Beicher & MacKay's Obstetrics, Gynaecology and the Newborn, 4th Edition is an update of the highly acclaimed Obstetrics and the Newborn, 3rd Edition and Illustrated Textbook of Gynaecology. It is the most up-to-date resource in Obstetrics and Gynaecology targeting those with fundamental understanding of this subject area and is written from the Australian perspective with incorporation of the latest RANZCOG guidelines.
Experts throughout Australia and New Zealand have contributed content on the most prevalent topics encountered by obstetricians; gynaecologists and neonatologists today, ranging from global and indigenous reproductive health; sexual assault; gynaecological oncology through to neonatal assessment, malformations and transport. View more >
Key Features
Alignment to RANZCOG guidelines including unique perspectives from the President, provides invaluable information for practice in the Australia.
A summary of key points at the start of chapters highlights the main facts which readers should draw from each chapter.
A vast range of anatomical drawings, graphs and clinical photos provide a practical perspective on the theoretical component within the textbook.
Reference lists at the end of each chapter outline the strong evidence basis that supports the content of this edition.
Author(s): Michael Permezel, Susan Walker, Kypros Kyprianou
Series: Eğitim Tanrısı
Edition: 4th Edition
Publisher: Elsevier
Year: 2015
Language: English
Commentary: TRUE PDF
Pages: 752
City: Ankara
Tags: Obstetrics; Gynecology
Front Cover......Page 1
Inside Front Cover......Page 2
Half title page......Page 3
Dedication......Page 4
Beischer & Mackay's Obsterics, gynaecology and the newborn......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 6
Table Of Contents......Page 7
Foreword......Page 12
Preface......Page 13
Acknowledgements......Page 14
List of editors......Page 15
List of contributors......Page 16
List of reviewers......Page 18
1 Anatomy and Physiology......Page 19
Mons pubis......Page 20
Vaginal orifice......Page 21
Vagina......Page 22
Uterus......Page 23
Uterine tubes......Page 24
The bony pelvis......Page 25
The pelvic joints......Page 27
Luteal phase......Page 28
Gametogenesis......Page 29
Postmenopause......Page 31
Fertilisation......Page 32
Ectodermal layer......Page 34
Mesodermal layer......Page 36
Endodermal layer......Page 37
Early trophoblast......Page 38
Further changes in the trophoblast and decidua......Page 39
Tissues separating maternal and fetal circulations......Page 40
Fetomaternal haemorrhage......Page 42
The umbilical cord......Page 43
2 Obstetrics......Page 45
2.1 Normal Pregnancy......Page 46
Maternal age considerations in the timing of pregnancy......Page 47
Optimising treatment for pregnancy......Page 48
Pharmacological advice......Page 49
Diagnosing pregnancy......Page 50
Other means of determining the gestational age......Page 51
Blood group and antibody screen......Page 52
Thyroid function......Page 53
Exercise......Page 54
Infections......Page 55
Further reading......Page 56
Health promotion and preventative medicine......Page 57
Maternal weight......Page 58
Palpation......Page 59
First antenatal visit......Page 60
Blood group antibody screen......Page 61
Group B streptococcus (GBS) screening......Page 62
Further reading......Page 63
Dietary guidelines in pregnancy......Page 64
Iron......Page 65
Weight gain in pregnancy......Page 66
Further reading......Page 68
2.2 Problems of Early Pregnancy......Page 69
Clinical features......Page 70
Further reading......Page 71
Miscarriage......Page 73
Aetiology......Page 74
Assessment......Page 75
Complete miscarriage......Page 76
Missed miscarriage......Page 77
Recurrent miscarriage......Page 78
Tubal rupture......Page 79
Management......Page 80
Medical treatment......Page 81
Localised GTD......Page 82
Choriocarcinoma......Page 83
Initial management......Page 84
Follow-up......Page 85
Further reading......Page 86
2.3 Prenatal Diagnosis......Page 87
Introduction......Page 88
Second trimester maternal serum screening......Page 89
Integrated testing: combining first- and second-trimester screening......Page 91
