Bio#Futures: Foreseeing and Exploring the Bioeconomy

Foreword
Turning Ideas to Visions, and Visions to Actions
Contents
Introduction
Bio#Futures: An Overview
Scope and Objectives of the Bio#Futures Mission
The Four Pillars of the Bio#Futures Mission
Process and Product of the Bio#Futures Mission
Part I: Setting the Scene for Bio#Futures
Chapter 1: Bioeconomy as a Driver for the Upcoming Seventh K-Wave (2050–2100)
1 Introduction: The Corona Shock and the Fragility of the Planet
2 The Long-Term View to the Future
2.1 Sixth Wave (2010–2050)
2.2 Seventh Wave (2050–2100)
3 From Past to Future: The Development of the Human Relationship with Nature
4 The Sixth Wave Revisited
5 The Seventh Wave
5.1 Soil and Agriculture
5.2 Forest Sector
5.3 The Case of Algae
6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: What Can We Do? Participatory Foresight for the Bioeconomy Transition
1 Introduction
2 Why Is a Transformation Towards a Bioeconomy Necessary?
3 The Approach of Scenario-Based, Participatory Future Dialogues
4 The BioKompass Scenarios
4.1 Scenario 1: Rising High with High-Tech Bioeconomy
4.1.1 Future Story of Beate: High-Tech Savvy?, Environmentally Conscious and Self-Sufficient
4.1.2 Future Story of Barbara: Freelance Online Teacher and Forest Lover
4.1.3 Insights from the Future Dialogue
4.2 Scenario 2: Bioeconomy Through Ecologically Conscious Lifestyle
4.2.1 Future Story of Oda: Environmentally Conscious and Thrifty by Conviction
4.2.2 Future Story of Oskar: Successful Organic Farmer
4.2.3 Insights from the Future Dialogues
5 Conclusion: No Bioeconomy Without Change in Consumption?
Chapter 3: The Emergence of Bioeconomy in the 6th Kondratiev Wave of Change: A Horizon Scanning-Based Approach
1 Introduction
1.1 Defining Bioeconomy
1.2 A Lot at Stake
1.3 Risks and Opportunities
1.4 Research Objective
2 Methodology
2.1 Riding the Kondratiev Wave of Change
2.2 Horizon Scanning Approach
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Identification of the Most Relevant to Bioeconomy Opportunities
3.2 Identification of the Most Relevant to Bioeconomy Problems
3.3 Identification of the Most Popular Options for the Emergence of Bioeconomy
3.4 Clustering of Opportunities, Problems and Actions
3.5 Emerging Bioeconomy: The Role of Clusters
4 Concluding Remarks
References
Part II: Towards Circular Bioeconomy and Biosociety
Chapter 4: Strategies for a Rapid Transition to a Circular, Biobased Society
1 Introduction
2 Unlock the Full Potential of the Biomass by Upgrading All Components to the Highest Level
3 Upgrade All Types of Accessible and Sustainably Sourced Biomass – Not Just Crop Residues – But Also Industrial Side Streams and All Types of Organic Wastes
4 Upcycling of the Biorefinery Concept to a New Level by Growing Heterotrophic Organisms on Residual Streams, Creating a New Protein-Rich Biomass
5 Develop Biobased Products, Addressing a Whole Spectrum of Societal Challenges
6 Invest in Emerging Biobased Technologies, Taking Leapfrog Steps Towards a Biobased Society
6.1 Negative Emission Technologies
6.2 Circular Technologies for a More Sustainable Textile Industry (Re-use Textiles and Fibres)
6.3 BioAg Products, Substituting for Pesticides Through Improved Plant Robustness
6.4 New Biological, Soil Improving Products
6.5 Climate-Friendly Food and Feed Ingredients for Improved Health of Animal and Man
6.6 Biobased Public Health-Promoting Products
6.7 Improved Health of the Planet and Protection of Biodiversity by Biobased Products
7 Instruments and Drivers for Speeding Up Transitions
7.1 Incentives for and building the market
7.2 Transition through knowledge dissemination, public schools, life-long learning
7.3 New, more resource-efficient and climate- and environment-friendly agriculture, forestry and fishery are an option within reach
7.4 EU subsidies of primary production in the future linked to more green practices?
7.5 Social inclusiveness, creating jobs and rural development
8 International Win/Win Collaboration, Contributing to a More Sustainable Planet
9 Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 5: Circular Bioeconomy: A Path to Sustainable and Climate-Wise (Material) Economy?
