Biochar and its Application in Bioremediation

Contents
Editors and Contributors
1: Application of Biochar for Wastewater Treatment
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Preparation of Activated Biochar
1.2.1 Biomass Precursor Selection
1.2.2 Carbonization/Pyrolysis Process
1.2.3 Activation of Biochar
1.2.3.1 Physical Activation
1.2.3.2 Chemical Activation
1.3 Designed Biochar for Treating Polluted Water
1.3.1 Biochar for Removal of Inorganic Pollutants
1.3.2 Biochar for Removal of Organic Pollutants
1.4 Conclusion
References
2: Utility of Surface-Modified Biochar for Sequestration of Heavy Metals in Water
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Water Contamination
2.2.1 Leather Industries and Its Production
2.2.2 Chromium and Its Toxicity
2.2.3 Treatment Methods
2.2.4 Adsorption
2.2.5 Biochar Production
2.2.6 Water Hyacinth as a Biosorbent
2.2.7 Mechanism of Adsorption
2.2.8 Impact of Surface Properties
2.2.9 Factors Affecting Adsorption Process
2.2.9.1 Effect of pH
2.2.9.2 Effect of Dosage
2.2.9.3 Effect of Reaction Time
2.2.9.4 Effect of Temperature
2.2.10 Isotherm Study for Adsorption
2.2.11 Kinetic Models for Adsorption of Heavy Metals
2.2.12 Response Surface Methodology
2.2.13 Significance of Column Experiment
2.2.14 Activation of Biochar
2.2.15 Regeneration of Adsorbents
2.2.16 Chrome Tanning from Recovered Chromium
2.3 Conclusion
References
3: Biochar and Microbes: Collaborative Approach for Bioremediation of Industrial Effluents
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Substrate Used for Biochar Preparation
3.3 Approaches for Biochar Preparation
3.4 Preparation of Biochar Catalysts
3.5 Aquatic Biomass as Biochar
3.6 Modification of Biochar
3.7 Chemically Modified Biochars
3.8 Application of Biochar for Wastewater Treatment
3.8.1 Color/Dye Removal
3.8.2 Removal of Metal Ions
3.8.3 Biotransformation
References
4: Application of Biochar for Wastewater Treatment
4.1 Application of Biochar as Absorbents
4.1.1 Adsorption of Heavy Metals in Wastewater
4.1.2 Adsorption of Organic Pollutants in Wastewater
4.1.3 Adsorption of Inorganic Pollutants in Wastewater
4.1.4 Adsorption Mechanism
4.1.4.1 Heavy Metal Adsorption
4.1.4.2 Organic Pollutant Adsorption
4.1.4.3 Inorganic Pollutant Adsorption
4.2 Application of Biochar as Catalysts
4.2.1 Biochar-Based Photocatalysts
4.2.2 Fe/Biochar (Fe-BC) Catalysts
4.2.2.1 Adsorption
4.2.2.2 Reduction
4.2.2.3 Degradation
4.3 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
5: Synergistic Approaches (Use of Biochar and Microbes) in the Bioremediation of Industrial Effluents
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Mechanisms of Biochar-Microorganism Interaction During Contaminants Degradation
5.2.1 Immobilization of Microbial Cells
5.2.2 Adsorption of Inhibitors
5.2.3 Increasing Buffering Capacity
5.3 Biochar and Microorganisms in the Treatment of Industrial Effluents
5.3.1 Textile Industry Effluents
5.3.2 Petroleum Refinery Wastewater
5.3.3 Tannery Wastewater
5.3.4 Effluents from Thermal Power Plants
5.4 Biochar-Microorganisms in the Treatment of Industrial Effluents and Energy Recovery
5.5 Challenges and Perspectives in the Use of Biochar Associated with Microorganisms in the Treatment of Industrial Effluents
References
6: Role of Biochar in the Removal of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants from Wastewater
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Types of Thermal Carbonization Technologies
6.2.1 Pyrolysis
6.2.2 Gasification
6.2.3 Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC)
6.2.4 Torrefaction and Rectification
6.3 Classification of Biochar
6.3.1 Types of Feedstock
6.3.1.1 Forest and Agricultural Residues
6.3.1.2 Industrial By-Products and Municipal Wastes
6.3.1.3 Nonconventional Materials
6.3.2 Hybrid Biochar Through Modification
6.3.2.1 Nano-metal Oxide/Hydroxide-Biochar Composite
6.3.2.2 Magnetic Biochar-Based Composites
6.3.2.3 Functional Nanoparticles-Coated Biochar
