Biochar in Agriculture for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals

Biochar in Agriculture for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals
Copyright
List of contributors
Preface
1 Agricultural waste-derived biochar for environmental management
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Biochar production and properties
1.2.1 Production of biochar
1.2.2 Biochar engineering
1.2.3 Biochar properties
1.3 Biochar for environmental management
1.3.1 Soil management
1.3.2 Air pollution control
1.3.3 Waste management
1.3.4 Water purification
1.3.5 Energy production
1.4 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
2 Biochar and sustainable development goals
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Biochar material
2.2.1 Production of biochar
2.2.2 Biochar properties
2.2.3 Biochar modification and functionalization
2.3 Sustainable soil management by biochar
2.3.1 Soil quality improvement
2.3.2 Contaminants immobilization
2.3.3 Carbon sequestration
2.4 Prospect and future recommendations
2.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Reference
3 Biochar and its potential to increase water, trace element, and nutrient retention in soils
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Biochar application into degraded soil
3.2.1 Effects on selected physical properties
3.2.1.1 Bulk density and porosity
3.2.1.2 Water retention
3.2.1.3 Saturated hydraulic conductivity
3.2.2 Effect on selected chemical properties
3.2.2.1 Physicochemical characteristics of soil
3.2.2.2 Nutrient and trace element stabilization
3.3 Conclusions and future directions to applying biochars in degraded soils
Acknowledgment
References
4 Biochar for carbon sequestration and environmental remediation in soil
4.1 Biochar for carbon sequestration in soil
4.1.1 Effect of pyrolysis conditions on the C retention of biochar
4.1.2 Carbon sequestration effect of biochar after addition to soil
4.2 Biochar for environmental remediation in soil
4.2.1 Remediation effect of biochar on heavy metals and metalloid-contaminated soil
4.2.2 Mechanisms of biochar on remediation of heavy metals and metalloid-contaminated soil
4.2.2.1 Electrostatic attraction
4.2.2.2 Ion exchange
4.2.2.3 Oxidation and reduction
4.2.2.4 Surface complexation
4.2.2.5 Precipitation
4.3 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
5 Hydrochar and activated carbon materials from P- and N-rich biomass waste for environmental remediation and bioenergy app...
5.1 Introduction
5.2 P- and N-rich biomass waste
5.2.1 Biomass waste valorization and (re)use
5.2.2 Why is the need to utilize P- and N-rich biomass waste?
5.3 Approaches and techniques to treat P- and N-rich biomass waste
5.3.1 Preparation of hydrochar and activated carbon materials
5.3.1.1 Conventional and microwave-assisted hydrothermal conversion
5.3.1.2 Conventional and microwave-assisted pyrolysis
5.3.2 Influencing factors on hydrochar and activated carbon materials preparation
5.4 Characterization of hydrochar and activated carbon materials
5.4.1 Phosphorus functional groups
5.4.1.1 Hedley’s method
5.4.1.2 Standards, measurements, and testing protocol
5.4.1.3 P X-ray absorption near edge structure analysis
5.4.1.4 Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis
5.4.2 Nitrogen functional groups
5.5 Environmental application of hydrochar and activated carbon materials
5.5.1 Water treatment
5.5.2 Soil remediation
5.5.3 Soil amendment agents
5.5.4 Solid biofuels
5.6 Economic feasibility and environmental impact of hydrochar and activated carbon materials
5.7 Conclusions and future prospects
Acknowledgments
References
6 The remediation potential of biochar derived from different biomass for typical pollution in agricultural soil
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Remediation of soil organic pollutants by the application of biochar
6.2.1 Sources of farmland soil organic pollutants
6.2.1.1 Sewage irrigation
6.2.1.2 Exhaust emissions
6.2.1.3 Application of fertilizers and pesticides
6.2.1.4 Solid pollution
6.2.2 Comparison of the sorption effect of different types of biochar
6.2.3 The mechanism of biochar removal of organic pollutions
6.3 Remediation of heavy metal pollution by the application of biochar
6.3.1 Soil contamination from different sources of heavy metals
6.3.1.1 Fertilizer and pesticide
6.3.1.2 Sewage irrigation
6.3.1.3 Atmospheric deposition
6.3.2 Remediation of heavy metals contamination in soil by biochar
6.3.2.1 The influence of pH value on the remediation effect
6.3.2.2 Influence of pore structure