1 Conflicting Uses of Biomass and the Potential for Sustainable Circularity
2 Bioenergy
3 Nutrition
4 Plastic Packaging – The Villain – Decreases Food Sectors’ GHG Emissions
5 Infrastructure: Wood in Long-Lived Products and Structures
6 Final Words
References
Chapter 6: The Bioeconomy Perspectives in Transformation Towards a Circular Economy in Poland
1 Introduction
2 Strategy of Bioeconomy Development in Poland
2.1 Overview
2.2 Road Mapping
2.3 Bioeconomy as a Strategic Area of National Smart Specializations
2.4 Bioeconomy: A Strategic Area of Regional Smart Specializations (RSS)
3 Diagnosis of the Bioeconomy Potentiality in Poland
3.1 Potential Feedstock and Bioproducts Demands
3.2 Bio-Inspired Industrial Potentiality in Poland
3.3 Bio Value Chain Model: Case of Food and Beverage Sector in Poland
4 Factors Conditioning Activities for the Development of Bioeconomy
5 Recommendations for the Implementation of Bioeconomy in the Concept of Circular Economy
References
Internet Sources
Part III: BioEcoJust Themes and Approaches
Chapter 7: Open Biofutures: The Challenge of Maintaining Agency for Long-Term Futures
1 Introduction
2 Bioeconomy and Justice Approaches to Long-Range Futures
3 A Future Studies Perspective
4 Closed Biofutures Versus Open Biofutures as Prompts for Imagining
5 Open Biofutures
6 Toward Transformative Agency
7 Reconsidering Futures, Informing Action Toward Long-Term Ethical Development of the Bioeconomy
8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Sensing and Making Sense of Emergent BioEthos Using Futuring Games
1 BioEthos Inform our Actions Towards Earth’s Life
2 Complexity, Situations, Worldmaking, Sensemaking, and Ethos
3 Game Elements and Their Interfaces to the BioEcoJust Sensemaking Framework
3.1 Design Choices for the BioEcoJust Game
3.2 The Mexico City Pilot
4 Exploring a Difficult Ethical Situation in 2075 as an Assemblage of Inter-related Roles and Role Worlds
4.1 How Do These Future People in the Situation Get Along?
4.2 Discussing the Underlying ‘Ethical Stuff’ of the Game
4.3 Formulating and Naming an Emergent BioEthos
5 Why the BioEcoJust Game Is Relevant to Understanding Existing and Potential Ethical Challenges in the Bioeconomy?
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Bioeconomy in Maturation: A Pathway Towards a “Good” Bioeconomy or Distorting Silence on Crucial Matters?
