable Ceramics
16.6 Conclusion
References
17 Biosurfactant: A Biodegradable Antimicrobial Substance
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Biosurfactants
17.2.1 Biodegrability of Biosurfactants
17.3 Biodegradation Method Tests for Surfactants Molecules
17.3.1 OECD Biodegradability Tests
17.3.2 ASTM Surfactants’ Biodegradability Test
17.4 Antimicrobial Activity of Biosurfactants
17.5 Progress in Industrial Production of Sustainable Surfactants
17.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
18 Disposable Bioplastics
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Classes of Disposable Bioplastics
18.2.1 Structure and Characteristics of Most Common Degradable PHAs
18.2.2 Properties of PHAs
18.2.2.1 Thermal Properties
18.2.2.2 Mechanical Properties
18.3 Pros and Cons
18.4 Substrates for the Production of Bioplastics
18.4.1 Agro-Waste as Substrate for PHA Synthesis
18.4.2 Cassava Peels as Substrate for PHAs Synthesis
18.4.3 Dairy Processing Waste as Substrate for PHA Synthesis
18.4.4 Sugar Industry Waste (molasses) as Substrate for PHA Synthesis
18.4.5 Waste Plant Oil as Substrate for PHA Synthesis
18.4.6 Coffee Industry Waste Carbon Substrate for PHAs Synthesis
18.4.7 Paper Mill Waste as Substrate for PHAs Synthesis
18.4.8 Kitchen Waste as Substrate for PHAs Synthesis
18.5 Microbial Sources of Bioplastic Production
18.6 Upstream Processing
18.6.1 Fermentation Strategies for PHA Production
18.7 Metabolic Pathways
18.7.1 Enzymes Involved in the Synthesis of PHAs
18.8 Microbial Cell Factories for PHAs Production
18.8.1 Pure Culture for PHA Synthesis
18.8.2 Mixed Cultures for PHA Synthesis
18.9 Synthesis
18.9.1 Blending Methods of PHB and PHBV Lignocellulosic Biocomposites
18.9.1.1 Solvent Casting
18.9.1.2 Extrusion Method
18.10 Factors Affecting PHA Production
18.10.1 Effect of pH
18.10.2 Composition of Feedstock
18.10.3 Inoculum Size and Fermentation Mode
18.11 Downstream Processing of Disposable Biopolymers
18.12 PHA Extraction and Purification Methods
18.13 Applications of Bioplastics/Disposable Bioplastics
18.13.1 Denitrification Applications in Wastewater Treatment
18.13.2 PHAs in Bone Scaffolds
18.14 Characterization of PHA
18.15 Biodegradation
18.15.1 Biodegradation of PHAs
18.16 Plastics Versus Bioplastics
18.17 Challenges and Prospects for Production of Bioplastics
References
19 Plastic Biodegrading Microbes in the Environment and Their Applications
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Occurrence and Diversity of Plastic-Degrading Microbes in Natural Environments
19.3 Application of Plastic-Degrading Microbes
19.3.1 Role of Bacteria in Plastic Degradation
19.3.1.1 Actinobacteria
19.3.1.2 Bacteroidetes
19.3.1.3 Firmicutes
19.3.1.4 Proteobacteria
19.3.1.5 Cyanobacteria
19.3.2 Role of Fungi in Plastic Degradation
19.3.2.1 Ascomycota
19.3.2.2 Basidiomycota
19.3.2.3 Mucoromycota
19.4 Factors Influencing Plastic Degradation by Microbes
19.4.1 Microbial Factor
19.4.2 Polymer Characteristics
19.4.3 Environmental Condition
19.5 Biotechnological Advances in MicrobialMediated Plastic Degradation
19.5.1 Biosourcing for Plastic Degraders from Various Environments
19.5.2 Multiomics Approach
19.5.3 Analytical Tools to Optimize Plastic Degradation
19.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
20 Paradigm Shift in Environmental Remediation Toward Sustainable Development: Biodegradable Materials and ICT Applications