Diagnostic tests......Page 92
Haemoglobinopathies......Page 93
Prevention of structural abnormalities......Page 94
Abnormalities of the central nervous system......Page 95
Abnormalities of the skeletal system......Page 96
Fetal tumours......Page 97
Management of pregnancies complicated by fetal genetic or structural abnormalities......Page 98
The expected short- and long-term outcomes......Page 99
Post-termination care......Page 100
Further reading......Page 101
2.4 Obstetric Complications......Page 102
Determine aetiology......Page 103
Clinical features......Page 104
Treatment......Page 105
Placental bed ischaemia......Page 106
Who and where?......Page 107
Further reading......Page 108
Fetal growth restriction......Page 109
Investigating for causes of FGR......Page 110
Management......Page 111
Management of labour......Page 112
Assessment of fetal wellbeing......Page 113
Ultrasound assessment of fetal Doppler studies......Page 114
Further reading......Page 115
Epidemiology......Page 116
Examination......Page 117
Calcium channel blockers......Page 118
Significance......Page 119
Conservative management of PPROM......Page 120
Pessary......Page 121
References......Page 123
Incidence......Page 124
Placental insufficiency and consequences......Page 125
Ultrasound and cardiotocography......Page 126
Further reading......Page 127
Incidence and aetiology of twins......Page 129
Determination of chorionicity and amnionicity......Page 130
Management in early pregnancy......Page 131
Fetal growth surveillance......Page 132
Twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS)......Page 133
Death of one twin......Page 134
Labour and delivery of twins......Page 135
High-order multiple pregnancy......Page 136
Further reading......Page 137
Incidence......Page 138
Determine aetiology (look for a cause)......Page 139
Planned vaginal birth versus elective caesarean section......Page 140
Management on admission......Page 141
First stage of labour......Page 142
Delivery of the aftercoming head......Page 143
Breech extraction......Page 144
Diagnosis......Page 145
Further reading......Page 146
2.5 Medical and Surgical Disorders in Pregnancy......Page 147
Classification of hypertension in pregnancy......Page 148
Deficient placentation......Page 149
Neurological......Page 150
Placental......Page 151
Differential diagnosis......Page 152
Management of preeclampsia without severe features......Page 153
Intravascular volume status......Page 154
Prophylaxis......Page 155
Convulsion first aid......Page 156
Further reading......Page 157
17 Thromboembolism, cardiac disorders and respiratory disease......Page 158
Physiological changes in pregnancy......Page 159
Antenatal......Page 160
Peripartum cardiomyopathy......Page 161
Further reading......Page 162
Pathology......Page 163
Management......Page 164
Transplacental (haematogenous) infections......Page 165
Chlamydial infection......Page 166
Mycoplasmal and ureasplasmal infection......Page 167
Tuberculosis......Page 168
Further reading......Page 169
Cytomegalovirus......Page 170
Rubella......Page 173
Diagnosis and management of fetal infection......Page 174
Fetal infection......Page 175
Maternal HIV......Page 176
Management of the infant......Page 177
Malaria......Page 178
Further reading......Page 179
Clinical sequelae......Page 181
Alpha-thalassaemia......Page 182
Haemoglobinopathies......Page 183
Pathogenesis......Page 184
Further readings......Page 185
Acute appendicitis......Page 186
Management......Page 187
Female genital mutilation......Page 188
Motor vehicle accident in pregnancy......Page 189
Ovarian cysts and tumours......Page 190
Physiological changes in pregnancy......Page 191
Pregnancy......Page 192
Further reading......Page 193
Background......Page 194
Clinical features......Page 195
Autoimmune hyperthyroidism (Graves’ disease)......Page 196
Antiphospholipid syndrome......Page 197
Blood transfusion......Page 198
Passive administration of anti-D......Page 199
Determining the partner’s antigen status......Page 200
Management of the moderate- or high-risk immunised pregnancy......Page 201
Neonatal alloimmune neutropenia......Page 202
23 Diabetes mellitus......Page 203
