Bioactive Peptides from Food: Sources, Analysis, and Functions

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Series Preface
Preface
Editors
List of Contributors
Section 1 Bioactive Peptides
Chapter 1 Bioactive Peptides: An Overview
Introduction
Sources
Animal Sources
Vegetal Sources
New Sources
From Production to Commercialization
Stability and Bioavailability
Applications
Anti-Inflammatory Activity
Antihypertensive Activity
Lipid-Lowering Activity
Anticancer Activity
Immunomodulatory Activity
Other Biological Activities
Discussion
Conclusions
References
Section 2 Sources of Bioactive Peptides
Chapter 2 Bioactive Peptides from Algae
Introduction
Algal Proteins
Macroalgal Proteins
Microalgal Proteins
Methods for Generation of Bioactive Peptides
Protein Extraction
Protein Hydrolysis
Peptide Purification
Peptide Identification
Validation Activity of Peptides
Hydrolysates and Peptides from Algae
Antioxidant Peptides
Antihypertensive Peptides
Immunomodulatory Peptides
Antidiabetic Peptides
Anticancer Peptides
Other Biological Activities
Challenges and Future Applications of Bioactive Peptides
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3 Meat
Introduction
History of Bioactive Peptide Discovery
Sources of Bioactive Peptides
Bioactive Peptides from Meat and Meat Products
Trimmings and Cuttings
Bones
Blood
Production of Bioactive Peptides
Types of Bioactive Peptides
Antihypertensive Peptides
Antihypertensive Peptides from Myosin Sources
Antihypertensive Peptides from Troponin Sources
Antithrombotic Peptides
Antioxidant Peptides
Antimicrobial Peptides
Antidiabetic Peptides
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Dairy Products
Introduction
Milk
Yogurt
Cheese
Kefir
References
Chapter 5 Seafood
Seafood: a Plentiful Source of Bioactive Peptides
Main Seafood Sources of Bioactive Peptides
Naturally Active Peptides
Peptides That Are Inactive within a Parent Protein
Development of Bioactive Peptides from Seafood
Isolating Naturally Bioactive Peptides from Seafood
Producing Bioactive Peptides from Seafood
Autolysis
Exogenous Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Fermentative Processes
Purification of Seafood Bioactive Peptides
Bioactive Properties of Seafood Peptides
Nutraceutical Application of Bioactive Seafood Peptides
References
Chapter 6 Cereals
Introduction
Cereal Proteins
Antidiabetic Activity
Antihypertensive Activity
Immunomodulatory Activity
Opioid Activity
Antioxidant Activity
Conclusions
References
Chapter 7 Soybean
References
Chapter 8 Bioactive Peptides in Pulses
Introduction
Pulse Proteins
Bioactive Peptides
In Silico Approach
Production of Bioactive Peptides
Antihypertensive Pulse Peptides
Antioxidative
Anticholesterolemic
Antimicrobial
Other Activities and Multifunctional Peptides
Health Benefits
Conclusions
References
Chapter 9 Other Nonconventional Sources
Introduction
Plant-Based By-Products
Animal-Based By-Products
Conclusion
References
Section 3 From Proteins to Peptides
Chapter 10 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Proteins
An Overview of Protein Hydrolysis
Enzymatic Protein Hydrolysis
Degree of Hydrolysis
Proteases Used in Bioactive Peptides Generation
Protein Sources of Bioactive Peptides
References
Chapter 11 Protein Hydrolysates in Animal Nutrition: Industrial Production, Bioactive Peptides, and Functional Significance
Background
Definitions of Amino Acids, Peptides, and Protein
Industrial Production of Protein Hydrolysates
General Considerations of Protein Hydrolysis
Degree of Hydrolysis
Methods for Protein Hydrolysis
Acid Hydrolysis of Proteins
Alkaline Hydrolysis of Proteins
Cell-Free Proteases
Microbial Hydrolysis of Protein
Bioactive Peptides in Protein Hydrolysates
Definition
Transport of Small Peptides in the Small Intestine
ACE-Inhibitory Peptides
Antioxidative and Antimicrobial Peptides
Opioid Peptides
Applications of Plant and Animal Protein Hydrolysates in Animal Nutrition
General Consideration
Plant Peptides
Animal Peptides
Potential scale and economic value for the global use of animal and plant protein hydrolysates in animal feeding
Future Research Directions
Conclusion
Abbreviations
Acknowledgments
Funding
Availability of Data and Materials
Authors’ Contributions
Competing Interests
Consent for Publication
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
References
Chapter 12 Fermentation Process: The Factory of Bioactive Peptides
Introduction
Fermentation and Fermented Foods
Peptides from Plant-Based Fermented Foods
Peptides from Animal-Based Fermented Foods
Starter Culture Role in the Peptides Production during Fermentation
Biological Activity of Peptides in Fermented Foods
Antimicrobial Activity
Antioxidant Activity
Antihypertensive Activity
Immunomodulation Activity
Applications of Peptides in Food Safety
Future Research and Conclusions
References
Chapter 13 Subcritical Water Extraction and Microwave-Assisted Extraction
Subcritical Water Extraction
Principles