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Methodology
20.3 Application of Biodegradable Materials in Environmental Remediation and Sustainable Development
20.3.1 Biodegradable Sensors
20.3.2 Biosorbents and Biochars
20.3.3 Bioplastics
20.4 Discussion and Analysis
20.4.1 Application of ICT as Future Vision
20.4.2 Sustainability Aspects
20.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
21 Biodegradable Composite for Smart Packaging Applications
21.1 Introduction to Packing Applications
21.1.1 Current Materials
21.1.2 Issues and Concerns
21.2 Biodegradable Materials
21.2.1 What are Biopolymers?
21.2.1.1 Starch
21.2.1.2 Cellulose
21.2.2 Advantages of Biopolymer Composites
21.2.3 List of Biopolymer Materials
21.3 Preparation of Composite
21.3.1 Identify the Materials
21.3.2 Fabrication of Biopolymer Composites
21.4 Indicators of Performance
21.5 Mechanical Properties
21.6 Biodegradable Test
21.7 Smart Packing Applications
21.7.1 Active Biopackaging
21.7.2 Informative and Responsive Packaging
21.7.3 Ergonomic Packaging
21.7.4 Scavenging Films
21.7.5 NanoSensors
21.7.6 Product Identification and Tempering Proof Product
21.7.7 Indicators
21.7.8 Nanosensors and Absorbers
21.8 Testing of Packaging Using Different Standard
21.9 Conclusions
References
22 Impact of Biodegradable Packaging Materials on Food Quality: A Sustainable Approach
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Food Packaging
22.3 Food Packaging Material
22.3.1 Types of Food Packaging Materials
22.3.1.1 Paper-Based Packaging
22.3.1.2 Glass-Based Packaging
22.3.1.3 Metal-Based Packaging
22.3.1.4 Plastic-Based Packaging
22.4 Biodegradable Food Packaging Materials
22.5 Different Biodegradable Materials for Food Packaging
22.5.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates
22.5.2 Polyhydroxybutyrates
22.5.3 Poly (4-Hydroxybutyrate) (P4HB)
22.5.4 Poly-(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxy Valerate)
22.5.5 Poly-Hydroxy-Octanoate
22.5.6 Starch-Based Material
22.5.7 Thermoplastic Starch
22.5.8 Starch-Based Nanocomposite Films
22.5.9 Cellulose-Based
22.5.10 Polylactic Acid (PLA)
22.6 Applications of Biodegradable Material in Edible Film Coating
22.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
23 Biodegradable Pots—For Sustainable Environment
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Biodegradable Pots
23.3 Materials for the Fabrication of Biodegradable Pots
23.3.1 Biodegradable Planting Pots Based on Bioplastics
23.3.2 Biopots Based on Industrial and Agricultural Waste
23.4 Synthesis of Biodegradable Pots
23.5 Effect of Biopots on Plant Growth and Quality
23.6 Quality Testing of Biodegradable Pots
23.7 Consumer Preferences of Biodegradable Pots
23.8 Future Perspectives
23.9 Conclusion
References
24 Applications of Biodegradable Polymers and Plastics
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Biopolymers/Bioplastics
24.3 Applications of Biodegradable Polymers/Plastics
24.3.1 Biomedical Applications
24.3.1.1 Biodegradable Polymers in the Development of Therapeutic Devices in Tissue Engineering
24.3.1.2 Biodegradable Polymers as Implants
24.3.1.3 Biobased Polymers as Drug Delivery Systems
24.3.2 Other Commercial Applications
24.3.2.1 Biodegradable Polymers as Packaging Materials
24.3.2.2 Biodegradable Plastics in Electronics, Automotives, and Agriculture
24.3.2.3 Biobased Polymer in 3D Printing
24.4 Conclusion
References
25 Biopolymeric Nanofibrous Materials for Environmental Remediation
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Fabrication of Nanofibers
25.3 Nanofibrous Materials in Environmental Remediation
25.3.1 Water Purification
25.3.2 Air Filtration
25.3.3 Soil-Related Problems
25.4 Conclusions
References
26 Bioplastic Materials from Oils
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Natural Oils
26.2.1 Bioplastic Production from Natural Oils
26.3 Waste Oils
26.4 Types of Oily Wastes
26.4.1 Cooking Oil Waste
26.4.2 Fats from Animals
26.4.3 Effluents from Plant Oil Mills
26.5 Bioplastic Production from Oily Waste
26.6 Improvement in Bioplastic Production from Waste Oil by Genetic Approaches