Screening for GDM at 26 to 28 weeks’......Page 204
The effect of diabetes on pregnancy......Page 205
Treatment......Page 206
Intrapartum care......Page 207
Further Readings......Page 208
Multiple sclerosis in pregnancy......Page 209
Postpartum care......Page 210
Cerebral venous thrombosis......Page 211
Further reading......Page 212
Emotional wellbeing in pregnancy......Page 214
Maternity blues......Page 215
Management of mental illness in pregnancy......Page 216
Electroconvulsive therapy......Page 217
References......Page 218
Further reading......Page 219
2.6 Common Clinical Scenarios and Presenting Problems in Pregnancy......Page 220
Management......Page 221
Differential diagnosis......Page 222
Pathophysiology......Page 223
Management......Page 224
Management......Page 225
Pathophysiology......Page 226
Management......Page 227
Assessment......Page 228
Management......Page 229
Further reading......Page 230
2.7 Labour and Birth......Page 231
2.7.1 Normal Labour and Birth......Page 233
The upper and lower uterine segments......Page 234
Biochemical changes in the myometrium, cervix and membranes prior to and in early labour......Page 235
The pain of uterine contractions......Page 237
The stages of labour......Page 238
Descent......Page 239
Trunk delivery......Page 241
Damage to the tissues of the pelvic floor......Page 242
Uterine atony in the third stage of labour......Page 243
28 Management of normal labour......Page 244
Examination......Page 245
The admission cardiotocograph......Page 247
Partner, family and friends......Page 248
Vaginal examination......Page 249
Auscultation of the fetal heart......Page 250
Ambulation and position......Page 251
Management of the normal second stage of labour prior to the actual birth......Page 253
Cord around the neck......Page 254
Clamping of the cord......Page 255
Await uterine contraction, placental separation and descent......Page 256
Controlled cord traction......Page 257
Management of an incomplete placenta......Page 258
Further reading......Page 259
2.7.2 Induction of Labour, Instrumental Delivery and Casearean Section......Page 260
Risks of birth occurring earlier than it would have occurred spontaneously......Page 261
Contraindications to vaginal birth......Page 262
Fetal surveillance following cervical ripening or induction of labour......Page 263
Contraindications to prostaglandin administration......Page 264
Excessive uterine muscular activity......Page 265
References......Page 266
Fetal compromise and/or inadequate progress with the head on the perineum; vaginal breech delivery......Page 267
Midline episiotomy......Page 268
Repair of the vaginal epithelium......Page 270
Prevention......Page 271
Clinical features......Page 272
Vulval or vaginal haematoma......Page 273
Further reading......Page 274
Choice between instruments: forceps or vacuum?......Page 275
Aftercoming head of a vaginal breech delivery......Page 276
Station prior to instrumental birth......Page 277
Obstetric forceps......Page 278
Mid-cavity forceps delivery......Page 279
Failed instrumental birth......Page 282
Shoulder dystocia......Page 283
Further reading......Page 284
Incidence......Page 285
Indications......Page 286
Inadequate progress in labour and/or fetal compromise (Ch 33)......Page 287
Preparation for caesarean section......Page 288
Surgical technique......Page 289
Postoperative care......Page 290
Uterine rupture......Page 291
Likelihood of achieving a vaginal birth if attempted after a previous caesarean section......Page 292
Further reading......Page 293
2.7.3 Intrapartum Clinical Problems......Page 294
Fetal compromise after epidural anaesthesia......Page 295
Umbilical cord......Page 296
Management of acute intrapartum fetal compromise......Page 297
Assess and treat the underlying cause......Page 298
Amniotic fluid quantity and meconium-staining......Page 299
Diagnosis......Page 300
Incidence......Page 301
Further reading......Page 302
The powers......Page 303
Obstructed labour, sepsis, fetal death, genital tract fistula......Page 304
Signs of obstructed labour......Page 305
Rationale......Page 306
Fetal complications......Page 307
