Bio-mathematics, Statistics, and Nano-Technologies: Mosquito Control Strategies

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Foreword
Contributors
Introduction and Overview
SECTION I: Control of Mosquitos and Their World: An Overview
CHAPTER 1: Practical Control Methods and New Techniques for Mosquito Control
1.1. INTRODUCTION
1.2. PERSONAL AND COMMUNITY PROTECTION
1.2.1. Repellent
1.2.2. Community Protection and Participate
1.3. SPACE SPRAYING
1.3.1. ULV
1.3.2. Thermal Fogging
1.3.3. Barrier Spray
1.4. INDOOR RESIDUAL SPRAYING (IRS)
1.5. INSECTICIDE-TREATED BED NETS (ITN)
1.6. NEW CONTROL TECHNIQUES
1.6.1. Genetic Control, Gene Drive, and GMO
1.6.2. Incompatible Insect Technique (IIT)
1.6.3. Sterile Insect Technique (SIT)
1.6.4. Adult Mosquito Control Traps
1.6.5. Lethal Ovitrap and Autocidal Gravid Ovitrap (AGO)
1.6.6. Larvicide Traps
1.6.7. Auto-dissemination Method
1.6.8. Endectocides
1.6.9. Attractive Toxic Sugar Bait (ATSB)
1.6.10. Vaccine
1.6.11. Challenges and Conclusions
CHAPTER 2: Concepts of Best Management Practices for Intergrated Pest, Mosquito, and Vector Management
2.1. INTRODUCTION
2.2. CONTROL METHODS/TOOLS
2.2.1. Immature Stage Control
2.2.2. Adult Control
2.3. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)
2.4. INTEGRATED MOSQUITO MANAGEMENT (IMM)
2.5. INTEGRATED VECTOR MANAGEMENT (IVM)
2.6. BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE (BMP)
2.7. SUMMARY
CHAPTER 3: Overview of Personal Protection Measures Through the Innovative Use of Repellent-Textiles
3.1. INTRODUCTION
3.2. INNOVATIVE VECTOR CONTROL
3.3. INSECT REPELLENT MODE OF ACTION
3.4. TEXTILE AND PERSONAL PROTECTION
3.5. IMPREGNATION OF TEXTILE
3.6. EVALUATION OF REPELLENTS
3.7. MEASURING THE ENTOMOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF TEXTILES
3.7.1. Open field, Italian Mosquito Control Association Alessandria Italy, 2019
3.7.2. Laboratory test at Anastasia Mosquito Control District St. Augustine, Florida, USA 2020
3.7.2.1. Measuring the efficacy of textile samples already treated for arm test
3.7.2.2. Measuring the efficacy of textile samples treated with 2 types of micro spraying treatment before the test
3.7.2.3. Measuring the efficacy of textile samples already treated for glove test (Figures 3.7 and 3.8)
3.7.2.4. Evaluation of lotions of botanical-based repellents
3.7.3. Measuring the efficacy of repellent by use of olfactometer
3.7.3.1. Measuring the efficacy of Ultrasound devices
3.8. DISCUSSION ON LAB TEST
3.9. RESULTS
3.10. FUTURE PERSPECTIVE AND OUTLOOK
3.11. CONCLUSION NOTE
CHAPTER 4: Biology, Surveillance and Control of Mosquito Vectors
4.1. INTRODUCTION ON THE MOSQUITO BIOLOGY
4.2. BIOLOGY OF MOSQUITOS (CULICIDAE)
4.3. LIFE STAGES OF MOSQUITOS
4.3.1. Eggs stage of mosquitos
4.3.2. Larval stage of mosquitos
4.3.3. Pupal stage of mosquitos
4.3.4. Adults stage of mosquitos
4.4. MOSQUITOS CONCERNS FROM THE PUBLIC HEALTH OVERVIEW
4.5. ROLE OF MOSQUITOS IN DISEASE TRANSMISSION
4.6. MOSQUITOS AS VECTOR OF DISEASES
4.7. VECTORIAL CAPACITY AND COMPETENCE OF MOSQUITOS
4.8. PATHOGENS THAT CAN BE TRANSMITTED BY MOSQUITOS
4.8.1. Parasites