26.7 Impact of Bioplastic Produced from Waste Cooking Oil
26.7.1 Health and Medicine
26.7.2 Environment
26.7.3 Population
26.8 Assessment Techniques for Bioplastic Synthesis Using Waste Oil
26.8.1 Economic Assessment
26.8.2 Environment Assessment
26.8.3 Sensitivity Analysis
26.8.4 Multiobjective Optimization
26.9 Conclusion
References
27 Protein Recovery Using Biodegradable Polymer
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Biodegradability and Biodegradable Polymer
27.2.1 Natural Biodegradable Polymers
27.2.1.1 Extracted from the Biomass
27.2.1.2 Extracted Directly by Natural or Genetically Modified Organism
27.2.2 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers
27.3 Recovery of Protein by Coagulation/ Flocculation Processes
27.3.1 Categories of Composite Coagulants
27.3.1.1 Inorganic Polymer Flocculants
27.3.1.2 Organic Polymer Flocculants
27.3.2 Mechanism of Bioflocculation
27.3.3 Some of the Examples for Protein Recovery Using Biodegradable Polymer
27.3.3.1 Chitosan as Flocculant
27.3.3.2 Lignosulfonate as Flocculant
27.3.3.3 Cellulose as Flocculant
27.4 Recovery of Proteins by Aqueous Two-Phase System
27.5 Types of Aqueous Two-Phase System and Phase Components
27.6 Recovery Process and Factors Influencing the Aqueous Two-Phase System
27.7 Partition Coefficient and the Protein Recovery
27.8 Some of the Examples of Recovery of Protein by Biodegradable Polymers
27.9 Advantages of ATPS
27.10 Limitations
27.11 Challenges and Future Perspective
27.12 Recovery of Proteins by Membrane Technology
27.12.1 Classification of Membranes
27.12.2 Membrane Fouling by Protein Deposition
27.12.3 Recovery of a Protein by a Biodegradable Polymer
27.13 Limitations to Biodegradable Polymers
27.14 Conclusions and Future Remarks
References
28 Biodegradable Polymers in Electronic Devices
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Role of Biodegradable Polymers
28.3 Various Biodegradable Polymers for Electronic Devices
28.3.1 Biodegradable Insulators
28.3.2 Biodegradable Semiconductors
28.3.3 Biodegradable Conductors
28.4 Conclusion
References
29 Importance and Applications of Biodegradable Materials and Bioplastics From Renewable Resources
29.1 Biodegradable Materials
29.2 Bioplastics
29.3 Biodegradable Polymers
29.3.1 Classification of Biodegradable Polymers
29.3.1.1 Gelatin
29.3.1.2 Chitosan
29.3.1.3 Starch
29.3.2 Properties of Bioplastics and Biodegradable Materials
29.4 Applications of Bioplastics and Biodegradable Materials in Agriculture
29.4.1 State-of-the-Art Different Applications of Bioplastics in Agriculture
29.4.1.1 Agricultural Nets
29.4.1.2 Grow Bags
29.4.1.3 Mulch Films
29.5 Applications of Microbial-Based Bioplastics in Medicine
29.5.1 Polylactones
29.5.2 Polyphosphoesters
29.5.3 Polycarbonates
29.5.4 Polylactic Acid
29.5.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates
29.5.6 Biodegradable Stents
29.5.7 Memory Enhancer
29.6 Applications of Microbial-Based Bioplastics in Industries
29.6.1 Aliphatic Polyester and Starch
29.6.2 Cellulose Acetate and Starch
29.6.3 Cellulose and Its Derivative
29.6.4 Arboform
29.6.5 Mater-Bi
29.6.6 Bioceta
29.6.7 Polyhydroxyalkanoate
29.6.8 Loctron
29.6.9 Cereplast
29.7 Applications of Bioplastics and Biodegradable Materials in Food Industry
29.7.1 Bioplastic and Its Resources
29.7.2 Food Packaging
29.7.3 Natural Polymers Used in Food Packaging
29.7.3.1 Starch-Based Natural Polymers
29.7.3.2 Cellulose-Based Natural Polymers
29.7.3.3 Chitosan or Chitin-Based Natural Polymers
29.7.4 Protein-Based Natural Polymers
29.7.4.1 Whey Protein
29.7.4.2 Zein
29.7.4.3 Soy Protein
29.7.5 Bioplastics Derived Chemically From Renewable Resources
29.7.5.1 Polylactic Acid (PLA)
29.7.5.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoate Composite
29.7.5.3 Polybutylene Succinate Composite
29.7.5.4 Furandicarboxylic Acid Composite
29.8 Application of Bioplastic Biomass for the Environmental Protection
29.8.1 Biodegradation of Bioplastics
29.8.2 Biodegradability and Environmental Effect of Renewable Materials
29.9 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Index