Beginning Software Engineering

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Author
Acknowledgments
Contents
Introduction
What Is Software Engineering?
Why Is Software Engineering Important?
Who Should Read This Book?
Approach
What This Book Covers (and What It Doesn’t)
What Tools Do You Need?
Conventions
Errata
Important URLs
Contacting the Author
Disclaimer
Part I Software Engineering Step-by-Step
Chapter 1 Software Engineering from 20,000 Feet
Requirements Gathering
High-Level Design
Low-Level Design
Development
Testing
Deployment
Maintenance
Wrap-up
Everything All at Once
Summary
What You Learned in This Chapter
Chapter 2 Before the Beginning
Document Management
Historical Documents
Email
Code
Code Documentation
Application Documentation
Summary
What You Learned in This Chapter
Chapter 3 The Team
Team Features
Clear Roles
Effective Leadership
Clear Goals
Consensus
Open Communication
Support for Risk-Taking
Shared Accountability
Informal Atmosphere
Trust
Team Roles
Common Roles
More-Specialized Roles
Informal Roles
Roles Wrap-Up
Team Culture
Interviews
Interview Puzzles
The Bottom Line
Physical Environment
Creativity
Office Space
Ergonomics
Work-Life Balance
Collaboration Software
Searching
Overload
Outsourcing
Summary
What You Learned in This Chapter
Chapter 4 Project Management
Executive Support
Project Management
PERT Charts
Critical Path Methods
Gantt Charts
Scheduling Software
Predicting Times
Get Experience
Break Unknown Tasks into Simpler Pieces
Look for Similarities
Expect the Unexpected
Track Progress
Risk Management
Summary
What You Learned in This Chapter
Chapter 5 Requirements Gathering
Requirements Defined
Clear
Unambiguous
Consistent
Prioritized
Verifiable
Words to Avoid
Requirement Categories
Audience-Oriented Requirements
Business Requirements
User Requirements
Functional Requirements
Nonfunctional Requirements
Implementation Requirements
FURPS
FURPS+
Common Requirements
Gathering Requirements
Listen to Customers (and Users)
Use the Five Ws (and One H)
Who
What
When
Where
Why
How
Study Users
Refining Requirements
Copy Existing Systems
Clairvoyance
Brainstorm
Recording Requirements
UML
User Stories
Use Cases
Prototypes
Requirements Specification
Validation and Verification
Changing Requirements
Digital Transformation
What to Digitize
How to Digitize
Summary
Exercises
What You Learned in This Chapter
Chapter 6 High-Level Design
The Big Picture
What to Specify
Security
Hardware
User Interface
Internal Interfaces
External Interfaces
Architecture
Monolithic
Client/Server
Component-Based
Service-Oriented
Data-Centric
Event-Driven
Rule-Based
Distributed
Mix and Match
Reports
Other Outputs
Database
Audit Trails
User Access
Database Maintenance
NoSQL
Cloud Databases
Configuration Data
Data Flows and States
Training
UML
Structure Diagrams
Behavior Diagrams
Activity Diagrams
Use Case Diagram
State Machine Diagram
Interaction Diagrams
Sequence Diagram
Communication Diagram
Timing Diagram
Interaction Overview Diagram
UML Summary
Summary
What You Learned in This Chapter
Chapter 7 Low-Level Design
Design Approaches
Design-to-Schedule
Design-to-Tools
Process-Oriented Design
Data-Oriented Design
Object-Oriented Design
Hybrid Approaches
High, Low, and Iterative Design
OO Design
Identifying Classes
Building Inheritance Hierarchies
Refinement
Generalization
Hierarchy Warning Signs
Object Composition
Database Design
Relational Databases
First Normal Form
Second Normal Form
Third Normal Form
Higher Levels of Normalization
When to Optimize
