Bio-Nano Interface: Applications in Food, Healthcare and Sustainability

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1: Impact of Isotropic and Anisotropic Plasmonic Metal Nanoparticles on Healthcare and Food Safety Management
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Synthetic Strategies for Metal Nanoparticles
1.3 Physico-Chemical Properties of Nanoparticles and their Impact on BiologicalMilieu
1.4 Applications of AuNPs in Healthcare
1.5 Gold Nanoparticles as a Probe for Detecting Contaminants/Adulterants in Food
1.6 Application of Silver Nanoparticles in Healthcare
1.7 Silver Nanoparticles as a Probe for Detecting Contaminants/Adulterants in Food
1.8 Application of Platinum Nanoparticles in Healthcare
1.9 Platinum Nanoparticles as a Probe for Detecting Contaminants/Adulterants in Food
1.10 Conclusion
References
2: An Introduction to Different Methods of Nanoparticles Synthesis
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Physical Method for Synthesis of Nanoparticle
2.2.1 High Energy Ball Milling
2.2.2 Inert Gas Condensation
2.2.3 Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD)
2.2.3.1 Sputtering
2.2.3.2 Electron Beam Evaporation (EBE)
2.2.3.3 Laser Ablation (LA) and Pulse Laser Deposition (PLD)
2.2.3.4 Vacuum Arc (VA)
2.2.4 Laser Pyrolysis
2.2.5 Flame Spray Pyrolysis (FSP)
2.2.6 Electrospraying Technique
2.2.7 Melt Mixing Technique
2.3 Chemical Method for Synthesis of Nanoparticle
2.3.1 Sol-Gel Methods
2.3.2 Micro-emulsion Technique
2.3.3 Hydrothermal Synthesis
2.3.4 Polyol Synthesis
2.3.5 Chemical Vapour Deposition (CPD)
2.3.6 Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition (PECVD)
2.4 Biological Method for Synthesis of Nanoparticle
2.4.1 Biogenic Synthesis Using Microorganisms
2.4.2 Biomolecules as Templates to Design Nanoparticles
2.4.3 Biogenic Synthesis Using Plant Extracts
2.5 Conclusion
References
3: Classification, Synthesis and Application of Nanoparticles Against Infectious Diseases
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Classification of Nanoparticles
3.2.1 Dimensionality
3.2.2 Morphology
3.2.3 Composition
3.2.4 Agglomeration and Uniformity
3.3 Classification Based on Different Types of Nanomaterials
3.3.1 Inorganic Nanoparticles
3.3.2 Metal Oxide and Metal Nanoparticles
3.3.3 Organic Nanoparticles
3.3.4 Carbon Nanoparticles
3.4 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
3.4.1 Top-Down Method
3.4.2 Bottom-Up Method
3.5 Physical Methods for Synthesis of Nanoparticles
3.5.1 Mechanical Milling/Ball Milling of Nanoparticles
3.5.2 Laser Ablation
3.5.3 Sputtering
3.6 Chemical Methods for Synthesis of Nanoparticles
3.6.1 Sol-Gel Technique
3.6.2 Micro-Emulsion Technique
3.6.3 Electrochemical Technique
3.7 Green Synthesis Approaches for Synthesis of Nanoparticles
3.8 Nanoparticles Synthesis Using Bacteria
3.9 Application of Nanoparticles
3.9.1 Nanoparticles as Novel Antibiotics
3.9.2 Nanoparticles as Therapeutic Agents Against Infectious Diseases
3.10 Conclusion
References
4: Nanotechnology in Food Science
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Nanotechnology
4.2.1 Types of Nanotechnology
4.2.1.1 Wet Nanotechnology
4.2.1.2 Dry Nanotechnology
4.2.1.3 Computational Nanotechnology
4.3 Nanotechnology in Food Packaging
4.4 Nanotechnology Against Food Deterioration
4.5 Nanotechnology for Food Storage
4.6 Nanotechnology in Food Pathogen Detection
4.6.1 Gold NPs
4.6.2 Magnetic NPs
4.6.3 Biosensors
4.7 Implication and Perspective
4.8 Conclusion
References
5: Facets of Nanotechnology in Food Processing, Packaging and Safety: An Emerald Insight
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Nanoparticles
5.2.1 Organic Nanoparticles