4.8.2. Viruses
4.8.3. Bacteria and other pathogens
4.9. BITING ACTIVITY OF MOSQUITOS
4.10. MOSQUITO AS NUISANCE
4.11. SURVEILLANCE AND ENTOMOLOGICAL STUDIES OF MOSQUITO VECTOR
4.12. MOSQUITO SURVEILLANCE AND COLLECTION
4.12.1. Light traps
4.12.1.1. CDC light traps
4.12.2. Human landing catch (collection)
4.12.2.1. Resting catch
4.13. OTHER TECHNIQUES USED FOR MOSQUITO COLLECTION
4.13.1. Adult sampling
4.13.2. Gravid Trap Box
4.13.3. The ovitraps
4.13.4. The Fay Prince trap
4.13.5. Precaution during human landing catch
4.14. MOSQUITO PRESERVATION, LABELING AND TRANSPORTATION
4.14.1. Preservation
4.14.2. Labeling
4.14.3. Mosquito identification
4.14.4. Dynamic and density of mosquito population
4.15. DATA PROCESSING AND FIELD EVALUATION OF MOSQUITO BITES VIA HLC METHOD FOR TESTING REPELLENT TREATED TEXTILES
4.15.1. Calculation for the efficacy
4.16. MOSQUITO LANDING RATES FOR THE EVALUATION OF REPELLENT IMPREGNATED TEXTILES EFFICACY!
4.16.1. Mosquito biting activity
4.16.2. Main objectives
4.16.3. Study site
4.16.4. Technique used to measure the mosquito landing bites rates
4.16.4.1. Results from Divjake study site
4.16.4.2. Results from Durres study site
4.16.4.3. Results from the Darzeze, Fier study site
4.17. CONCLUSION
4.18. PROSPECTIVE FOR FUTURE STUDY
4.18.1. The protocol used to test the repellent treated t-shirts
SECTION II: Mathematical Modeling Immunity: An Overview
CHAPTER 5: Models of Acquired Immunity to Malaria: A Review
5.1. INTRODUCTION
5.2. COMPLEX FACTORS OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY AND THEIR MODELING APPROACHES
5.2.1. Misleading binary view on malaria immunity
5.2.2. Functional immunity/clinical immunity
5.2.3. Unfounded assumptions about what protective efficacy of immunity constitutes
5.2.3.1. Transmission-blocking immunity (TBI)
5.2.3.2. Increase in recovery rate/Decrease in infection duration
5.2.4. Age and acquired immunity
5.2.5. Duration of acquired immunity to malaria
5.2.6. Malaria parasite variants
5.2.7. Acquired variant-specific and variant-transcending immunity
5.2.8. Superinfection/ Reinfection and acquired immunity
5.2.9. Other factors influencing the acquisition of immunity
5.2.9.1. Effect of intervention measures on immunity acquisition and malaria prevalence
5.2.9.2. Climatic driving effect on immunity acquisition
5.2.9.3. Effect of population dynamics on immunity acquisition
5.2.10. Summary of modelling approaches
5.3. DISCUSSION
Appendices
5.A. METHODS FOR LITERATURE SEARCH
5.A.1. Literature search strategy and selection criteria
5.A.2. Outcome of literature search
5.B. DETAILED MODEL DESCRIPTIONS
SECTION III: Mathematical Epidemiology including Mosquito Dynamics and Control Theory
CHAPTER 6: Multi-Strain Host-Vector Dengue Modeling: Dynamics and Control
6.1. INTRODUCTION
6.2. DESCRIPTION OF THE MODELS
6.2.1. Equilibria and basic reproduction number R0
6.2.2. Time scale separation
6.2.3. Example: SIR-UV model
6.3. TWO-STRAIN DENGUE MODELS
6.3.1. Host-only models
6.3.2. Host-vector models
6.4. COMPARISON OF HOST-ONLY AND HOST-VECTOR MODEL
6.4.1. Results for autonomous systems