6.3.2.3 The influence of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of biochar
6.3.2.4 Other influencing factors
6.3.3 Adsorption mechanism
6.3.3.1 Surface precipitation
6.3.3.2 Surface coordination
6.3.3.3 Ion exchange
6.3.3.4 Redox
6.3.3.5 Cation-π bond interaction
6.3.3.6 Physical adsorption
6.4 The impact of biochar application on greenhouse gas emission reduction in soil
6.4.1 Factors affecting greenhouse emissions
6.4.2 Comparison of the emission reduction effects of biochar from different feedstocks
6.5 The effect of biochar application on soil microorganisms
6.5.1 The effect of biochar on soil microbial biomass
6.5.2 Comparison of community structure changes
6.5.3 Comparison of soil enzyme activity changes
6.6 Conclusion and future outlook
References
7 Biochar production from lignocellulosic and nonlignocellulosic biomass using conventional and microwave heating
7.1 Pyrolysis for biochar production
7.2 Heating method for pyrolysis
7.2.1 Conventional pyrolysis
7.2.2 Microwave-assisted pyrolysis
7.2.2.1 Operating frequency and power
7.2.2.2 Dielectric properties of biomass
7.2.2.3 Advances in microwave-assisted pyrolysis
7.3 Conventional versus microwave-assisted pyrolysis
7.3.1 Comparison between biochar properties
7.3.2 Comparison between operating parameters
7.4 Conclusions and future prospects
References
8 Biochar soil application: soil improvement and pollution remediation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biochar production technologies
8.3 Soil quality improvement
8.4 Soil pollution remediation
8.5 Economics of biochar production for soil enhancement
8.6 Conclusions
References
9 Biochar for clean composting and organic fertilizer production
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The role of biochar on physical properties of cleaner composting
9.2.1 Moisture content
9.2.2 Aeration condition
9.3 The role of biochar on chemical properties of cleaner composting
9.3.1 Retention of nitrogen and reduction of ammonia gas emission
9.3.2 Reduction of greenhouse gas and prevention of odor gas
9.3.3 Promotion of passivating heavy metals during the composting process
9.3.4 The improvement of humification
9.3.5 Decomposition of organic contaminants in the course of composting process
9.4 The role of biochar on biological properties of cleaner composting
9.4.1 Enzyme
9.4.2 Abundance of microbial activity
9.5 Application and prospect of biochar in organic fertilizer production
9.6 Future prospective
9.7 Conclusion
References
10 Mineral-enriched biochar fertilizer for sustainable crop production and soil quality improvement
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Role of biochar in crop production
10.3 Biochar organo-mineral interaction in soil
10.4 Mineral-enriched biochar fertilizer
10.4.1 Synthesis and characterization
10.4.2 Physicochemical properties of biochar–mineral composite
10.4.3 Effect on soil physicobiochemical properties
10.4.4 Effect on crop productivity and yield
10.5 Future perspectives
10.6 Conclusions
References
11 Effects of biochar on the environmental behavior of pesticides
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Effect of biochar on pesticide sorption
11.2.1 Sorption mechanisms
11.2.2 Effects of pesticides properties on adsorption
11.2.3 Environmental parameters
11.3 Effect of biochar on pesticide transformation
11.3.1 Hydrolysis
11.3.2 Catalytic oxidation
11.3.3 Photolysis
11.3.4 Biodegradation
11.4 Effect of biochar on bioavailability of soil animals and plants
11.4.1 Bioaccumulation by soil animals
11.4.2 Bioaccumulation by plants
11.5 Conclusions and future prospective
References
12 Biochar nanoparticles: interactions with and impacts on soil and water microorganisms
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Generation of biochar nanoparticles
12.2.1 Biochar properties
12.2.1.1 Biomass
12.2.1.2 Pyrolysis
12.2.1.3 Fate and transport of BCNPs
12.2.2 Biochar nanoparticles in the environment
12.2.2.1 Soil amendment
12.2.2.2 Biochar nanoparticles and contaminant interactions
12.2.2.2.1 Pharmaceuticals
12.2.2.2.2 Metals and metalloids
12.2.2.2.3 Organic pollutants
12.3 Interaction of microorganisms with BCNPs during remediation processes
12.3.1 Surface interactions between BCNPs and microbes
12.3.2 Influence of BCNPs on microbial carbon and nutrient cycling
12.3.3 Toxicity of BCNPs toward microorganisms
12.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
13 Functionalized biochars for the (im)mobilization of potentially toxic elements in paddy soils under dynamic redox condit...