6.4 Role of Biochar in Wastewater Treatment
6.4.1 Inorganic Contaminant Removal
6.4.1.1 Heavy Metal Removal
6.4.1.2 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal
6.4.2 Organic Contaminant Removal
6.4.2.1 Dye Removal from Textile Effluent
6.4.2.2 Phenol Removal
6.4.2.3 Pharmaceutically Active Compounds Removal
6.4.2.4 Pesticide and Herbicide Removal
6.4.2.5 Solvents Removal
6.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
7: Recent Advances in Biochar-Based Dye Remediation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Sources and Production
7.2.1 Pretreatment
7.2.2 Thermal Carbonization
7.2.3 Posttreatment
7.3 Native-State BC
7.3.1 Agro-industrial Wastes
7.3.2 Forest Wastes
7.3.3 Livestock and Poultry Manure
7.4 BC Composites with
7.4.1 Nanomaterials
7.4.1.1 Carbonaceous Materials
7.4.1.2 Metal Oxides and MOFs
7.4.2 Natural Materials
7.5 External Factors Affecting Adsorption Reaction
7.5.1 pH
7.5.2 Temperature
7.5.3 Adsorbent Concentration
7.5.4 Initial Dye Concentration
7.6 Adsorption Mechanism
7.6.1 Physisorption
7.6.2 Chemisorption
7.7 BC Regeneration
7.8 Benefits and Drawbacks of Using BC at an Industrial Scale
7.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
8: Application of Biochar for the Treatment of Textile Dyes and Wastewater
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Pollution
8.2.1 Chromophore
8.2.2 Auxochrome
8.3 Classification of Dyes
8.3.1 Natural Dye
8.3.2 Synthetic Dyes
8.4 Hazardous Effect of Textile Dyes
8.5 Remedial Technologies for Textile Dyes
8.5.1 Chemical Methods
8.5.2 Biological Methods
8.5.3 Physical Methods
8.6 Biochar Preparation
8.6.1 Slow Pyrolysis
8.6.2 Fast Pyrolysis
8.6.3 Flash Pyrolysis
8.7 Properties of Biochar
8.7.1 Physical Properties of Biochar
8.7.2 Chemical Properties of Biochar
8.8 Mechanism of Sorption
8.8.1 Covalent Bonding
8.8.2 Electrostatic Interaction
8.8.3 Hydrogen Bonding
8.8.4 Coulombic Interaction
8.8.5 pi-Interaction
8.8.6 Pore Filling
8.8.7 Ion Exchange
8.8.8 Surface Precipitation
8.8.9 Hydrophobic Interaction
8.8.10 Other Dipole Interaction
8.9 Application of Biochar
8.10 Biochar-Assisted Textile Dye Removal
8.11 Conclusion with Future Prospective
References
9: Conversion of Agricultural Wastes into Biochar and Its Characteristics
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Biochar Properties
9.3 Modification and Preparation of Biochar
9.3.1 Preparation of Biochar
9.3.2 Pyrolysis
9.3.3 Characteristics of Pyrolysis Process
9.3.4 Metal Impregnation
9.3.5 Other Methods
9.4 Removal Mechanism of Major Pollutants by Biochar
9.4.1 Ion Exchange
9.4.2 Physical Adsorption
9.4.3 Electrostatic Interaction
9.4.4 Precipitation
9.4.5 Complexation
9.4.6 Biochar in the Sludge as well as Sludge Additive
9.5 Biochar in the Additive of Feed
9.6 Conclusions
Reference
10: Antiepileptic Drugs: From Public to Environmental Health Problem
10.1 Epilepsy Disease Effects in Society
10.1.1 Public Awareness
10.1.2 Antiepileptic Drugs
10.2 Antiepileptic Drugs Interaction with Aquatic Ecosystems
10.2.1 Risk Assessment of AEDs
10.2.2 Ecotoxicity of AEDs
10.3 Biochar-Based Process for Anticonvulsants Removal from Wastewater
10.3.1 Hybrid Treatment Systems with Advanced Oxidation Processes
10.3.2 Biochar as a Support Material in Enzymatic Biocatalysis
10.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
11: Biochar: A Futuristic Tool to Remove Heavy Metals from Contaminated Soils
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Preparations of Biochar
11.2.1 Feedstocks
11.2.2 Conventional Pyrolysis
11.2.3 Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis
11.2.4 Impregnation-Pyrolysis
11.2.5 Co-precipitation
11.2.6 Reductive Co-deposition
11.2.7 Hydrothermal Carbonization
11.2.8 Other Preparation Methods
11.2.9 Biochar Made Using from Nanoparticle
11.3 Properties of Biochar
11.4 Remediation of Biochar
11.4.1 Biochar for Remediation of Soils Contaminated with Organic Compounds
11.4.2 Biochar for Remediation of Soil Contaminated with Heavy Metals