6.4.2. Results for seasonally-forced systems
6.5. MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF CONTROL MEASURES FOR DENGUE FEVER
6.5.1. Description of a model with vaccination
6.5.1.1. Analysis of the SIRvUV model
6.5.1.2. Sensitivity analysis of the SIRvUV model
6.5.2. Model with vector control
6.5.2.1. Analysis of the SIRqVM model
6.5.2.2. Sensitivity analysis of the SIRqVM model
6.5.3. Viability analysis of vector control
6.6. CONCLUSIONS
Appendices
6.A. TIME SCALE SEPARATION, EXAMPLE: SIR-UV MODEL
6.B. PARAMETER VALUES
CHAPTER 7: Mathematical Models and Optimal Control in Mosquito Transmitted Diseases
7.1. INTRODUCTION
7.2. CONTROLLED MODEL
7.3. OPTIMAL CONTROL PROBLEM
7.4. NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Appendices
7.A. UNIQUE OPTIMAL SOLUTION
SECTION IV: Topological Studies: Topology Meets Mosquito Control
CHAPTER 8: On the Shape and Design of Mosquito Abatement Districts
8.1. INTRODUCTION
8.2. DESIGNS OF CURRENT MOSQUITO ABATEMENT REGIONS
8.2.1. Rhode Island, USA [3]
8.2.1.1. Mosquito Control Measures: 2019 Pesticide Applications
8.2.1.2. Mosquito Control Measures: 2019 Pesticide Applications
8.2.2. Winnipeg, Canada [4]
8.3. FLIGHT DISTANCES, PATTERNS AND TIMES OF VARIED MOSQUITOS AND DISEASE AGENTS
8.4. CREATION OF DISTRICTS
8.5. ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS
SECTION V: Chemometric and Mathematical Approach for Modeling and Designing Mosquito Repellents
CHAPTER 9: A Multiplatform Chemometric Approach to Modeling of Mosquito Repellents
9.1. INTRODUCTION
9.2. REPELLING COMPOUNDS IN THE SPOTLIGHT
9.3. THE IMPORTANCE OF CHEMOMETRIC MODELING IN DESIGN, CLASSIFICATION AND SELECTION OF REPELLING COMPOUNDS
9.3.1. QSAR platform for modeling of repellent activity
9.3.2. Linear chemometric regression modeling of repellence index
9.3.3. Non-linear chemometric regression modeling of repellence index
9.3.4. Mathematical validation of QSAR models
9.3.5. Chemometric classification methods as a platform for repellents selection
9.3.5.1. Cluster analysis
9.3.5.2. Principal component analysis
9.3.5.3. Sum of ranking differences
9.4. CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FURTHER RESEARCH
SECTION VI: Pharmacy Meets Mosquito Control: Using Pharmacological Tools Combating Mosquito Transmitted VBDs
CHAPTER 10: Pharmacological Approach to Combat Mosquito Transmitted Malaria
10.1. INTRODUCTION
10.2. PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF MALARIA
10.3. RESISTANCE TO ANTIMALARIAL TREATMENT, A GLOBAL THREAT
10.4. CLINICAL PHARMACOKINETICS OF ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS
10.5. TREATMENT OF PREGNANT WOMEN
10.6. TREATMENT OF INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN
10.7. CONCLUSION
SECTION VII: Using Natural Oils and Micro-encapsulation Combatting Mosquitos: An Overview
CHAPTER 11: Plant Based Repellents - Green Mosquito Control
11.1. INTRODUCTION
11.2. PLANT ESSENTIAL OILS - COMPOSITION AND EXTRACTION
11.3. EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT ESSENTIAL OILS AS MOSQUITO REPELLENTS
11.3.1. Lemon eucalyptus oil
11.3.2. Immortelle oil