Shoulder dystocia (impacted shoulders)......Page 308
Management......Page 309
5. Cleidotomy......Page 310
7. Caesarean section......Page 311
What causes flexion of the fetal head?......Page 312
Aetiology......Page 313
Sequelae of a posterior position at the start of labour......Page 314
Aetiology......Page 315
Clinical sequlae......Page 317
Clinical sequelae......Page 318
Intrapartum......Page 319
Incidence......Page 320
4. Contract the uterus......Page 321
Uterine atony......Page 322
Pathology......Page 323
Management......Page 324
Trauma......Page 325
The retained placenta in the absence of bleeding......Page 326
Further reading......Page 327
Aetiology......Page 328
Aetiology......Page 330
Aetiology......Page 331
Management......Page 332
Pathophysiology of labour pain......Page 333
Therapies that provide effective analgesia of moderate degree in some patients......Page 334
Establishing and maintaining block......Page 335
Anaesthesia for caesarean section......Page 337
General anaesthesia for caesarean section......Page 338
References......Page 339
2.7.4 The Puerperium and Lactation......Page 340
Physiological changes in the puerperium......Page 341
Renal system and urinary tract......Page 342
Physiology of lactation and breastfeeding......Page 343
Further reading......Page 346
0 to 6 hours after birth......Page 347
6 hours to 7 days after birth......Page 349
The first week......Page 351
Further reading......Page 352
Thromboembolism......Page 353
Secondary postpartum haemorrhage......Page 354
Urinary and bowel problems during the puerperium......Page 355
Further reading......Page 356
2.7.5 Global Women's Health and Indigenous Women's Health......Page 357
Introduction......Page 358
Maternal mortality......Page 359
Abortion......Page 360
Cervical cancer......Page 361
References......Page 362
Australian Indigenous women’s health in pregnancy......Page 363
Barriers to accessing healthcare......Page 364
Social and emotional wellbeing......Page 365
Infection......Page 366
References......Page 367
3 Gynaecology......Page 369
3.1 Gynaecological Assessment......Page 370
Surgical history......Page 371
Menstrual history......Page 372
The gynaecological examination......Page 373
Further reading......Page 375
Microbiology......Page 376
Obtaining the cervical sample......Page 378
Pelvic ultrasound......Page 379
Pelvic MRI......Page 382
Instrumentation......Page 384
Vaginoscopic approach......Page 385
Technique......Page 386
Applications of laparoscopy......Page 387
References......Page 388
3.2 Menstrual Disorders......Page 389
Imperforate hymen......Page 390
Hypothalamic–pituitary causes......Page 391
Absence of secondary sexual hair......Page 392
Sexual activity......Page 393
Further reading......Page 394
47 The menstrual cycle and menstrual disorders......Page 395
Menstruation: general description and terms......Page 396
The menstrual process......Page 397
Menstrual hygiene......Page 399
Clinical features......Page 401
Treatment......Page 402
Medical: hormonal......Page 403
Clinical features......Page 404
Medical: non-hormonal......Page 405
Other......Page 407
History and examination......Page 408
Biopsy......Page 409
Medical: hormonal......Page 410
Surgical......Page 413
Aetiology......Page 414
Examination......Page 415
References......Page 416
3.3 Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility......Page 418
Aetiology......Page 419
Evaluation......Page 420
Management......Page 422
Hypothalamic dysfunction......Page 423
Tubal factors......Page 424
Management of tubal disease......Page 425
Coital factors......Page 426
Intrauterine adhesions (Asherman’s syndrome)......Page 427
Unexplained infertility......Page 428
IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)......Page 429
Further reading......Page 430
Definitions......Page 432
Secondary amenorrhoea......Page 433
3. Ovarian failure......Page 434
Hypothalamic: hyperandrogenism including PCOS......Page 436
Assessment......Page 437
Medical treatment......Page 438
Ovulation induction......Page 439
Injectable gonadotrophin therapy......Page 440
Further reading......Page 441
50 Androgen excess, including PCOS, hirsutism and acne......Page 443