Summary
What You Learned in This Chapter
Chapter 8 Security Design
Security Goals
Security Types
Cybersecurity
Shift-Left Security
Malware Menagerie
Phishing and Spoofing
Social Engineering Attacks
Crapware
Password Attacks
User Access
Countermeasures
Cyber Insurance
Summary
What You Learned in This Chapter
Chapter 9 User Experience Design
Design Mindset
UI vs. UX
UX Designers
Platform
User Skill Level
Beginners and Beyond
Configuration
Hidden Configuration
Models
Metaphors and Idioms
Case Study: Microsoft Word
Design Guidelines
Allow Exploration
Make the Interface Immutable
Support Commensurate Difficulty
Avoid State
Make Similar Things Similar
Provide Redundant Commands
Do the Right Thing
Show Qualitative Data, Explain Quantitative Data
Give Forms Purpose
Gather All Information at Once
Provide Reasonable Performance
Only Allow What’s Right
Flag Mistakes
Form Design
Use Standard Controls
Decorating
Displaying
Arranging
Commanding
Selecting
Entering
Display Five Things
Arrange Controls Nicely
Summary
What You Learned in This Chapter
Chapter 10 Programming
Tools
Hardware
Network
Development Environment
Source Code Control
Profilers
Static Analysis Tools
Testing Tools
Source Code Formatters
Refactoring Tools
Training
Collaboration Tools
Algorithms
Top-Down Design
Programming Tips and Tricks
Be Alert
Write for People, Not the Computer
Comment First
Write Self-Documenting Code
Keep It Small
Stay Focused
Avoid Side Effects
Validate Results
Practice Offensive Programming
Use Exceptions
Write Exception Handlers First
Don’t Repeat Code
Defer Optimization
Summary
What You Learned in This Chapter
Chapter 11 Algorithms
Algorithm Study
Algorithmic Approaches
Decision Trees
Knapsack
The Eight Queens Problem
Exhaustive Search
Backtracking
Pruning Trees
Branch and Bound
Heuristics
Greedy
Divide and Conquer
Recursion
Dynamic Programming
Caching
Randomization
Monte Carlo Algorithms
Las Vegas Algorithms
Atlantic City Algorithms
State Diagrams
Design Patterns
Creational Patterns
Structural Patterns
Behavioral Patterns
Design Pattern Summary
Parallel Programming
Artificial Intelligence
Definitions
Learning Systems
Natural Language Processing
Artificial Neural Network
Deep Learning
Expert System
Artificial General Intelligence
Algorithm Characteristics
Summary
What You Learned in This Chapter
Chapter 12 Programming Languages
The Myth of Picking a Language
Language Generations
First Generation
Second Generation
Third Generation (3GL)
Fourth Generation
Fifth Generation
Sixth Generation
IDEs
Language Families
Assembly
Imperative
Procedural
Declarative
Object-Oriented
Functional
Specialized
Language Family Summary
The Best Language
Summary
What You Learned in This Chapter
Chapter 13 Testing
Testing Goals
Reasons Bugs Never Die
Diminishing Returns
Deadlines
Consequences
It’s Too Soon
Usefulness
Obsolescence
It’s Not a Bug
It Never Ends
It’s Better Than Nothing
Fixing Bugs Is Dangerous
Which Bugs to Fix
Levels of Testing
Unit Testing
Integration Testing
Regression Testing
Automated Testing
Component Interface Testing
System Testing
Acceptance Testing
Other Testing Categories
Testing Techniques
Exhaustive Testing
Black-Box Testing
White-Box Testing
Gray-Box Testing
Testing Habits
Test and Debug When Alert
Test Your Own Code
Have Someone Else Test Your Code
Fix Your Own Bugs
Think Before You Change
Don’t Believe in Magic
See What Changed
Fix Bugs, Not Symptoms
Test Your Tests
How to Fix a Bug
Estimating Number of Bugs
Tracking Bugs Found
Seeding
The Lincoln Index
