Benefits of Silicon in the Nutrition of Plants

Foreword
Acknowledgment
Contents
Chapter 1: Silicon Biogeochemistry in Terrestrial Ecosystems
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Silicon Chemistry in Soils
1.3 Silicon Cycling in Natural and Agricultural Plant-Soil Systems
1.3.1 Si Bioavailability
1.3.2 Si Cycling in Natural Plant-Soil Systems
1.3.3 Si Cycling in Agricultural Plant-Soil Systems
1.4 Silicon Mitigating Drought
1.5 Si Controlling Nutrient Availability and Carbon Turnover
1.6 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 2: Silicon: Transcellular and Apoplastic Absorption and Transport in the Xylem
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Active Uptake of Si
2.3 Passive Uptake of Si
2.4 Rejection Uptake of Si
2.5 Si Transport in the Xylem
References
Chapter 3: Root Silicification and Plant Resistance to Stress
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Sites of Si Deposition in Roots
3.3 Silicon Transport in Plants – From Chemistry to Cell Biology and Anatomy
3.4 Silicification in the Root Cell Walls
3.4.1 Cellulose and Polysaccharides
3.4.2 Lignin
3.4.3 Callose
3.4.4 Proteins
3.5 Phytoliths
3.6 Stegmata
3.7 The Function of Silica Deposits in Roots
References
Chapter 4: Dynamics of Silicon in Soil and Plant to Establish Silicate Fertilization
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Silicon in Soils
4.3 Components of Silicon Cycle in Soil
4.4 Silicon in Plants
4.5 Bases of Silicon Fertilization
4.6 Silicon Application Rates
4.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Innovative Sources and Ways of Applying Silicon to Plants
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Sources and Ways of Supplying Si to Tropical Crops
5.2.1 Silicon Sources for Soil Application or Fertigation in Tropical Regions
5.2.2 Silicon Sources for Foliar Application in Tropical Regions
5.3 Final Considerations
References
Chapter 6: Silicon Mitigates the Effects of Nitrogen Deficiency in Plants
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Biochemical and Physiological Effects of N Deficiency in Plants
6.3 Beneficial Effect of Si on Plants Under Nutrient Deficiency Stress
6.4 Beneficial Action of Si in Tropical Plants Under N Deficiency: How Can Si Mitigate the Effects of N Deficiency?
6.5 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 7: Silicon Alleviating Potassium and Phosphorus Deficiency in Plants
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Silicon in the Plant
7.3 The Role of Silicon in Potassium-Deficient Plants
7.4 The Role of Silicon in Phosphorus-Deficient Plants
References
Chapter 8: Silicon Mitigates the Effects of Calcium, Magnesium, and Sulfur in Plants
8.1 The Relationship Calcium and Silicon
8.1.1 General Aspects
8.1.2 Sources of Calcium and Silicon
8.1.3 Physiological and Biochemical Benefits of Silicon in Mitigating Nutritional Calcium Deficiency
8.1.4 Calcium and Silicon Essential for Human Health
8.2 The Relationship Between Magnesium and Silicon
8.3 The Relationship Between Sulfur and Silicon
8.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 9: Silicon Mitigates the Effects of Zinc and Manganese Deficiency in Plants
9.1 Zinc Deficiency in Tropical Plants
9.2 Silicon Mitigates the Effects of Zinc Deficiency in Tropical Plants
9.2.1 Silicon Influences Zinc Uptake and Accumulation
9.2.2 Silicon Acts on Oxidative Metabolism and Reduces Zinc Deficiency Symptoms
9.2.3 Silicon Improves Physiological Responses and Increases Production in Zn-Deficient Plants
9.3 Manganese Deficiency in Tropical Plants
9.4 Silicon Mitigates the Effects of Manganese Deficiency in Tropical Plants
9.4.1 Silicon Influences Manganese Uptake and Accumulation
9.4.2 Silicon Acts on Oxidative Metabolism and Reduces Manganese Deficiency Symptoms
9.4.3 Silicon Improves Physiological Responses and Increases Production in Mn-Deficient Plants
References
Chapter 10: Silicon Mitigates the Effects of Boron Deficiency and Toxicity in Plants
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Boron and Silicon Interaction in the Development of Tropical Crops
10.2.1 Effect on Soil Solution and Root System Development
10.2.2 Effect on Shoot Growth and Biomass Production
10.2.3 Effect on the Development of Reproductive Organs
10.3 Final Considerations
References
Chapter 11: Effect of Silicon in Mitigating Iron Deficiency
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Iron Uptake and the Benefits of Si
11.3 Iron Redistribution and the Benefits of Si
11.4 Effect of Si on Oxidative Stress in Fe-Deficient Plants
11.5 Final Considerations and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 12: Silicon Mitigates the Effects of Aluminium Toxicity
12.1 Introduction
12.2 A Historical Perspective
12.3 A Brief Consideration of Silicon and Aluminium in Soils