Non-classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia......Page 444
Diagnosis and investigations......Page 445
Mild or idiopathic hirsutism......Page 446
Pathogenesis......Page 447
Diagnosis......Page 448
Weight loss......Page 449
References......Page 450
3.4 The Menopause......Page 451
Physiology......Page 452
Assessment......Page 453
Lipid profile and cardiovascular disease......Page 454
Testosterone......Page 455
References......Page 456
Further reading......Page 457
3.5 Sexuality......Page 458
Introduction......Page 459
Sexual orientation......Page 461
Assessment of sexual problems......Page 462
Disparate sexual desire......Page 463
Painful coitus (dyspareunia)......Page 464
Medical care......Page 465
References......Page 466
3.6 Contraception, Sterilisation and Abortion......Page 468
53 Contraception, sterilisation and abortion......Page 469
Pregnancy risk......Page 470
Initiation of contraception......Page 471
Intrauterine contraceptive devices......Page 472
Combined hormonal contraception......Page 473
The vaginal ring......Page 474
The male condom......Page 476
The diaphragm......Page 477
Emergency contraception......Page 478
Calendar methods: rhythm method......Page 479
Vasectomy......Page 480
Medical termination of pregnancy......Page 481
Complications......Page 482
References......Page 483
Vaginal pH......Page 484
History......Page 485
Examination......Page 486
Vulval HSV types 1 and 2......Page 487
Prevention......Page 488
Syphilis......Page 489
Lymphogranuloma venereum......Page 490
Treatment......Page 491
Non-albicans Candida......Page 492
Cervicitis......Page 493
Neisseria gonorrhoea......Page 494
Diagnosis......Page 495
Criteria for the diagnosis of PID......Page 496
Management of PID......Page 497
References......Page 498
3.7 Urogynaecology......Page 500
Level 2: paracolpos......Page 501
Level 3: the perineal body and the levator plate......Page 502
Physical examination......Page 503
POP-Q terminology......Page 504
Evaluation/work-up......Page 505
Manchester repair......Page 506
Conclusions......Page 508
References......Page 509
Anatomy of the lower urinary tract......Page 510
Neurophysiology of the lower urinary tract......Page 511
Classification and aetiology of urinary incontinence......Page 512
Urgency urinary incontinence......Page 513
History......Page 514
Investigations......Page 516
Medication......Page 519
Surgery for stress urinary incontinence......Page 520
References......Page 521
3.8 Pelvic Pain and Endometriosis......Page 522
Nerve pathways......Page 523
Pain characteristics......Page 524
History......Page 525
Investigations......Page 528
Further reading......Page 529
Aetiology......Page 531
Surgical findings......Page 532
Clinical features......Page 533
Medical management......Page 534
Prognosis......Page 535
Further reading......Page 537
3.9 The Breast......Page 538
Breast anatomy, including anomalies......Page 539
Breast anomalies......Page 540
Breast physiology......Page 541
Mammography......Page 542
Fibroadenoma......Page 543
Duct ectasia......Page 544
Breast infection......Page 545
Paget’s disease of the breast or mammary Paget disease......Page 546
Lymph node status......Page 547
Radiotherapy......Page 548
Chemotherapy......Page 549
Locally advanced breast cancer......Page 550
References......Page 551
3.10 Neoplasia and Other Lumps......Page 553
Lichen sclerosus......Page 554
Lichen planus......Page 555
Cicatricial pemphigoid......Page 556
Management......Page 557
Candidiasis......Page 558
Desquamative inflammatory vaginitis......Page 559
Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)......Page 560
Cancer of the Bartholin’s gland......Page 561
Further reading......Page 562
Eversion and nabothian cysts......Page 563
Endocervical polyps......Page 564
Leiomyomas......Page 565
Aetiology and pathogenesis......Page 566
Histology......Page 569
Cervical screening......Page 570
Cytology......Page 571
HPV testing......Page 572
Treatment......Page 573
Adenocarcinoma in situ......Page 574
The diethylstilboestrol (DES) syndrome......Page 575
Stages IB1–IIA1......Page 576
Stages IB-IVA......Page 577
References......Page 579
