Bio-Based Nanomaterials: Synthesis Protocols, Mechanisms and Applications

Front Cover
Bio-Based Nanomaterials
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
1 Cellulose-based nanomaterials for textile applications
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Biomaterials and its sources
1.3 Chitosan, cellulose, banana, and jute fiber derivatives and their advantages
1.4 Nanochitosan, nanocellulose, and natural fibers
1.5 Applications of biobased nanomaterials
1.5.1 Textile applications of nanochitosan
1.5.2 Textile applications of nanocellulose
1.5.3 Textile applications of banana fiber
1.5.4 Textile applications of jute fiber
1.6 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
2 Strategies for sustainable synthesis processes of nanocarbons from biomass
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Biomass and carbon nanostructures
2.2.1 Biomass chemistry
2.2.2 Carbon nanostructures characteristics
2.3 Synthesis processes of biomass-based nanocarbon materials
2.3.1 Graphene
2.3.2 Graphene quantum dots
2.3.3 Carbon nanotubes
2.4 Summary and outlook
Acknowledgment
References
3 Production of biopolymer-based nanoparticles
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Briefs of biopolymers
3.3 Synthesis of biopolymer-based nanoparticles
3.3.1 Cellulose-based nanoparticles
3.3.1.1 Acid hydrolysis
3.3.1.2 Enzymatic hydrolysis
3.3.1.3 Mechanical process
3.3.2 Lignin-based nanoparticles
3.3.3 Pectin-based nanoparticles
3.4 Summary and future aspects
References
4 Bio-based nanomaterials for properties and applications
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Preparation and applications of bio-based nanomaterials
4.3 Future prospects and conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
5 Enhanced dye recovery from textile effluents by means of biobased nanomaterials/polymer loose nanofiltration membranes
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Materials and methods
5.2.1 Materials
5.2.2 Membrane fabrication
5.2.3 Membrane characterization
5.2.4 Membrane performance tests and solute transport
5.3 Results and discussion
5.3.1 Scanning electron microscopy
5.3.2 Membrane wettability
5.3.2.1 Water uptake
5.3.2.2 Contact angle
5.3.3 Zeta potential
5.3.4 Membrane porosity and pore size
5.3.5 Membrane performance
5.3.5.1 Pure water flux and observed salt rejection
5.3.5.2 Dye rejection: solute transport modeling
5.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Data availability
References
6 Biodegradation and water absorption studies of natural gum rosin-based hydrogel
6.1 Biodegradation of hydrogels
6.2 Methods of biodegradation
6.2.1 Chemical process
6.2.2 Hydrolysis process
6.2.3 Microbial/enzymatic process
6.2.3.1 Composting method
6.2.3.2 Soil burial method
6.3 Water-absorption studies
6.4 Results and discussion
6.4.1 Composting method of biodegradation
6.4.2 Soil burial method of biodegradation
6.4.3 Evidences of biodegradation
6.4.3.1 Evidences of biodegradation stages through FTIR and SEM spectroscopy
6.4.3.1.1 FTIR studies of biodegraded hydrogel
6.4.3.1.2 SEM studies of biodegraded hydrogel
6.5 Water absorption properties of hydrogel in soil samples
6.6 Impact of biodegradation of synthesized samples on soil
6.7 Conclusion
References
7 Nanobiochar—a green catalyst for wastewater remediation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Modification of surface properties of biochar
7.2.1 Tuning of surface functionalities of biochar
7.2.1.1 Oxidation
7.2.1.2 Amination
7.2.1.3 Sulfonation
7.2.2 Surface composition engineering
7.2.2.1 Doping of biochar with heteroatom or metal nanoparticles
7.2.2.2 Surface integration of nanostructures
7.2.3 Pore structure tailoring
7.2.3.1 In situ activation
7.2.3.2 Postactivation
7.3 Properties intricate in reactive species and radical generation
7.3.1 Abundant oxygen functional groups
7.3.2 Development of environmental persistent free radicals
7.3.3 Redox properties
7.4 Biochar-based catalysts for wastewater treatment
7.4.1 Application of biochar in redox system
7.4.2 In Fenton-like system
7.4.2.1 Pure biochar as catalysts
7.4.2.2 Heavy metal-based biochar composites
7.4.2.2.1 Fe-based catalysts
7.4.2.2.2 Cu-based catalysts
7.4.2.2.3 Co-based catalysts
7.4.2.2.4 Mixed metal spinel-based catalysts
7.4.3 Application of biochar-based catalysts in sonocatalytic system
7.4.3.1 Biochar catalysts
7.4.3.2 Metal-biochar composites
7.4.4 Application of biochar-based catalysts in photocatalysis
7.4.4.1 Biochar catalysts