11.5 Modification Methods of Biochar Remediation
11.5.1 Steam Activation
11.5.2 Magnetization
11.5.3 Oxidation
11.5.4 Digestion
11.6 Remediation Mechanisms of Biochar
11.6.1 Heavy Metal Remediation Mechanisms
11.6.2 Physical Adsorption
11.6.3 Ion Exchange
11.6.4 Electrostatic Interactions
11.6.5 Complexation
11.6.6 Precipitation
11.7 Conclusion
References
12: Conversion of Agricultural Wastes into Biochar and Its Characteristics
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Biomass Waste Generation from Various Crops
12.2 Characteristics of Agricultural Wastes
12.2.1 Proximate, Ultimate Analysis and Biomass Composition
12.3 Methods for Biochar Production
12.3.1 Traditional Approaches
12.3.2 Modern Approaches
12.4 Biochar Yield from Various Production Methods
12.5 Biochar Characteristics
12.6 Summary
References
13: Biochar as a Tool for the Remediation of Agricultural Soils
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Biochar Production
13.2.1 Pyrolysis
13.2.1.1 Fast Pyrolysis
13.2.1.2 Slow Pyrolysis
13.2.2 Carbonization
13.2.2.1 Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC)
13.2.2.2 Flash Carbonization (Flash)
13.2.3 Torrefaction
13.2.4 Gasification
13.3 Increasing Nutrient Availability Through the Use of Biochar
13.4 Biochar Role in the Promotion of Pesticide Degradation
13.5 Conclusions and Future Trends
References
14: Removal of Contaminants by Modified Biochar-Based Material
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Biochar: A Promising Biomaterial
14.2.1 Properties
14.2.2 Production Methods
14.3 Biochar-Based Materials: Application in Contaminant/Pollutant Removal
14.3.1 Surface Area
14.3.2 Ion Exchange
14.3.3 Surface Functional Group
14.3.4 Precipitation
14.4 Mechanisms That Drive Removal/Degradation of Contaminants
14.4.1 Catalysis
14.4.2 Adsorption
14.4.2.1 pH of the Solution
14.4.2.2 Co-existed Ions
14.4.2.3 Dosage of Adsorbent
14.4.2.4 Temperature
14.4.3 Biochar as Gas Absorbent
14.5 Reduction
14.6 Oxidation
14.6.1 Advanced Oxidation Process
14.6.2 Biochar and Biochar-Based Catalysts for Photocatalysis
14.7 Biochar in Environmental Remediation and Wastewater Treatment
14.7.1 Ammonium Removal by Biochar
14.7.2 Ammonium Removal by Modified Biochar
14.7.3 Nitrate Removal by Biochar
14.7.4 Nitrate Removal by Unmodified Biochar
14.7.5 Nitrate Removal by Modified Biochar
14.7.6 Removal of Phosphate by Unmodified Biochar
14.7.7 Phosphate Removal by Modified Biochar
14.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
15: Application of Biochar for Removal of Heavy Metals, Pathogens, and Emerging Contaminants from Wastewater
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Biochar Application in the Circular Economy Approach
15.2 Biochar Application for Wastewater Treatment
15.2.1 Removal of Pathogens
15.2.2 Removal of Heavy Metals
15.2.3 Removal of Pharmaceuticals, Dyes, and Emergent Contaminants
15.3 Biochar Disposal
15.4 Conclusion
References
16: A Unique Collaborative Perspective on the Utilisation of Biochar in Accelerated Biodegradation of Discharge from Factories
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Biochar and Its Uses
16.2.1 Hydrothermal Carbonisation
16.2.2 Gasification
16.2.3 Torrefaction
16.2.3.1 Biochar as a Soil Conditioner
16.2.3.2 Biochar as a Catalyst
16.2.3.3 Biochar in Wastewater Treatment
16.2.3.4 Biochar Used as an Insulation in the Buildings
16.2.3.5 Use of Biochar in Conservation of Food
16.3 Various Synergistic Methods for Bioremediation of Industrial Effluents
16.3.1 Fungi-Bacteria Synergism for Treating Reactive Red X-3B Dye in the Effluents
16.3.2 Algae-Bacterial Synergism for Treating the Effluents of Wine Factories
16.4 Constructed Wetland and Its Functioning for Treating the Effluents from Factories
16.4.1 Free Water Surface Constructed Wetlands (FWS)
16.4.2 Horizontal Subsurface Flow Systems
16.4.3 Vertical Flow Systems
16.5 Plant-Endophyte Synergism: A Boon for Treating Industrial Effluents
16.6 Conclusion
References