1 Introduction
2 Methods and Data Gathering
3 The Rise of Bioeconomy Policies
3.1 Critique of the First EU Bioeconomy Policies
3.1.1 Sustainability: Taken for Granted and Neglected
3.1.2 Harmful Hype
3.1.3 Suggestions for an Ameliorated Policy Approach to Bioeconomy
4 The Second Round of Bioeconomy: Cautious but Contradictory Narratives on Biomass
4.1 From Bioeconomy to Sustainable Circular Bioeconomy: Finite and Local Biomass and Land
4.2 Remaining Themes: Economic Emphasis and Bioenergy
4.3 The Conflicting Roles of Bioeconomy in Climate Measures
5 Delphi Analysis: Imaginaries of Good and Bad Bioeconomies Towards 2075
5.1 A “Bad” Bioeconomy in 2075
5.2 A “Good” Bioeconomy in 2075
6 Are We Approaching a “Good” Bioeconomy with the New Policies?
7 Conclusion
Bibliography
Part IV: Agro-Food and Healthcare Advancements
Chapter 10: Technological Landscape of the Agriculture and Food Sector: A Long-Term Vision
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Mapping of Global Trends in Agriculture and Food Sector
2.2 Consensus Vision of Global Technology Trends in Agriculture and Food Sector
2.3 Case Study: Long-Term Technology Trends in the Russian Agriculture
2.4 Specific Agriculture and Food Sector Technology Cases
3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Parallels Between the Future for MedTech and Agri-Tech, Perspectives Drawing on the British Experience
1 Introduction
2 Industry Overview
2.1 The British MedTech Ecosystem – Key Actors
2.2 The Agri-Tech Ecosystem Key Actors
2.3 Agri-Tech Industry and Policy in the UK
3 Strategies for Innovation and the Technologies Driving Innovation
3.1 MedTech Technologies Driving Innovations
3.1.1 Applications
3.2 Agri-Tech Technologies and Their Applications
3.2.1 Key Applications
4 Challenges
4.1 MedTech
4.2 Agri-Tech
5 Discussion and Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Genomic Vaccines for Pandemic Diseases in Times of COVID-19: Global Trends and Patent Landscape
1 Introduction
2 Conceptual Framework
3 Part I: Recent Vaccine Breakthroughs – Scientific Landscape
3.1 Vaccines and Gene Editing
3.2 Vaccines and Gene Therapy
3.3 Genomic Vaccines
3.4 Research Update – COVID-19
4 Part II: Vaccine Patent Landscape
4.1 Genomic Vaccines
4.2 Structural Vaccinology – Target Epitopes
4.3 COVID’s Vaccines
5 Part III: Global Preparedness and Vaccine Development
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Non-communicable Diseases in the Era of Precision Medicine: An Overview of the Causing Factors and Prospects
1 Introduction
2 Dietary and Lifestyle Factors
2.1 Hidden Hunger
2.2 Intermediate Metabolic Risk Factors
2.3 Vitamin D
2.4 Sodium
2.5 Free Sugars
2.6 Alcohol
2.7 Physical Activity
2.8 Cigarette Smoking
3 Environmental Factors
3.1 Air Pollution
3.2 Heavy Metals
3.3 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 14: Obstacles in the Adaptation of Biopesticides in India
1 Introduction
2 Major Constraints
3 Ifs and Buts
4 Further Work Required
References
Chapter 15: Energy Solutions for Agricultural Machinery: From the Oil Era Towards a Sustainable Bioeconomy
1 Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 The Productivity Revolution