Pathology......Page 581
Investigations......Page 582
Endometrial polyps......Page 583
Type 1 and type 2 endometrial carcinoma......Page 584
Clinical presentation......Page 585
Differential diagnosis......Page 586
Features of malignancy on ultrasound......Page 587
Further reading......Page 589
History......Page 590
Functional cysts of the ovary......Page 591
Pathology......Page 592
Borderline and malignant ovarian tumours......Page 593
Cystadenomas......Page 594
Borderline ovarian tumours......Page 595
Pathology......Page 596
Sex-cord stromal tumours......Page 597
Germ cell tumours......Page 598
Gonadoblastomas......Page 599
Further reading......Page 600
4 Neonatology......Page 601
Fetus......Page 602
The heart and lungs......Page 603
Introduction......Page 604
The birth of a newborn: the first minutes of life......Page 605
The Apgar score......Page 608
References......Page 609
General care......Page 610
Urine and stools......Page 611
Neonatal heel-prick screening......Page 612
Bonding, family and siblings......Page 613
The physical examination......Page 615
General observation......Page 616
Hands......Page 623
Grasp and Moro reflexes......Page 624
Fontanelles and sutures......Page 625
Encephalocele......Page 626
Mouth......Page 627
Sternomastoid tumour......Page 628
Female external genitalia......Page 630
Dislocation......Page 631
Tone and back......Page 633
References......Page 634
an international perspective......Page 635
Physiology of lactation......Page 636
Management of breastfeeding......Page 637
Breastfeeding difficulties......Page 638
Breast abscess......Page 639
A sleepy or lethargic baby......Page 640
Relactation......Page 641
Volume of feed......Page 642
Vomiting......Page 643
References......Page 644
Normal bilirubin metabolism......Page 646
Investigations......Page 647
Other Considerations......Page 648
Phototherapy......Page 649
ABO haemolytic disease......Page 651
Kernicterus......Page 652
References......Page 653
Developmental events......Page 654
Neonatal encephalopathy......Page 655
Outcome......Page 656
The floppy newborn......Page 657
Nerve palsies......Page 658
Drug withdrawal (neonatal abstinence syndrome)......Page 659
References......Page 660
Lung fluid......Page 661
Causes......Page 662
Management......Page 663
Investigation......Page 664
Respiratory distress syndrome......Page 665
Pneumothorax......Page 666
Diaphragmatic hernia......Page 667
Further reading......Page 668
The small for gestational age newborn......Page 669
The large for gestational age newborn......Page 671
References......Page 672
Antenatally acquired congenital infections: the TORCH infections......Page 673
Herpes simplex......Page 674
Conjunctivitis......Page 675
Systemic infection: neonatal sepsis......Page 676
Specific infections......Page 677
Viral hepatitis......Page 678
References......Page 679
Prevalence......Page 680
Congenital heart disease......Page 681
Hypoplastic left heart......Page 683
Other CNS malformations......Page 684
Hirschsprung’s disease......Page 685
Tracheo-oesophageal fistula......Page 686
Undescended testes......Page 687
Ambiguous genitalia......Page 688
Trisomy 18 (Edwards’ syndrome)......Page 689
Communication with the parents and genetic counselling......Page 691
References......Page 692
Red blood cells......Page 693
Pathological......Page 694
Hydrops fetalis......Page 695
Disseminated intravascular coagulation......Page 696
Blood in the stool......Page 697
Prematurity: definitions......Page 698
Neurological features......Page 699
Jaundice......Page 700
Intraventricular haemorrhage and periventricular leucomalacia......Page 701
Necrotising enterocolitis......Page 703
Patent ductus arteriosus......Page 704
Neurodevelopmental outcome......Page 705
Follow-up and post-discharge care......Page 706
Transport and retrieval......Page 707
References......Page 710
A......Page 711
B......Page 713
C......Page 716
D......Page 720
E......Page 721
F......Page 723
G......Page 724
H......Page 726
I......Page 728
L......Page 730
M......Page 732
N......Page 734
O......Page 736
P......Page 738
R......Page 744
S......Page 745
T......Page 747
U......Page 749
V......Page 750
Z......Page 752