17: Application of Biochar for Wastewater Treatment
17.1 Introduction
17.2 General Characteristics of Wastewater
17.2.1 Physical Characteristics
17.2.2 Chemical Characteristics
17.2.3 Biological Characteristics
17.3 Different Stages in Wastewater Treatment
17.4 Biochar Production and Its Application in Wastewater Treatment
17.4.1 Industrial Wastewater Treatment Using Biochar
17.4.2 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Using Biochar
17.4.3 Agricultural Wastewater Treatment Using Biochar
17.4.4 Stormwater Treatment Using Biochar
17.5 Surface Modification of Biochar for Wastewater Treatment
17.6 Future Prospects of Biochar for Wastewater Treatment
17.7 Conclusion
References
18: Restoration of Contaminated Agricultural Soils
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Sources of Agricultural Soil Contamination
18.2.1 Agricultural Sources
18.2.1.1 Fertilizers
18.2.1.2 Pesticides
18.2.2 Nonagricultural Sources
18.2.2.1 Municipal Solid Wastes
18.2.2.2 Hospital Wastes
18.2.2.3 Industrial Wastes
18.2.3 Natural Sources
18.2.3.1 Volcanic Eruptions
18.2.3.2 Earthquakes
18.2.3.3 Rainfall Patterns
18.2.3.4 Geographical Changes
18.2.3.5 Tsunamis
18.3 Techniques Used for the Restoration of Contaminated Agricultural Soils
18.3.1 Physical Remediation
18.3.1.1 Soil Substitution Strategy or Soil Replacement Method
18.3.1.2 Thermal Desorption or Warm Desorption
18.3.2 Chemical Remediation
18.3.2.1 Chemical Leaching
18.3.2.2 Chemical Fixation
18.3.2.3 Vitrify Technology
18.3.3 Biological Remediation
18.3.3.1 Phytoremediation
18.3.3.1.1 Phytostabilization
18.3.3.1.2 Phytovolatilization
18.3.3.1.3 Phytoextraction
18.3.3.2 Biochar
18.3.4 Concoction and Novel Methods of Remediation
18.3.4.1 Nanoremediation
18.3.4.2 Immobilization
18.4 General Limitations of Contaminated Agricultural Soil Restoration
18.4.1 pH
18.4.2 Temperature
18.4.3 Water Condition
18.5 Future Prospects of Agricultural Soil Restoration
18.6 Conclusion
References
19: Application of Biochar for Soil Remediation
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Biochar Production Methods and Characteristics
19.3 Potential Contaminants to be Treated by Biochar
19.3.1 Organic Contaminants
19.3.2 Inorganic Contaminants
19.4 Mechanisms of Interaction Between Biochar and Contaminated Soil
19.4.1 Sorption and Adsorption
19.4.2 Interaction with Autochthonous Native Microorganisms
19.4.3 Other Interaction Mechanisms
19.5 Removal of Contaminants from Soil by Adding Biochar
19.6 An Overview of Other Environmental Applications of Biochar
19.6.1 Soil Amendment and Composting
19.6.2 Carbon Sequestration
19.6.3 Water and Wastewater Treatment
19.6.4 Bioenergy
19.6.5 Relationship Between Biochar and Sustainable Development Goals
19.7 Conclusions
References
20: Active Control of Environmental Enteric Viruses and Bacteria Using Biochar
20.1 Control of Environmental Enteric Viruses and Bacteria by Biochar-Based Materials
20.1.1 Enteric Viruses Need Control
20.1.2 Biochar Uses for Virus Control
20.1.3 Enterobacteria and Environmental Control
20.1.4 Biochar Uses for Enterobacteria Control
20.2 Environmental Challenges and Use of Biochar: Case Studies
20.2.1 Biochar Enhancement
20.3 Final Considerations
References
21: Application of Biochar for Soil Remediation
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Biochar Preparation Methods
21.2.1 Pyrolysis
21.2.2 Hydrothermal Carbonization
21.2.3 Gasification
21.2.4 Torrefaction
21.3 Parameters Influencing Biochar Quality
21.3.1 Source Material for Biochar Production
21.3.2 Pyrolysis Temperature
21.3.3 Residence Time
21.3.4 Pretreatment of the Source Material
21.4 Impacts of Biochar on Soil and Its Biota
21.5 Biochar and Environmental Pollution
21.5.1 Biochar for Removal of Organic Pollutants
21.5.2 Biochar for Removal of Inorganic Pollutants
21.5.3 Biochar in Air Pollution
21.5.4 Biochar in Wastewater Treatment
21.6 Techniques for Soil Restoration with Biochar
21.7 Limitations of Biochar
21.8 Future Perspective
21.9 Conclusion
References