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Brief description of the case study
13.3 Impact of functionalized biochar application on the dynamics of Eh and pH
13.4 Impact of functionalized biochar application on the mobilization of PTEs in paddy soils
13.4.1 Arsenic mobilization as affected by biochar-induced change in various factors
13.4.1.1 Eh and pH
13.4.1.2 Fe–Mn oxides
13.4.1.3 Dissolved organic carbon
13.4.1.4 Anions
13.4.2 Cadmium mobilization as affected by biochar-induced change in various factors
13.4.2.1 Eh and pH
13.4.2.2 Fe–Mn oxides
13.4.2.3 Sulfur
13.4.3 Lead mobilization as affected by biochar-induced change in various factors
13.4.3.1 Eh and pH
13.4.3.2 Fe–Mn oxides
13.4.3.3 Phosphate
13.5 Summary
References
14 The role of mineral compositions in biochar stability and reactivity
14.1 The mineral compositions in biochar derived from various feedstocks
14.2 The stability of biochars as affected by mineral compositions
14.2.1 The significance of biochar stability
14.2.2 The measurement of biochar stability
14.2.3 Biochar stability as affected by mineral compositions
14.3 The reactivity of biochars as affected by mineral compositions
14.3.1 The reaction between biochar and heavy metals
14.3.2 The reaction between biochar and organic contaminants
14.3.3 The biochar reactivity as affected by mineral compositions
14.4 The manipulation of biochar mineral compositions
14.4.1 Physical modification of biochar by incorporating mineral compositions
14.4.2 Chemical modification of biochar by incorporating mineral compositions
14.5 Perspectives
References
15 Biochar production and modification for environmental improvement
15.1 Biochar production
15.1.1 Raw biomass feedstock
15.1.2 Pyrolysis temperature
15.2 Biochar characterization
15.2.1 Elemental analysis
15.2.2 Cation exchange capacity analysis
15.2.3 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
15.2.4 Boehm titration
15.3 Biochar activation and modification
15.3.1 Physical activation
15.3.2 Chemical activation
15.3.3 Metal oxides modification
15.3.4 Other modification methods
15.3.4.1 Carbonaceous materials
15.3.4.2 Microorganism
15.4 Biochar environmental application
15.4.1 Wastewater treatment
15.4.1.1 Heavy metals removal
15.4.1.2 Organic matters removal
15.4.1.3 Nutrient removal
15.4.2 Soil amendment
15.4.2.1 Heavy metals removal
15.4.2.2 Nutrient immobilization
15.4.3 Air pollutants
15.4.3.1 CO2 adsorption
15.4.3.2 Flue gas treatment
15.5 Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
16 The impact of biochar on nutrient supplies in agricultural ecosystems
16.1 Introduction
16.2 The concentrations of different nutrient elements in biochar
16.2.1 Silicon
16.2.2 Nitrogen
16.2.3 Phosphorus
16.2.4 Other nutrients
16.3 The role of biochar application in agricultural ecosystems
16.4 The response of nutrient mobility to biochar application
16.5 The impact of biochar-associated Si on crop growth
16.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
17 Utilization of biochar to mitigate the impacts of potentially toxic elements on sustainable agriculture
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Impact of potentially toxic elements on sustainable agriculture
17.2.1 Abiotic effects
17.2.2 Biotic effects
17.2.2.1 Soil biota
17.2.2.1.1 Soil macrofauna
17.2.2.1.2 Soil microorganism
17.2.2.2 Crop productivity and quality
17.3 Use of biochar in remediating potentially toxic elements contaminated soil
17.3.1 Immobilization of bioavailable potentially toxic elements
17.3.1.1 As immobilization
17.3.1.2 Cd and Pb immobilization
17.3.1.3 Hg immobilization
17.3.1.4 Cr immobilization
17.3.2 Promotion of soil properties
17.3.2.1 Effect of biochar on soil structure, pH, CEC, and soil organic matter
17.3.2.2 Effect of biochar on soil biota
17.3.2.3 Effect of biochar on crop yield and quality
17.4 Future directions of biochar technology for better remediation efficacy and sustainable agriculture
17.4.1 Improving remediation efficacy by biochar modification
17.4.1.1 Chemical and physical activation
17.4.1.2 Compositing with effective remediation materials
17.4.1.3 Functionalizing with microbial strains
17.4.2 Biochar application for sustainable agriculture
17.5 Perspectives and outlook
References
18 Biochar for remediation of alkaline soils contaminated with toxic elements