12.4 Silicon and Aluminium Uptake and Accumulation by Plants
12.4.1 Silicon Uptake and Accumulation
12.4.2 Aluminium Uptake and Accumulation
12.4.3 The Interaction Between Silicon and Aluminium Uptake and Accumulation
12.5 The Amelioration of Aluminium Toxicity by Silicon in Experiments Carried Out in Hydroponic Cultures
12.5.1 Plant Growth
12.5.2 Effects on Mineral Nutrition
12.5.3 Effects on Oxidative Damage
12.6 Co-deposition of Silicon and Aluminium
12.6.1 Co-deposition in Roots
12.6.2 Co-deposition in Conifer Needles
12.6.3 Co-deposition in the Leaves of Dicot Trees
12.6.4 Co-deposition in Other Systems
12.7 Possible Mechanisms for the Mitigation Effect
12.7.1 Solution Effects
12.7.2 Mitigation in Root Systems
12.7.3 Mitigation in Shoot Systems
12.7.4 Mitigation in Tissue Culture Systems
12.8 Mitigation in Plants Grown in Soil
12.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Structural Role of Silicon-Mediated Cell Wall Stability for Ammonium Toxicity Alleviation
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Metabolic Targets and Structural Vulnerability in Root Cell Membranes and Cell Walls in Response to Ammonium Toxicity
13.2.1 High Ammonium Uptake Increases AMT-Dependent Apoplastic Acidification
13.2.2 Translocation of Ammonium from the Root Increases Ammonium Assimilation and Acidification in the Shoot
13.2.3 Ammonium Nutrition Decreases Protein N-Glycosylation-Dependent Ammonium Efflux and Arrests Root Elongation
13.2.4 Internal Ammonium Accumulation Initiates ROS-Dependent Cell Wall Lignification and Limits Cell Growth
13.3 Repairing Role of Si in Plant Cell Structural Components Resulting from Ammonium Nutrition
13.3.1 Silicon Decreases Oxidative Stress Caused by Excess Ammonium
13.3.2 Structural Role of Si in Cell Wall Stability Aiming at Ammonium Toxicity Alleviation
13.3.3 Silicon Supply Mitigates Ammonium Toxicity Symptoms Related to Plant Growth and Development
13.4 Conclusions and Future Perspective
References
Chapter 14: Silicon Mitigates the Effects of Potentially Toxic Metals
14.1 Introduction
14.2 HM Stress Mitigation Mechanisms
14.3 Effects of Silicon on Absorption, Transport, and Accumulation of HM
14.4 Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms
14.5 Morphological Alterations
14.6 Altering Gene Expression
14.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15: Beneficial Role of Silicon in Plant Nutrition Under Salinity Conditions
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Silicon and Salt Stress Remediation
15.3 Role of Si in Decreasing Na+ Uptake, Transport, and Accumulation
15.4 Increasing Mineral Uptake by Si Under Salt Stress
15.5 Special Role of Si in Increasing Plant Growth, Biomass, and Yield Under Salt Stress
15.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16: Silicon Mitigates the Effects of Water Deficit in Tropical Plants
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Damage to Tropical Plants Caused by Water Deficit
16.3 Plant Defense System Against Damage Caused by Water Deficit
16.4 Silicon for Mitigating Damage to Tropical Plants Caused by Water Deficit
16.5 Fertigation and Leaf Spraying with Silicon
16.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Association of Silicon and Soil Microorganisms Induces Stress Mitigation, Increasing Plant Productivity
17.1 Introduction
17.2 The Impact of Si and Plant Microbiome on Plants
17.3 Role Played by Rhizobacteria and Si in Plants During Environmental Stress
17.4 Role Played by Plant Hormones with the Application of Plant Microbes and Silicon
17.5 Crop Rotation and Fertilizer Use
17.6 Concluding Remarks, Limitations and Future Research
References
Chapter 18: Heat Stress Mitigation by Silicon Nutrition in Plants: A Comprehensive Overview
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Heat Stress Impact on Plants
18.3 Versatile Functions of Silicon in Mitigating Stress
18.4 Silicon in ROS Homeostasis
18.5 Si-Mediated Regulation of Heat Stress Tolerance in Plants
18.5.1 Rice
18.5.2 Wheat
18.5.3 Barley
18.5.4 Date Palm
18.5.5 Tomatoes
18.5.6 Strawberry
18.5.7 Cucumber
18.5.8 Poinsettia
18.5.9 Salvia
18.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 19: Silicon in Plants Mitigates Damage Against Pathogens and Insect Pests
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Mechanisms of Silicon Against Insect Pests and Pathogens
19.2.1 Formation of Physical Barrier
19.2.2 Biochemical Mechanisms
19.2.3 Biochemical Mechanism and Physical Barrier: A Joint Action
19.3 In Vivo and In Vitro Application of Silicon for Disease and Insect Pest Management
19.3.1 Role of Silicon in Viral Disease Management
19.3.2 Role of Silicon in Bacterial Disease Management
19.3.3 Role of Silicon in Fungal Disease Management
19.3.4 Role of Silicon in Insect Pest Management
19.4 Concluding Remarks
References