1.3 Why Is Agriculture So Energy Demanding?
1.4 The Pursuit of Fossil-Free Agriculture: The Political Perspective
1.5 The Pursuit of Fossil-Free Agriculture: The Customer Perspective
2 Development of Different Traction Energies
2.1 The Steam Engine Era
2.2 The Gasoline and Kerosene Era
2.3 The Struggle to Make Use of the Cheaper Raw Oil
2.4 The World’s First Diesel Tractor
2.5 Biodiesel Fuels
2.6 Ethanol Fuels
2.7 Wood Gas and Methane
2.8 Early Electrical Visions
2.9 Battery-Based Vehicles
2.10 Towards the Fuel Cells Concept and Beyond
3 Examples of Electrification in Modern Times
3.1 Modern Fuel Cell Concepts
3.2 Modern Battery Concepts
3.3 Modern Cable-Based Tractors
4 Hybrid Concepts
5 More About Fossil-Free Thinking
5.1 Biogas Tractors Making Use of Farm Manure
5.2 The Case of Energifabriken
6 The Future of Farm Traction Energy
6.1 Agrosolary
6.2 Modern Steam Engines
6.3 The Hydrogen and Ammonia Vision
6.4 Robots and Their Energy Provisions
7 Concluding Discussion
7.1 Fossil Freedom
7.2 Cost-Effectiveness and Sufficient Concepts
7.3 Local Production of Energy at Farms
7.4 Notes on the Robotics Revolution
References
Part V: Sustainability Constraints and Prospects
Chapter 16: Embedding Sustainability Strategies to Protect God’s Gift: The Earth
1 Servicizing and the Sharing Economy
2 The Need and Growth of a Circular Economy
3 Designing for the Circular Economy
4 Environmental Innovation Through Biomimicry
5 Imbedding the UN Sustainable Development Goals to Achieve Sustainability
6 Developing a “Big Hairy Audacious Goal”
6.1 Washing Machines
6.2 Toilets
6.3 Urban Farming
7 Sustainable Strategies and Beyond
8 And for the Investment Community
References
Chapter 17: Biological Degradation of Odorous Air Pollutants
1 Introduction
2 Engineering Solutions for Odor Degradation
3 Biotrickling Filter Equipment and Operating Principle
4 Compact Trickle-Bed Bioreactor and Its Applications
4.1 Selection of Microorganisms and Adaptation to Target Pollutant
4.2 Small-Scale CTBB
4.3 CTBB Tests in Full Scale
4.4 Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 18: A Systematic Approach for Assessing and Managing the Urban Bioeconomy
1 Introduction
2 Managing the Bioeconomy: Lessons Learned and Challenges Ahead
2.1 Management Tools in a Systems Perspective
2.2 Latest Developments in Management Tools and Application Examples in the Bioeconomy Field
3 The Need for a Systematic Approach for the Urban Bioeconomy
3.1 The Urban Metabolism Concept and Its Applications to Resources Management
4 Needs for Implementing an Urban Bioeconomy Metabolism
4.1 The Role of Governance and of Social Aspects
4.2 The Urban Bioeconomy Metabolism as a Toolbox for the Management of Biomass Resources
5 Outlook
References
Part VI: Innovative Energy Solutions
Chapter 19: Innovation in Bioenergy: Factors Affecting Innovation in Biofuels
Development of Bioenergy and Biofuels: The Challenge for an Innovation
Biofuel, Technologies and Products
Biofuels Products
The Sources of Biofuels and the New Product Development
Biofuels for Transport
Biofuels for Heat and Electricity
Biofuels Value Chain
Innovative Biofuels Solutions in Łódź Region
Conclusions
References
Chapter 20: Increasing Flexibility of Biogas Plants Through the Application of Innovative Concepts
1 Biogas Technologies and Utilization Pathways: General Overview
2 Status Quo of Biogas Utilization in Germany
3 Technological Options to Increase the Flexibility of Biogas Plant
3.1 Flexible Power Generation in Demand-Driven Biogas Plants
3.2 Biogas Upgrade to Biomethane
3.3 Methanation of Raw Biogas to Biomethane
3.3.1 Biological Methanation
3.3.2 Thermochemical Catalytic Methanation of Raw Biogas to Biomethane
4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21: Case Study for Status and Exploration of Microalgae in Egypt
1 Introduction
2 Algal Bioactive Compounds
2.1 Extraction of Algal Bioactive Compounds
2.1.1 Carotenoids
2.1.2 Fatty Acids
2.1.3 Phenolic Compounds
