Bioavailability, Leachability, Chemical Speciation, and Bioremediation of Heavy Metals in the Process of Composting

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
List of Figures......Page 12
List of Tables......Page 14
Preface......Page 16
Acronyms and Abbreviations......Page 18
Authors......Page 20
1.1 Overview......Page 22
1.2.1 Effects of Metals on Soil......Page 25
1.2.2 Effects of Metals on Plants......Page 26
1.3 Conclusion......Page 27
References......Page 28
2.2.1 Carbon-to-Nitrogen (C/N) Ratio......Page 32
2.2.3 Moisture Content......Page 33
2.2.6 Temperature......Page 34
2.3 Types of Composting Process......Page 35
2.3.1 Agitated Pile/Windrow......Page 36
2.3.3 Vertical Flow Reactor......Page 37
2.3.4 Horizontal Flow Reactor (Rotary Drum Reactor)......Page 38
2.4 Phases of the Composting Process......Page 39
2.5 Microorganisms Involved during Composting......Page 40
2.5.1 Bacteria......Page 41
2.5.2 Fungi......Page 43
2.6 Degradation of Lignocellulosic Biomass by Fungi-Bacteria......Page 44
2.7 Fourier-Transformed Infrared (FTIR) Spectra Compost Samples......Page 45
2.8 Advantages of Composting......Page 46
2.10 Conclusion......Page 47
References......Page 48
3.1.4 Bulk Density (BD)......Page 54
3.2.1 Volatile Solid (VS) and Ash Content......Page 55
3.2.4 Electrical Conductivity (EC)......Page 57
3.2.5 Total Nitrogen......Page 58
3.2.7 Ammonical Nitrogen (NH[sub(4)]-N).......Page 59
3.2.8 Total Phosphorus......Page 60
3.2.10 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)......Page 61
3.2.11 Total Heavy Metal Content......Page 62
3.2.15 Chemical Speciation of Heavy Metals......Page 63
3.3.1 CO[sub(2)] Evaluation by Soda-lime Method......Page 64
3.3.2 Oxygen Uptake Rate (OUR)......Page 65
3.3.5 Protein Determination by Lowry Procedure......Page 66
3.3.6.3 Total Fungus......Page 67
References......Page 68
4.1 Heavy Metals in Composting......Page 70
4.2 Effects of Heavy Metals on the Composting Process......Page 71
4.3.1 Physicochemical Methods......Page 73
4.3.2.1 Lime/Waste Lime and Sodium Sulfide Treatment......Page 74
4.3.2.3 BC and Bamboo Vinegar (BV) Treatments......Page 76
4.3.3 Biological Method......Page 77
4.3.3.1 Application of Fungi......Page 78
4.3.3.3 Using Earthworms......Page 79
4.4.1 RAC......Page 85
4.4.3 Potential Eecological RI......Page 87
4.5 Conclusion......Page 88
References......Page 89
5.1 Bioavailability of Heavy Metals......Page 96
5.1.1 Effects of Physicochemical Parameters on the Bioavailability of Heavy Metals......Page 97
5.1.2 Water-Soluble Metals during the Composting Process......Page 98
5.1.3 Diethylene Triamine Pentracetic Acid (DTPA)-Extractable Heavy Metals......Page 101
References......Page 104
6.1 Speciation of Heavy Metals......Page 108
6.1.1 Zinc (Zn)......Page 115
6.1.2 Copper (Cu)......Page 117
6.1.3 Manganese (Mn)......Page 119
6.1.5 Nickel (Ni)......Page 120
6.1.6 Lead (Pb)......Page 121
6.1.7 Cadmium (Cd)......Page 122
6.1.8 Chromium (Cr)......Page 123
References......Page 124
7.1 Effects of Chemical Amendments......Page 128
7.2.1 Effects of Lime on Water Solubility......Page 129
7.2.2 Effects of Lime on DTPA Extractability......Page 130
7.2.3 Effects of Lime of Speciation of Heavy Metals......Page 132
7.3.1 Effects of Natural Zeolite on Water Solubility of Heavy Metals......Page 136
7.3.2 Effects of Natural Zeolite on DTPA Extractability......Page 137
7.3.3 Effect of Natural Zeolite on Speciation of Heavy Metals......Page 138
7.4 Other Amendments......Page 142
References......Page 145
8.1 Composting Microorganisms......Page 150
8.2.1 Immobilization of Heavy Metals by Fungi......Page 152
8.3 Mechanism of Immobilization of Heavy Metals Using Microorganisms......Page 155
References......Page 157
9.1 Leachability of Heavy Metals......Page 162
9.2.1 Effects of Waste Lime on Leaching of Heavy Metals......Page 165
9.2.2 Effects of Natural Zeolite on the Leachability of Heavy Metals......Page 166
References......Page 167
Index......Page 170