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Potential of biochar to (im)mobilize toxic elements in alkaline soil
18.3 Factors affecting biochar potential for toxic elements (im)mobilization in alkaline soil
18.3.1 Feedstock type
18.3.2 Pyrolysis temperature
18.3.3 Application rate
18.3.4 The particle size of biochar
18.4 Mechanisms for the interactions between biochar and toxic elements
18.5 Designer/modified biochar for immobilization of toxic elements in soil
18.6 Conclusions
References
19 Thallium pollution in farmland soils and its potential amendment by biochar-based materials
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Sources of Tl pollution in farmland soils
19.3 Thallium pollution in farmland soils
19.3.1 Thallium contents in farmland soils
19.3.2 Geochemical fractionations of Tl in farmland soils
19.4 Remediation of Tl-contaminated soil by biochar amendment
19.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
20 Effect of biochar on the emission of greenhouse gas in farmland
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Production of biochar and its carbon neutral effect
20.3 Effect of biochar on the physical-chemical properties of farmland soil
20.3.1 The effect of biochar on soil physical properties
20.3.2 The effect of biochar on soil chemical properties
20.3.2.1 The effect of biochar on soil pH
20.3.2.2 The effect of biochar on soil cation exchange capacity
20.3.2.3 The effect of biochar on the nutrients in the soil
20.4 Effect of biochar on the greenhouse gas emissions in farmland process
20.5 Effects of biochar on microbial community of farmland soil and mechanism of affecting the greenhouse gas emission in soil
20.6 Effect of modified biochar and biochar composite on greenhouse gas emission in farmland soil
20.7 Conclusion and perspectives
References
21 Biochar for nutrient recovery from source-separated urine
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Urine as a nutrient source
21.3 Adsorption of nutrients on biochar
21.3.1 Application of pristine biochar
21.3.2 Application of modified biochar
21.3.2.1 Modification for ammonium and nitrate adsorption
21.3.2.2 Modification for phosphate adsorption
21.4 Nutrient-rich biochar as soil amendment
21.5 Economical benefits of biochar application for nutrient recovery
21.6 Concerns on the use of biochar for nutrient recovery from urine
21.6.1 Pharmaceuticals and their metabolites
21.6.2 Pathogens
21.7 Challenges associated with the use of biochar for nutrient recovery from urine
21.8 Future perspectives and considerations
21.9 Conclusions
References
22 Influence of biochar on soil biology in the charosphere
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Microbial colonization of the charosphere
22.3 Effect of biochar on the soil microbial diversity
22.3.1 Soil bacterial diversity
22.3.2 Soil fungal diversity
22.4 Effect of biochar on the soil faunal diversity
22.5 Effect of biochar on physicochemical properties of soil
22.5.1 Soil pH
22.5.2 Soil aggregate stability
22.5.3 Ion-exchange capacity
22.5.4 Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen
22.5.5 Soil porosity and water holding capacity
22.5.6 Available nutrients
22.6 Soil biotic responses on the application of biochar amendments
22.6.1 Impact on enzyme activity and metabolism
22.6.2 Detoxification of toxic materials in soil
22.7 Remarks and recommendations
References
23 Biochar for sustainable immobilization of potentially toxic elements in contaminated farmland
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Immobilization of cationic potentially toxic elements and relevant mechanisms
23.3 Immobilization of anionic potentially toxic elements and relevant mechanisms
23.4 Limitations of biochar amendment in contaminated farmland
23.5 Recommendations for biochar application
23.6 Summary
References
24 Sequential biochar systems in a circular economy
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Biochar systems
24.2.1 Biochar price
24.2.2 Sequential biochar systems
24.2.3 Biochar applications
24.2.4 Biochar recycling
24.2.5 Synergies in sequential biochar systems
24.3 Examples of sequential biochar systems
24.3.1 Industrial biochar systems
24.3.2 Agrarian biochar systems
24.3.3 Industrial sequential biochar system
24.3.3.1 Biochar production
24.3.3.2 Wastewater treatment
24.3.3.3 Biogas upgrading
24.3.3.4 Additive in anaerobic digestion
24.3.3.5 Cocomposting biochar
24.3.3.6 Ceramic filler material
