This book aims to predict and model the transport of bioaerosols, identify their transmission characteristics, and assess occupants’ infection risks.
Although existing epidemiological books provide fundamental infection rate of existing diseases, the ability of predicting emerging disease transmission in the air and assessing occupants’ infection risks to the bioaerosols is significantly lacking. This book is considered as a professional book that provides in-depth discussion of the aforementioned issues and provides potential approaches to solve these issues would be highly demanded by readers in this emerging research field. This book offers essential and systematic analysis on the fate of bioaerosols from their release in the air to the final destination in human’s respiratory systems through direct 3D visualizations techniques. It also provides quantifiable method to assess each occupant’s infection risks to the infectious bioaerosols in indoor environments.
The readers will gain essential fundamental characteristics of bioaerosols (active time, viability, etc.) and will gain the advanced skills on how to integrate these properties into numerical modeling and assess the occupants’ exposure risks.
Author(s): Yihuan Yan, Jiyuan Tu
Publisher: Springer-TUP
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 335
City: Beijing
Preface
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Emerging Respiratory Pandemics
1.2 Transmission Modes
1.3 From the Fluid Dynamics Perspective
1.3.1 Exhalation
1.3.2 Transport Characteristics in the Air
1.3.3 Exposure and Inhalability
1.3.4 Deposition in Human Respiratory System
1.4 Research Method
1.5 CFD Application to Transmission Control
References
2 Bioaerosol Dynamics
2.1 What Is Bioaerosol
2.2 Types of Bioaerosols
2.3 Properties of Bioaerosol
2.3.1 Size Distribution
2.3.2 Kinetic Properties
2.3.3 Biological Properties
2.4 Motion in the Air
2.5 Dynamic Size Distribution
2.5.1 Evaporation and Condensation
2.5.2 Influential Factors
2.6 Deposition Mechanism
2.7 Summary
References
3 Respiratory-Based Bioaerosol Infections
3.1 Bioaerosol in the Air
3.1.1 Outdoor Bioaerosol
3.1.2 Indoor Bioaerosol
3.2 Bioaerosol Inhalation and Deposition in Human Respiratory System
3.2.1 The Human Respiratory System
3.2.2 Concept and Physical Basis of Inhalability
3.2.3 Definition and Physical Basis of Deposition
3.2.4 Local and Total Respiratory Tract Deposition
3.2.5 Biological Mechanisms of Clearance and Redistribution
3.3 Bioaerosol-related Infections
3.4 Chain Infection Due to Bioaerosol Transmission
3.5 Bioaerosol Infection Control
3.6 Summary
References
4 Computational Fluid Dynamics
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Principles of CFD and Equations
4.3 Turbulent Flow and Models
4.4 Bioaerosol Transport Models
4.4.1 Lagrangian Model
4.4.2 Eulerian Model
4.5 CFD Workflow and Scheme
4.6 Current Status of CFD Software
4.7 Summary
References
5 Effects of Occupant's Micro-environment on Bioaerosol Transport
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Metabolic Body Heat and Thermal Plume
5.2.1 Characteristic of the Thermal Plume for Sitting Posture
5.2.2 Interactions Between Thermal Plume and Respiratory Flow
5.2.3 Plume Effect on the Contaminant Field
5.3 Computational Thermal Manikins
5.3.1 Four Simplification Approaches
5.3.2 Case Study of the CTM Simplification Approaches in an Enclosed Chamber
5.4 Quantifiable Simplification Approach for CTMs
5.4.1 Mesh Decimating Algorithm
5.4.2 Effect of MDA Simplification on Global Airflow Field
5.4.3 Effect of MDA Simplification on Human Micro-environment
5.4.4 Case Study—Micro-environment of CTMs Using Various Simplification Approaches
5.5 Thermal Airflow Field
5.5.1 Case Study—An Enclosed Chamber
5.5.2 Case Study—A Reduced-Scale Cabin Environment
5.6 Summary
References
6 Bioaerosol Transport in Occupied Environments
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Tracking Models of Bioaerosol Transport
6.2.1 The Lagrangian Approach
