product iamge

Biochemistry for Sport and Exercise Metabolism

This document was uploaded by one of our users. The uploader already confirmed that they had the permission to publish it. If you are author/publisher or own the copyright of this documents, please report to us by using this DMCA report form.

Download
Search on Amazon

Simply click on the Download Book button.

Yes, Book downloads on Ebookily are 100% Free.

Sometimes the book is free on Amazon As well, so go ahead and hit "Search on Amazon"

How do our muscles produce energy for exercise and what are the underlying biochemical principles involved? These are questions that students need to be able to answer when studying for a number of sport related degrees. This can prove to be a difficult task for those with a relatively limited scientific background. Biochemistry for Sport and Exercise Metabolism addresses this problem by placing the primary emphasis on sport, and describing the relevant biochemistry within this context.

The book opens with some basic information on the subject, including an overview of energy metabolism, some key aspects of skeletal muscle structure and function, and some simple biochemical concepts. It continues by looking at the three macromolecules which provide energy and structure to skeletal muscle - carbohydrates, lipids, and protein. The last section moves beyond biochemistry to examine key aspects of metabolism - the regulation of energy production and storage. Beginning with a chapter on basic principles of regulation of metabolism it continues by exploring how metabolism is influenced during high-intensity, prolonged, and intermittent exercise by intensity, duration, and nutrition.

Key Features:

  • A clearly written, well presented introduction to the biochemistry of muscle metabolism.
  • Focuses on sport to describe the relevant biochemistry within this context.
  • In full colour throughout, it includes numerous illustrations, together with learning objectives and key points to reinforce learning.

Biochemistry for Sport and Exercise Metabolism will prove invaluable to students across a range of sport-related courses, who need to get to grips with how exercise mode, intensity, duration, training status and nutritional status can all affect the regulation of energy producing pathways and, more important, apply this understanding to develop training and nutrition programmes to maximise athletic performance.

Author(s): Donald MacLaren, James Morton
Series: Wiley Sporttexts
Edition: 1
Publisher: Wiley
Year: 2011