24.3.3.7 Soil amendment
24.3.4 Agrarian sequential biochar system
24.3.4.1 Biochar production
24.3.4.2 Biological water treatment: drinking water
24.3.4.3 Water treatment: irrigation water
24.3.4.4 Cocomposting
24.3.4.5 Anaerobic digestion additive
24.3.4.6 Soil application
24.4 Outlook
24.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
25 Production of biochar using sustainable microwave pyrolysis approach
25.1 Biomass as a renewable and sustainable resource
25.2 Microwave pyrolysis
25.3 Advanced microwave pyrolysis technology
25.3.1 Self-purging microwave pyrolysis
25.3.2 Microwave vacuum pyrolysis
25.4 Recent progress and challenges of microwave pyrolysis
25.5 Application of biochar
25.5.1 Adsorbent
25.5.2 Soil amender
25.5.3 Direct carbon fuel
25.5.4 Activated carbon
25.5.5 Catalyst
25.6 Conclusion
References
26 Biochar electrocatalysts for clean energy applications
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Lithium-ion batteries
26.3 Supercapacitors
26.4 Fuel cells
26.5 Conclusions and future perspectives
References
27 Engineered biochar as a potential adsorbent for carbon dioxide capture
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Engineered biochar production techniques
27.2.1 Chemical modification
27.2.2 Physical modification
27.2.3 Impregnation with mineral oxides
27.3 Effect of engineered biochar properties on CO2 adsorption
27.3.1 Physical properties
27.3.2 Chemical properties
27.4 Challenges and future directions of engineered biochar for CO2 capture
27.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
28 Biochar: A sustainable solution for the management of agri-wastes and environment
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Lignocellulosic biomass as sustainable feedstock source for biochar synthesis
28.3 Application of biochar for environmental contaminant removal
28.3.1 Removal of antibiotics
28.3.2 Removal of dyes
28.3.3 Removal of heavy metals and metalloids
28.3.4 Removal of endocrine disruptors
28.3.5 Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants
28.4 Biochar as sustainable source of environmental management
28.4.1 Biochar for soil amendment
28.4.2 Influence on soil microbiota and enzyme activity
28.4.3 Role of biochar in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and as carbon-sequestering agent
28.5 Environmental impact and importance of biochar in bioeconomy
28.6 Future perspectives
28.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Further reading
29 Biochars’ potential role in the remediation, revegetation, and restoration of contaminated soils
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Biochar preparation, physiochemical properties, and biochar modification
29.2.1 Biochar preparation
29.2.2 Physiochemical properties of biochar
29.2.2.1 Surface area and pore characteristics
29.2.2.2 pH
29.2.2.3 Functional groups
29.2.3 Biochar modification
29.2.3.1 Physical and chemical modification
29.2.3.2 Biochar composites
29.3 Biochar for contaminated soil remediation
29.3.1 Biochar for heavy metals contaminated soils remediation
29.3.1.1 Effects of influencing factors
29.3.1.2 Mechanisms of biochar for heavy metals remediation
29.3.2 Biochar for As contaminated soils remediation
29.3.3 Biochar for organic pollutants contaminated soils remediation
29.3.4 Modified biochar for contaminated soils remediation
29.4 Biochar application for soil revegetation and restoration
29.4.1 Biochar improve soil physical properties
29.4.2 Biochar improve soil chemical properties
29.5 Potential environmental risks of biochar application
29.6 Conclusions and future prospects
Declaration of interest statement
References
30 Renewable energy, cleaner environments, and sustainable agriculture from pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization of res...
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Renewable energy from biochar, hydrochar, and plastic wastes
30.3 Cleaner environments
30.3.1 Carbonization processes for the elimination of antimicrobial resistance genes
30.3.2 Sorption of antimicrobials to biochar
30.3.3 Biochar and hydrochar as environmental sorbents for removing odor and pollutants in the air and water
30.4 Sustainable agriculture
30.4.1 Use of biochars for the reclamation of degraded soils
30.4.2 Full-scale study in producing cotton and rice using biochar
30.5 Summary
References
Contents
Index