5.2.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles (INP)
5.3 Nanoclays (NCS)
5.4 Nanoemulsions (NES)
5.5 Preparation and Factor Affecting Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles
5.6 Characterization of Nanoparticles
5.7 Nanotechnology in Food Microbiology
5.8 Nanoencapsulation and Microencapsulation
5.9 Nanoemulsions and Microemulsions
5.10 Nanofood Market
5.11 Food Processing Using Nanotechnology
5.12 Packaging Techniques Using Nanotechnology
5.12.1 Nano-Coatings
5.12.2 Nanolaminates
5.12.3 Nano Crystal
5.12.4 Nanomaterials
5.12.5 Biobased Packaging
5.12.6 Smart Packaging
5.13 Role of Nanosensor in Food Safety
5.14 Future Trends and Perspectives of Nanotechnology
References
6: Nanotechnology and Its Potential Application in Postharvest Technology
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Nanomaterials
6.3 Properties of Nanomaterial
6.3.1 Physicochemical Properties of Nanoparticle
6.4 Applications of Nanotechnology
6.4.1 For the Control of Disease and Pest in Plants
6.4.2 For Detecting Plant Diseases
6.4.3 For the Control of Plant Diseases
6.5 Use of Nanoparticles to Control the Plant Diseases
6.5.1 Nano-Agriculture
6.5.2 Silver Nanoparticles
6.5.3 Nano Sensors
6.5.4 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
6.5.5 Nanoemulsion
6.5.6 Precision Farming
6.6 Global Positioning System (GPS)
6.6.1 Sensor Technologies
6.6.2 Geographic Information System
6.6.3 Grid Soil Sampling and Variable-Rate Fertilizer (VRT)
6.6.4 Rate Controllers
6.6.5 Yield Monitor
6.6.6 Nano-Biofarming
6.7 Nano Formulation in Packing and Quality of Food
6.7.1 Nanotechnology for Food Packaging
6.7.2 Nanoencapsulation
6.8 Safety of Nano-Packaging Material
6.9 Biosynthesis of Nanomaterials
6.10 Postharvest Food Processing
6.11 Conclusion
6.12 Future Prospective
References
7: Nanotechnology Mediated Detection and Control of Phytopathogens
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
7.3 Early Detection of Phytopathogens Using Nanoparticles
7.3.1 Action of Nanoparticles against Phytopathogens
7.3.1.1 Plant Disease Cycle
7.3.1.2 Host Pathogen Interaction
7.3.1.3 Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
7.3.1.4 Mode of Action
7.4 Nanoparticles in Controlling Phytopathogens
7.4.1 Nanoparticles Acting as Protectant
7.4.1.1 Ag Nanoparticle
7.4.1.2 Cu Nanoparticle
7.4.1.3 Zn Nanoparticle
7.4.2 Nanoparticles Acting as Carrier
7.4.2.1 Chitosan Nanoparticle
7.4.2.2 Silica Nanoparticle
7.4.2.3 Titanium Nanoparticle
7.5 Nanopesticides
7.6 Insecticides
7.7 Fungicides
7.8 Herbicide
7.9 Conclusion
References
8: Nanosystems for Cancer Therapy
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Physiological Hindrances to Tumor-Specific Delivery
8.3 Targeting Cancer Cells with Nanosystems
8.3.1 Active Nanosystems
8.3.2 Passive Targeting Systems
8.4 Future Directions
References
9: Phytoplankton Mediated Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Different Phytoplankton Mediated Nanoparticles
9.2.1 Diatoms
9.2.2 Coccolithophores
9.2.3 Cyanobacteria
9.3 Strategies for Development of Phytoplankton Mediated Nanodrug Formulation for Cancer Therapy
9.3.1 Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles
9.3.2 Diatom Nanocarriers for Systemic Drug Delivery
9.3.3 Green Carbon Nanotags for Anticancer Drug Delivery
9.4 Possible Future Strategies of Nanoformulation of Anticancer Drugs Isolated from Phytoplankton in Cancer Drug Development
9.5 Scope of Commercialization for Nanodrug Formulation for Cancer Therapy
9.6 Limitations of Phytoplankton Mediated Nanoparticles
9.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
10: Nanotechnology and Its Potential Implications in Ovary Cancer
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Possible Risk Factors Associated with Ovary Cancer