6.2.2 The Eulerian Approach
6.2.3 Bioaerosol Concentration and Distribution Transport
6.2.4 Case Study–Bioaerosol Transport in a Small Chamber
6.3 Impacts of Indoor Ventilation Scheme
6.3.1 Case Study–Comparison of the Displacement and Mixing Ventilation in a Small Chamber
6.3.2 Case Study–Effect of the Ventilation Layouts in a Conference Room
6.4 Bioaerosol Transport in Densely Occupied Environment
6.4.1 Case Study–A Typical Cabin Environment
6.4.2 Case Study–A Public Transport Train Cabin
6.4.3 Case Study–A Large-scale Airliner Cabin Environment
6.5 Summary
References
7 Influential Factors on Bioaerosol Transport
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Effect of Dynamic Droplets Size Distribution in Indoor Spaces
7.2.1 Droplets Size Distribution from Various Respiratory Behaviour
7.2.2 Droplets Size Reduction Due to Evaporation
7.2.3 Case Study–Dynamic Size Reduction of Cough Released Bioaerosols and Droplets Due to Evaporation
7.2.4 Case Study–Interactions Between Human Thermal Plume and Cough Released Droplets
7.2.5 Delayed Droplets Deposition Due to Evaporation
7.3 Effect of Disease Active Time and Viability via Air Transmission
7.3.1 Key Parameters of Infectious Diseases
7.3.2 Mathematical Models for Quantitative Risk Assessment
7.3.3 Integration of Mathematical Models into Numerical Modellings
7.3.4 Case Study–Wells-Riley Based CFD Simulation
7.3.5 Case Study–Dose-response Based CFD Simulation
7.4 The Social Distancing and Capacity Effects in Indoor Environments
7.4.1 Case Study–A Densely Occupied Meeting Room
7.4.2 Ventilation Scheme and Room Arrangement
7.4.3 Bioaerosol Release via Coughing and Speaking
7.4.4 Occupants' Exposure and Infectious Risks over Distance and Capacity Changes
7.5 Summary
References
8 Case Studies of Bioaerosol Inhalation and Deposition
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Bioaerosol Inhalability
8.2.1 Case Study—Human-Induced Wake Flow and Its Impact on Particle Inhalability
8.2.2 Release Modes and Source of Particles
8.2.3 Impacts of Freestream Velocity and Walking Speed
8.2.4 Particle Size Effects on Aspiration Efficiency During the Motion
8.3 Particle Deposition in Nasal Cavity
8.3.1 Construction of Nasal Cavity Models
8.3.2 2D Surface Unwrapping Over 3D Nasal Cavity Model
8.3.3 Particle Deposition Patterns of Unwrapped Nasal Cavity
8.4 Particle Deposition in the Lower Respiratory Airway
8.4.1 Simplification of Respiratory Airways
8.4.2 Particle Tracking Modelling in the Lower Airway
8.4.3 Deposition Analysis at Various Cross-sectional Studies
8.5 From Indoors Release to Inhalation and Deposition in the Respiratory System
8.5.1 Interpretation of the Bioaerosol Transmission Cycle Using CFD Method
8.5.2 Integrated Models of Indoor Space and Human Respiratory System
8.5.3 Case Study—Practical Application of the Integrated Model
8.5.4 Case Study—Further Practical Application of the All-in-One Respiratory Model
8.6 Summary
References
9 Health Risk Assessment and Prevention Recommendations
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Passengers' Health Risk Assessment in Airliner Cabins
9.2.1 Case Study—Modelling of Bioaerosol Transmission in a 7-Row Cabin
9.2.2 The Wells-Riley Framework
9.2.3 Quantifiable Risk Assessment of Individual Passenger
9.2.4 Case Study—Passenger Movement Impacts
9.2.5 Case Study—Effects of the Personal Jets
9.3 Emergency Indoor Ventilation Strategy
9.3.1 Case Study—Formation of Fan-driven Indoor Tornado
9.3.2 Dynamic Core Region Identification Approaches
9.3.3 Effect of Lift Angle and Vortex Intensity
9.4 Other Case Studies on Pandemic Interventions
9.4.1 Wearing Masks
9.4.2 Social Distance Rule
9.5 Summary
References
10 Advanced Modelling and Future Trend
10.1 Fast Fluid Dynamic on Disease Transmission Modelling
10.2 Optimisation of Wells-Riley Framework and Infection Risk Assessment
10.3 Advanced Modelling of Multiple Moving Occupants
10.4 Virtual Platform for Infection Risk Assessment Enhanced by Machine Learning
References