Summary
What You Learned in This Chapter
Chapter 14 Deployment
Scope
The Plan
Cutover
Staged Deployment
Gradual Cutover
Incremental Deployment
Parallel Testing
Deployment Tasks
Deployment Mistakes
Summary
What You Learned in This Chapter
Chapter 15 Metrics
Wrap Party
Defect Analysis
Species of Bugs
Discoverer
Severity
Creation Time
Age at Fix
Task Type
Defect Database
Ishikawa Diagrams
Software Metrics
Qualities of Good Attributes and Metrics
Using Metrics
Process Metrics
Project Metrics
Things to Measure
Size Normalization
Function Point Normalization
Count Function Point Metrics
Multiply by Complexity Factors
Calculate Complexity Adjustment Value
Calculate Adjusted FP
Summary
What You Learned in This Chapter
Chapter 16 Maintenance
Maintenance Costs
Task Categories
Perfective Tasks
Feature Improvements
New Features
The Second System Effect
Adaptive Tasks
Corrective Tasks
Preventive Tasks
Clarification
Code Reuse
Improved Flexibility
Bug Swarms
Bad Programming Practices
Individual Bugs
Not Invented Here
Task Execution
Summary
What You Learned in This Chapter
Part II Process Models
Chapter 17 Predictive Models
Model Approaches
Prerequisites
Predictive and Adaptive
Success and Failure Indicators for Predictive Models
Advantages and Disadvantages of Predictive Models
Waterfall
Waterfall with Feedback
Sashimi
Incremental Waterfall
V-model
Software Development Life Cycle
Summary
What You Learned in This Chapter
Chapter 18 Iterative Models
Iterative vs. Predictive
Iterative vs. Incremental
Prototypes
Types of Prototypes
Pros and Cons
Spiral
Clarifications
Pros and Cons
Unified Process
Pros and Cons
Rational Unified Process
Cleanroom
Cowboy Coding
Summary
What You Learned in This Chapter
Chapter 19 RAD
RAD Principles
James Martin RAD
Agile
Self-Organizing Teams
Agile Techniques
Communication
Incremental Development
Focus on Quality
XP
XP Roles
XP Values
XP Practices
Have a Customer On-Site
Play the Planning Game
Use Stand-UpMeetings
Make Frequent Small Releases
Use Intuitive Metaphors
Keep Designs Simple
Defer Optimization
Refactor When Necessary
Give Everyone Ownership of the Code
Use Coding Standards
Promote Generalization
Use Pair Programming
Test Constantly
Integrate Continuously
Work Sustainably
Use Test-Drivenand Test-First Development
Scrum
Scrum Roles
Scrum Sprints
Planning Poker
Burndown
Velocity
Lean
Lean Principles
Crystal
Crystal Clear
Crystal Yellow
Crystal Orange
Feature-Driven Development
FDD Roles
FDD Phases
Develop a Model
Build a Feature List
Plan by Feature
Design by Feature
Build by Feature
FDD Iteration Milestones
Disciplined Agile Delivery
DAD Principles
DAD Roles
DAD Phases
Dynamic Systems Development Method
DSDM Phases
DSDM Principles
DSDM Roles
Kanban
Kanban Principles
Kanban Practices
Kanban Board
Summary
What You Learned in This Chapter
Part III Advanced Topics
Chapter 20 Software Ethics
Ethical Behavior
IEEE-CS/ACM
ACS
CPSR
Business Ethics
NADA
Hacker Ethics
Hacker Terms
Responsibility
Gray Areas
Software Engineering Dilemmas
Misusing Data and the Temptation of Free Data
Disruptive Technology
Algorithmic Bias
False Confidence
Lack of Oversight
Getting Paid
Thought Experiments
The Tunnel Problem
The Trolley Problem
Summary
What You Learned in This Chapter
Chapter 21 Future Trends
Security
UX/UI
Code Packaging
Cloud Technology
Software Development
Algorithms
Tech Toys
Summary
What You Learned in This Chapter
Appendix: Solutions to Exercises
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Glossary
Index
EULA