11.3.3. Lavender oil
11.3.4. Citronella oil
11.3.5. Basil oil
11.3.6. Thyme oil
11.3.7. Neem oil
11.3.8. Rosemary oil
11.4. IMPROVING THE REPELLENT EFFICIENCY OF ESSENTIAL OILS
11.5. CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12: Micro-encapsulation of Essential Oils for Antimicrobial Function and Mosquito Repellency
12.1. INTRODUCTION
12.2. MICROENCAPSULATION TECHNOLOGY
12.2.1. Complex coacervation
12.2.2. Ionic-Gelation
12.2.3. Freeze-Drying
12.2.4. Spray-Drying
12.2.5. Emulsification
12.3. CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROCAPSULES
12.3.1. Particle size and size distribution
12.3.2. Surface charge
12.3.3. Release of the core material
12.4. ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND MOSQUITO REPELLENCY OF ENCAPSULATED ESSENTIAL OILS
12.5. CONCLUSION
SECTION VIII: Textiles and Paints as Mosquito Control Tools
CHAPTER 13: Mosquito Repellent against Anopheles Spp. and Aedes Aegypti on Cotton Fabric
13.1. INTRODUCTION
13.2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
13.3. RESULTS
13.4. CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 14: Silica-Based Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Treatments as Anti-Mosquito Textile Finishing
14.1. INTRODUCTION
14.2. ENCAPSULATION TECHNIQUES AND SOL-GEL CHEMISTRY
14.3. ANTI-MOSQUITO FINISHING BY SOL-GEL TECHNIQUE
14.4. CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 15: Cotton and Polyester Fabrics Plasma Coated with Hydrogenated Amorphous Carbon Films
15.1. INTRODUCTION
15.2. COATING PROCESS AND ANALYTICS
15.3. RESULTS
15.4. CONCLUSION
SECTION IX: Testing Methods for Treated Textiles with Mosquito-Repellents: An Overview
CHAPTER 16: Testing Methods for Mosquito-Repellent Treated Textiles
16.1. INTRODUCTION
16.2. ACTIVE INGREDIENT
16.3. TREATED METHOD
16.4. LABORATORY TESTING
16.5. FIELD TESTING
16.6. INFLUENCING FACTORS
16.7. CHALLENGES AND CONCLUSIONS: TOWARDS AN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
SECTION X: Case Studies: Putting Knowledge into Action
CHAPTER 17: A Case Study: How the Rephaiah Project Combats Malaria in Young Children
17.1. INTRODUCTION
17.2. MOSQUITO TRANSMITTED MALARIA IN MALAWI
17.3. GEOGRAPHICAL STRUCTURE AND DEMOGRAPHY OF THE COUNTRY
17.4. WHO OPERATION AND MOSQUITO CONTROL IN MALAWI
17.5. SUCCESSES AND FAILURES IN MOSQUITO CONTROL IN MALAWI
17.5.1. Successes
17.5.2. Failures
17.6. CONSEQUENCES OF CEREBRAL MALARIA IN YOUNG CHILDREN
17.7. SUPPORTING THE PROJECT
17.8. CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 18: Strengthening the Control of Mosquito Vectors in Cabo Verde
18.1. INTRODUCTION
18.2. STUDY AREA
18.3. PILOT STUDY I
18.3.1. Assessment of the use of substances with attractive power in ovitraps
18.3.2. Material and Methods
18.3.3. Results
18.3.4. Discussion
18.3.5. Conclusion
18.4. PILOT STUDY II
18.4.1. BR-OVT evaluation
18.4.2. Material and Methods
18.4.3. Results
18.4.4. Discussion
18.4.5. Conclusion
18.5. PILOT STUDY III
18.5.1. Evaluation of the effectiveness of insecticide paints
18.5.2. Material and method
18.5.3. Results and discussion
18.5.4. Conclusion
Bibliography