2.1.4 Flavonoids
2.1.5 Protein Content
2.1.6 Carbohydrate Content
2.2 Uses of Algal Bioactive Compounds
3 Algal Biofuel Production
3.1 Bio-oil Production
3.2 Biodiesel Production
3.2.1 From Chlorella Species
3.2.2 From Spirulina platensis Species
Microalgae Used
Method
Variables Affecting the In Situ Transesterification Process
Effect of Catalyst Concentration
Effect of Reaction Time and Temperature
Effect of Stirring
Quality Assessment of Produced Biodiesel
3.3 Bio-Jet Production from Algal Oil
3.3.1 Catalyzed Conversion of Microalgal Biodiesel into Jet Fuel
4 Conclusion
References
Part VII: Bioeconomic Catalysts of Socio-Economic Development
Chapter 22: Bioeconomy Education
1 An Overview
2 A Strategy for Bioeconomy Education
3 The Complexity of Bioeconomy Education
4 Forms of Education in Bioeconomy and Specific Target Audiences
4.1 Raising the Awareness
5 The Innovative Character of Bioeconomy Education
6 Regional Aspects of Bioeconomy Education
7 Restructuring the Educational Platform
8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 23: Bioeconomy as Proponent of Digital Meanings Society
1 Introduction to Societal Transformation
2 Biosociety
3 Digital Meanings Society
4 Human Interaction with Nature: Conceptions and Typologies
4.1 Human Relation with Nature Through Progress or Decay or Cycles
4.2 Typologies and Metaphoric Dynamics of Human Interaction with Nature
4.3 Categories of a New Typology
5 Human Relation to Technology
5.1 The Promethean Thirst for Knowledge Through Technology
5.2 Hubris Followed by Nemesis
6 Bioeconomy Manifesting Digital Meanings Society
7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 24: New Humanism: A Vital Component of Sustainable Socio-technical Change
1 Introduction to Chapter
2 Dear Reader
3 The Need for a New Humanism?
3.1 The Stakes Are High
3.2 However, the Adagio Goes That the Recipes Are Known…
3.3 And Here Is the Thing
3.4 In Sum
3.5 The New Humanism Project
3.6 What Was Wrong with the ‘Old’ Humanism?
4 The Art of a New Humanism
4.1 The ‘Fact of Complexity’: New Characteristics of Our Modern Coexistence
4.2 The Need for and Power of an Ethical Competence
4.3 The Art and Right of Reflexivity
5 On Track to a New Humanism (Strategy of the New Humanism Project)
Part VIII: The Way Ahead, Key Trends and Lessons
Chapter 25: Bioeconomy in the Twenty-First Century: Global Trends Analysis Perspective
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 Exploring the Reference Point
4 13 Bioeconomy 2.0 Trends Till 2030
5 Bioeconomy Beyond 2030
5.1 Changing Competitiveness Factors
5.2 Changing Production Factors
5.3 Changing Image of Business
5.4 Changing Role of Managers
5.5 Changing External Factors: Wild Cards
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 26: Responsible Innovation in Industry: The Role of Firm’s Multi-Stakeholder Network
1 Introduction
2 The Role of Multi-Stakeholder Networks in Firm’s Responsible Innovation Management: A Literature Review
2.1 Responsible Innovation in the Industry
2.2 The Role of the Multi-Stakeholder Network in the Responsible Innovation Process
2.3 Innovation Process for Responsible Innovation
3 Research Methodology
3.1 Research Setting
4 Findings
4.1 Exploration Phase
4.2 Development Phase
4.3 Implementation Phase
5 Discussion and Conclusions
References
Chapter 27: Inclusion and Resilience in the Bioeconomy
1 Introduction
2 Inclusion
3 Biosphere Capacity
3.1 How to Assess Sustainability?
3.2 An Inclusive Understanding of Sustainability
4 Resilient Value Chains
4.1 Resilience in Value Chains
4.2 Managing Uncertainties to Achieve Sustainability
4.3 Commercially Successful Value Chains
4.4 Challenges to Inclusive Value Chains
5 Control over Genetic Resources
5.1 An Ongoing International Conflict
5.2 The Relevance of the Origin of Genetic Information
5.3 The Value of the Origin of Genetic Information
5.4 Fair Sharing of Benefits
6 Digitalization of Agriculture
7 Responsibilities
8 Conclusion
Literature
Index