7.4.4.2 Metal semiconductor-biochar composites
7.4.4.3 C3N4- biochar composites
7.5 Conclusions
References
8 Polyhydroxyalkanoates based systems: the future of drug delivery and tissue engineering devices
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biosyntesis, main features, chemical modifications, degradation, and general applications of polyhydroxyalkanoates
8.2.1 Biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates
8.2.2 Harvest and main features of polyhydroxyalkanoates
8.2.3 Chemical modifications of polyhydroxyalkanoates
8.2.4 Degradation of polyhydroxyalkanoates
8.2.5 Application of polyhydroxyalkanoates
8.3 Polyhydroxyalkanoates for drug delivery systems design
8.3.1 Drug delivery systems
8.3.2 Drug delivery systems based on polyhydroxyalkanoates
8.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates as tissue engineering materials
8.5 Perspectives and challenges
8.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
9 Advanced applications of biomass for energy storage
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Renewable energy sources
9.1.2 Energy storage mechanisms
9.2 Materials used for energy storage devices
9.2.1 Carbonaceous materials
9.2.2 Biomass-derived carbons
9.2.2.1 Activated carbon
9.2.2.2 Hollow carbon spheres
9.2.2.3 2D and 3D carbons
9.3 Energy storage mechanism in carbon-based materials
9.3.1 Storage mechanism in carbon electrodes
9.3.2 Storage mechanisms in hybrid electrodes
9.4 Biomass-derived carbon for energy storage applications
9.4.1 Biomass-derived carbon for supercapacitors
9.4.1.1 Biobased carbon supercapacitors with aqueous electrolytes
9.4.1.2 Biobased carbon supercapacitors with organic electrolytes
9.4.1.3 Flexible supercapacitors based on biomass-derived carbon
9.4.1.4 Hybrid supercapacitor based on biomass-derived carbon
9.4.2 Biomass-derived carbon for batteries
9.4.2.1 Biomass-derived carbon for Li-ion batteries
9.4.2.2 Biomass-derived carbon for Na-ion batteries
9.5 Summary and outlook
References
10 Sericin-based nanomaterials and their applications in drug delivery
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Properties of sericin
10.3 Sericin-based biomaterials and their biomedical applications
10.4 Therapeutic potential of sericin-based nanomaterials in drug delivery
10.5 Clinical application of sericin-based biomaterials
10.6 Future perspectives and conclusions
Author contributions
Conflicts of interest
Acknowledgments
References
11 Bone tissue restoration by nanoscale features of biomaterials
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Bone tissue: structure and composition
11.1.2 Current concepts and mechanism of peri-implant bone regeneration
11.1.3 Importance of nanoscale surfaces on bone healing induction
11.2 Formation of a blood clot on a biomaterial during bone healing
11.2.1 Blood coagulation cascade activation on biomaterials
11.2.2 Fibrin clot formation on the biomaterial surface
11.2.3 Platelets adhesion and activation
11.3 Osteogenic differentiation of stem cells induced by biomaterials: mechanism and pathways
11.3.1 Functionalization of materials
11.3.2 The binding effect of the implant surface/extracellular matrix interaction and anchorage proteins
11.3.3 Processes after cell attachment
11.4 Neovascularization during bone healing
11.4.1 Biomaterials and additives
11.4.2 Endothelial cells and neovascularization
11.4.3 Increasing complexity: coculture of cells
11.4.4 Miscellaneous: different approaches
11.5 Bone apposition stimulation induced by surface properties of biomaterials
11.6 New trends in biomaterials development: bioinspired stratified scaffolds
11.7 Outlooks and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
12 Toxicological effect of biopolymers and their applications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Classification of biopolymers
12.3 Properties of biopolymers
12.4 Relative properties
12.5 Synthesizing properties
12.6 Component properties
12.7 Synthesis of biopolymers
12.8 Starch
12.9 Cellulose
12.10 Chitin and Chitosan
12.11 Gelatin
12.12 Polylactic acid
12.13 Poly(vinyl alcohol)
12.14 Polyurethanes
12.15 Poly(hydroxyalkanoates)
12.16 Poly(ε-caprolactone)
12.17 Toxicological effect of biopolymers
12.18 Applications of biopolymers
12.19 Synthesis of nanomaterials
12.20 Synthesis of nanocarriers
12.21 Biomedical field
12.22 Adsorbents for environmental remediation
12.23 Agricultural domain
12.24 Food industry
12.25 Conclusion
References
Index
Back Cover