10.2.1 Age
10.2.2 Genetics
10.2.3 Family History
10.2.4 Ethnicity
10.2.5 Reproductive History
10.2.6 Gynaecological Factors
10.2.7 Hormone Replacement Therapy
10.2.8 Lifestyle Factors
10.3 Current Therapeutic Approach to Ovary Cancer
10.4 Nanotechnology and Its Implications in Ovary Cancer
10.4.1 Nanoformulations in Drug Delivery for Chemotherapy
10.4.2 Nanotechnology in Biomarker Discovery in Ovarian Cancer
10.4.3 Nanotechnology in Imaging Approach in Ovarian Cancer
10.4.4 Nanotechnology in Receptor Targeting in Ovary Cancer
10.5 Conclusion
References
11: Nanotechnology: An Emerging Field in Protein Aggregation and Cancer Therapeutics
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Nanoparticle-Mediated Applications in Biology and Medicine
11.2.1 Nanoparticles in Biosensor
11.2.2 Nanoparticles in Bioimaging
11.2.3 Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery
11.3 Nanoparticle-Protein Interaction and Protein Aggregation
11.3.1 Nanoparticles in Type II Diabetes Mellitus
11.3.2 Nanoparticles in Parkinson´s Disease
11.3.3 Nanoparticles in Alzheimer´s Disease
11.3.4 Nanoparticles in Tauopathy Disease
11.4 Nanoparticle in Cancer
11.4.1 Nanoparticles in Cancer Diagnosis
11.4.2 Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapeutics
11.5 Conclusion
References
12: Bio-nano Interface and Its Potential Application in Alzheimer´s Disease
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Pathogenesis
12.2.1 Amyloid Plaques
12.2.2 Neurofibrillary Tangles
12.2.3 Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP)
12.3 Nanotechnology Used in AD Detection
12.3.1 Iron Oxide NPs
12.3.2 Gold NPs
12.3.3 Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy System
12.3.4 Two Photon Rayleigh Spectroscopy
12.4 Nanotechnology in the Treatment of AD
12.4.1 Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
12.4.2 Nanogels and Fullerene
12.4.3 Diamandoid and Its Derivative
12.4.4 Curcumin Loaded Nanoparticle
12.4.5 Acetylcholine Loaded (ACh) Nano Carrier
12.4.6 Hormone Loaded Nano carrier
12.4.7 Polyphenol Drugs Loaded NPs
12.4.8 Zinc Chelators
12.4.9 Dendrimers
12.4.10 Antioxidant Nano Carrier
12.4.11 Gene Nano Carrier
12.5 Limitation of Nanotechnology in the Treatment of AD
12.6 Conclusion and Future Prospective
References
13: Potential of Curcumin Nanoparticles in Tuberculosis Management
13.1 A Brief Introduction of Tuberculosis
13.2 Epidemiology of Tuberculosis
13.3 Nature of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
13.4 Mode of Transmission and Its Risk Factors
13.5 Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis
13.6 Symptoms of Tuberculosis
13.7 Susceptibility and Resistance Form of TB and Their Drugs
13.7.1 Latent TB
13.7.2 Active TB
13.7.3 Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB)
13.7.4 Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (XDR-TB)
13.7.5 Different Antibiotics Regimen Are Used to Treat Antibiotic Sensitive and Drug Resistance Tuberculosis (Table 13.1)
13.8 Plants Are the Possible Sources to Anti-mycobacterial Agent
13.9 Curcumin Plays a Key Role in Tuberculosis Disease
13.10 Nanoparticle Used as Anti-tubercular Agents
13.11 Synthesis of Curcumin Nanoparticles That Are Used in TB
13.12 Importance and Advantages of Curcumin Nanoparticle in TB
13.13 Application of Curcumin Nanoparticle
13.14 Conclusion
References
14: Application of Nanobiosensor in Health Care Sector
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Use of NanoBiosensor for Detection of Cancer
14.2.1 Prostate Cancer
14.2.2 Lungs Cancer
14.2.3 Breast Cancer
14.2.4 Brain Cancer
14.2.5 Pancreatic Cancer
14.3 Use of Nanobiosensor for Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria
14.3.1 Detection of Escherichia coli
14.3.2 Detection of Salmonella
14.3.3 Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
14.3.4 Detection of Staphylococcus aureus
14.3.5 Detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
14.4 Conclusion and Future Aspects
References
15: Bioactive Nanoparticles: A Next Generation Smart Nanomaterials for Pollution Abatement and Ecological Sustainability
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Nanomaterials as Environmental Pollutants
15.2.1 Monitoring of Nanowastes in Environment
15.3 Bio-nanomaterials as a Degradable Smart Option in Pollution Abatement
15.3.1 Bioactive Nanoparticles for Water Pollution
15.3.2 Bio-nanomaterials as a Degradable Smart Option in Air Pollution
15.4 Challenges in Synthesis of Bioactive Nanomaterials
15.4.1 Green Synthesis from Enzymes and Vitamins
15.4.2 Green Synthesis Using Bacteria, Yeasts, Algae, Fungi and Actinomycetes
15.4.3 Green Synthesis Using Plants and Phytochemicals
15.5 Future Prospective of Bioactive Nanomaterials in Pollution Abatement
15.6 Conclusion
References
16: Smart Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Applications: An Overview
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Inorganic Nanocarriers in Bioimaging and Drug Delivery
16.2.1 Carbon Nanotube as Imaging Agents
16.2.2 Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles as Imaging Agents
16.2.3 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
16.2.4 Quantum Dots in Imaging
16.3 Multifunctional Composite Nanoparticles
16.3.1 Graphene
16.3.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles
16.3.3 Layered Double Hydroxides
16.4 Graphene Based Bioimaging
16.4.1 Role in Fluorescence Imaging in Biological Tissues
16.4.2 Implication in the Two-Photon Fluorescence Imaging
16.4.3 Effect in the Radionuclide Based Bioimaging
16.4.4 Significance in Magnetic Resonance Imaging
16.4.5 Effect in the Photoacoustic Imaging
16.4.6 Multimodal Imaging Applications
16.5 Conclusion
References
17: Biology of Earthworm in the World of Nanomaterials: New Room, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Biology of Earthworms
17.2.1 Earthworm: The Golden Decomposer
17.3 Exposure and Bioaccumulation of Nanoparticles in Earthworm
17.4 Toxicity of Nanoparticles to Earthworm
17.4.1 Toxicity at Gene Level/Molecular Level (Genotoxicity)
17.4.2 Toxicity at the Cellular Level (Cytotoxicity)
17.4.3 Toxicity at the Tissue Level
17.4.4 Toxicity at the Individual Level
17.4.5 Toxicity at the Population Level
17.5 Earthworm as Nanoscavenger
17.5.1 Coelomocytes in Nanoscavenging Activity
17.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
18: Bioethanol Production from Agricultural Wastes with the Aid of Nanotechnology
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Types of Agricultural Wastes Used for Bioethanol
18.3 Nanotechnology in the Field of Bioethanol
18.3.1 Nanomaterials in the Processing of Raw Materials
18.3.2 Nanotechnology in the Bioethanol Fermentation
18.4 Conclusion and Future Aspects
References
19: Nanotechnology for Sustainable Bioenergy Production
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Nanomaterials and Its Properties
19.3 Nanotechnology in Bioethanol Production
19.4 Interaction of Nanomaterials with Biomass
19.4.1 Biofuel
19.5 Applications of Nanotechnology in Bioenergy
19.5.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles to Pretreat Lignocellulosic Biomass
19.5.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles to Pretreat Microalgae Biomass
19.5.3 Biodiesel Blended in Nano-additives
19.5.4 Bio-Electrochemical Systems
19.5.5 Nanotechnology in Biogas Production
19.6 Safety Issues
19.7 Conclusion
References