Subcritical Water Hydrolysis and/or Extraction of Peptides
Microwave-Assisted Extraction
Principles
MAE Applications of Peptides
References
Chapter 14 Fractionation and Purification of Bioactive Peptides
Introduction
Membrane Technology
Ultrafiltration and Nanofiltration
Electrodialysis
Electrophoresis
Gel-Based Electrophoresis
Capillary Electrophoresis
Chromatography
Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Ion Exchange Chromatography
Size Exclusion Chromatography
Miscellaneous Chromatographic Techniques
Multidimensional Separation of Peptides
References
Section 4 Analysis of Bioactive Peptides
Chapter 15 Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) Analysis of Bioactive Peptides
Introduction
Sample Preparation
Liquid Chromatography
Mass Spectrometry
Data Analysis
References
Chapter 16 Bioinformatic Analysis
Introduction
Sequence-Based Analysis in Bioactive Peptide Research
Structure-Based Analysis in Bioactive Peptide Research
Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship
Molecular Docking
Molecular Dynamics
Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Section 5 Chemical Synthesis of Peptides
Chapter 17 Chemical Synthesis of Peptides
Introduction
Beneficial Activities of Bioactive Peptides
Chemistry of Peptides
Chemical Synthesis of Peptides
Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis
Linking of Amino Acids with Resins
Protection of Amino Acids
Coupling of Amino Acids
Deprotection
Removal of the Polymer
Advantages of SPPS
Chemical Synthesis of Difficult Peptides
Native Chemical Ligation Method
α-Ketoacid Hydroxylamine Ligation Method
Purification and Analysis of Peptides
Conclusion
References
Section 6 Functions of Bioactive Peptides
Chapter 18 Antihypertensive Activity
Introduction
Sources of Antihypertensive Peptides
Animal Sources
Dairy Products
Meat
Marine Sources
Egg
Plant Sources
Wheat
Rice
Amaranth and Quinoa
Soybean
Fruits and Vegetables
Legumes
Isolation of Antihypertensive Peptides
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Fermentation
Genetic Engineering
Downstream Processing
High Pressure Processing
Ultrasound Processing
Microwave-Assisted Extraction
Supercritical Fluid Extraction
Role of Bioactive Peptide Antihypertensive Agent
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 19 Bioactive Peptides in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Introduction
Neurodegenerative Diseases: Definition and Classification
Alzheimer’s Disease
Parkinson’s Disease
Huntington’s Disease
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Bioactive Peptides
Bioactive Peptides in Neurodegenerative Disease
Role of Bioactive Peptides in Regulation of Reactive Oxygen Species Levels
Bioactive Peptides Against Glutamate Excitotoxicity and Cell Death-Signaling
Bioactive Peptides and Modulation of Gut Microbiota
Bioactive Peptides Against Inflammation
Conclusion
References
Chapter 20 Antimicrobial Activity of Bioactive Peptides and Their Applications in Food Safety: A Review
Introduction
Extraction and Obtaining the Bioactive Peptides
Diversity of Antimicrobial Bioactive Peptides
The Mechanism of Action of Antimicrobial Peptides
Barrel Stave Model
Toroidal Model
Carpet Model
Application of Antimicrobial Peptides
Application of Bioactive Peptides with Antimicrobial Activity in Food Safety
Conclusion
References
Chapter 21 Opioid Activity
Introduction
Sources of Opioid Peptides
Food Sources
Animal Sources
Plant Sources
Production of Bioactive Peptides
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Microbial Fermentation
Chemical Synthesis
Integrated Approach toward Discovery of Opioid Peptides
Mechanisms of Opioid Peptides
Functions of Opioid Peptides in Human Health
Antihypertensive Peptides
Antioxidative Peptides
Antimicrobial Peptides
Immunomodulatory Peptides
Other Functions
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 22 Immunomodulating Activity
Introduction
Overview of the Immune System and Protein Hydrolysates
Immunomodulatory Effect of Food-Derived Peptides
In vitro Studies
In vivo Assays
Clinical Trials
Mechanism of Action
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
Funding
References
Chapter 23 Bioactive Peptides: Cytomodulatory Activity
Introduction
Digestibility, Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Food Peptides
Cytomodulatory Activity of Food Protein and Peptides
Conclusion
References
Chapter 24 Other Biological Functions
Peptides: Antidiabetic, Anticoagulation, and Mineral Binding Properties
Antidiabetic Properties
Anticoagulation Properties
Mineral Binding Properties
References
Section 7 Regulatory Status of Bioactive Peptides
Chapter 25 Regulatory Status of Bioactive Peptides
Introduction
Approved Bioactive Peptides in the Market
Significance of Bioactive Peptides in the Treatment of Diseases
Global Market of Bioactive Peptides
Regulatory Perspectives of Bioactive Peptides
Challenges to Market Authorization and Commercialization
Concluding Remarks
References
Index