Language: English
Pages: 264

Biochemistry for Sport and Exercise Metabolism......Page 3
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 13
One Basic Muscle Physiology and Energetics......Page 17
1.1 Adenosine triphosphate: the energy currency......Page 19
1.3 Energy supply for muscle contraction......Page 20
1.5 Why can't a marathon be sprinted?......Page 23
1.6 Energy sources and muscle......Page 24
1.7 Can muscle use protein for energy?......Page 25
1.8 Key points......Page 26
2 Skeletal muscle structure and function......Page 27
2.1.1 Gross anatomical structure......Page 28
2.1.2 The muscle fibre......Page 29
2.2.2 Excitation-contraction coupling......Page 34
2.2.3 The sliding filament mechanism......Page 36
2.3.1 General classification of muscle fibres......Page 37
2.3.2 Muscle fibre distribution......Page 39
2.3.3 Muscle fibre recruitment......Page 40
2.4.2 The twitch contraction......Page 42
2.4.4 Tetanus contractions......Page 43
2.4.5 Force-velocity relationship......Page 44
2.5 Key points......Page 45
3 Biochemical concepts......Page 47
3.1.2 Atoms and atomic structure......Page 48
3.1.5 Ions, molecules, compounds and macronutrients......Page 50
3.2 Chemical bonding......Page 51
3.2.2 Covalent bonds......Page 52
3.2.3 Molecular formulae and structures......Page 54
3.2.4 Functional groups......Page 55
3.3.1 Energy......Page 56
3.3.2 ATP......Page 57
3.3.3 Units of energy......Page 58
3.3.4 Types of chemical reactions......Page 59
3.4.1 General functions of water......Page 61
3.5 Solutions and concentrations......Page 62
3.6.1 Acids, bases and salts......Page 63
3.6.2 pH Scale......Page 64
3.7 Cell structure......Page 65
3.7.1 The plasma membrane......Page 66
3.7.3 Cytoplasm and organelles......Page 67
3.8 Key points......Page 69
Two Fundamentals of Sport and Exercise Biochemistry......Page 71
4 Proteins......Page 73
4.1 Protein function......Page 74
4.1.1 General protein function......Page 75
4.3.1 Primary structure......Page 78
4.3.4 Quaternary structure......Page 81
4.4.1 Mechanisms of enzyme action......Page 83
4.4.2 Factors affecting rates of enzymatic reactions......Page 84
4.4.4 Classification of enzymes......Page 86
4.4.5 Regulation of enzyme activity......Page 88
4.5.2 DNA structure......Page 89
4.5.4 The genetic code......Page 90
4.5.5 Translation......Page 92
4.6 Amino acid metabolism......Page 94
4.6.2 Transamination......Page 95
4.6.3 Deamination......Page 96
4.6.6 Glutamine......Page 98
4.7 Key points......Page 101
5 Carbohydrates......Page 103
5.1 Relevance of carbohydrates for sport and exercise......Page 104
5.2.1 Monosaccharides......Page 106
5.2.2 Disaccharides and polysaccharides......Page 107
5.3 Metabolism of carbohydrates......Page 108
5.3.1 Glycogenolysis......Page 109
5.3.2 Glycolysis......Page 111
5.3.6 Electron transport chain......Page 114
5.3.7 Oxidative phosphorylation......Page 116
5.3.8 Calculation of ATP generated in glucose oxidation......Page 117
5.3.11 Gluconeogenesis......Page 118
5.3.12 Glycogenesis......Page 119
5.4 Key points......Page 123
6 Lipids......Page 125
6.1 Relevance of lipids for sport and exercise......Page 126
6.2.1 Classification of lipids......Page 128
6.3.1 Lipolysis......Page 131
6.3.2 ß-oxidation......Page 134
6.3.4 Formation of fatty acids......Page 135
6.3.5 Triglyceride synthesis......Page 138
6.4 Key points......Page 140
Three Metabolic Regulation in Sport and Exercise......Page 143
7 Principles of metabolic regulation......Page 145
7.2 Hormones......Page 146
7.3 Peptide hormones, neurotransmitters and regulation......Page 149
7.3.1 Adrenaline activation of glycogenolysis......Page 150
7.3.3 Insulin activation of glycogen synthase......Page 151
7.3.5 Insulin stimulation of protein synthesis......Page 153
7.4 Steroid hormones and regulation......Page 154
7.5.3 Regulation of PDH......Page 156
7.5.5 AMPK as a metabolic regulator......Page 158
7.6 Key points......Page 160
8.1.1 Definition of high-intensity exercise......Page 161
8.1.2 Energy production during high-intensity exercise......Page 162
8.1.3 Evidence of energy sources used in HIE......Page 164
8.2 Effects of exercise duration......Page 168
8.3 Effects of nutritional status......Page 169
8.3.1 Can nutritional ergogenic aids help HIE?......Page 170
8.4 Effects of training......Page 171
8.5 Mechanisms of fatigue......Page 173
8.5.1 Reduced ATP......Page 174
8.5.3 Increased Pi......Page 175
8.5.4 Lactate and H+......Page 176
8.6 Key points......Page 177
9 Endurance exercise......Page 179
9.1.2 Energy production in endurance exercise......Page 180
9.1.3 Overview of metabolic regulation in endurance exercise......Page 181
9.2.1 CHO metabolism......Page 182
9.2.2 Lipid metabolism......Page 184
9.3 Effects of exercise duration......Page 188
9.4.1 CHO-loading and muscle glycogen availability......Page 190
9.4.2 Fat-loading strategies......Page 192
9.4.3 Pre-exercise and during-exercise CHO ingestion......Page 194
9.4.4 Pre-exercise FFA availability......Page 197
9.5.1 CHO metabolism......Page 199
9.5.2 Lipid metabolism......Page 200
9.5.3 Protein metabolism......Page 204
9.6 Mechanisms of fatigue......Page 205
9.7 Key points......Page 208
10 High-intensity intermittent exercise......Page 211
10.1.1 Definition and models of intermittent exercise......Page 212
10.2 Metabolic regulation in intermittent exercise......Page 213
10.3 Effects of manipulating work-rest intensity and ratio......Page 218
10.4 Effects of nutritional status......Page 222
10.4.2 Pre-exercise CHO ingestion......Page 223
10.4.3 CHO ingestion during exercise......Page 225
10.5 Muscle adaptations to interval training......Page 226
10.6 Mechanisms of fatigue......Page 231
10.6.1 Carbohydrate availability......Page 232
10.6.2 PCr depletion......Page 233
10.6.3 Acidosis......Page 234
10.6.4 Extracellular potassium......Page 236
10.6.5 Reactive oxygen species (ROS)......Page 237
10.6.6 Pi accumulation and impaired Ca2+ release......Page 239
10.7 Key points......Page 240
References and suggested readings......Page 243
Index......Page 257