Preface
Contents
Part I: Challenges of Pain Management and Types of Bedside Interventions
Challenges of Pain Management and the Role of Bedside Interventions
1 Overview
2 Historical Aspects
3 Recent Developments
4 Role of Bedside Interventions
5 Challenges of Inpatient Pain Management
6 Conclusion
References
Clinical Assessment of Pain and Assessment of Outcomes of Bedside Procedures
1 Overview
2 Initial Encounter
3 Detailed History
Onset
Location
Duration
Course/Frequency
Character
Aggravating/Alleviating Factors
Related Symptoms
Severity
4 Assessment Tools
5 Physical Examination
Inspection
Palpation
Range of Motion
Percussion/Auscultation
Motor
Sensory
Provocative Testing
6 Post-procedure Evaluation
References
Further Reading
Pharmacotherapy of Pain in the Hospital: Review of Limitations
1 Background
2 Pain Medications
Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
Acetaminophen
Antidepressants and Antiepileptic Drugs
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Opioids
3 Pain Consult/Bedside Procedures
4 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Sedation and Patient Monitoring for Bedside Pain Management Interventions
1 Overview
2 Historical Aspects, Levels of Sedation
3 Anesthesia for Outpatient Procedures
4 Anesthesia for Inpatient and ICU Procedures
5 Potential Complications
6 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
Further Reading
Bedside Joint, Muscle, and Tendon Injections: Overview
1 Overview
2 Historical Aspects
Types of Injections
Types of Injection Medications
3 Recent Developments
4 Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Further Reading
Bedside Peripheral Nerve Blockade: Overview
1 Introduction
2 Bedside Peripheral Nerve Blockade: Overview
Background
Materials, Location, and Supplies
Ultrasound
Needles and Catheters
Local Anesthetics
Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity
Upper Extremity Nerve Blocks
Interscalene Block
Supraclavicular Nerve Block
Infraclavicular Nerve Block
Axillary Nerve Block
Lower Extremity Nerve Blocks
Femoral Nerve Block
Adductor Canal Block
Popliteal Sciatic Nerve Block
Truncal Nerve Blocks
Paravertebral Nerve Block
Erector Spinae Block
Transverse Abdominal Plane Block
Rectus Sheath Blocks
3 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Manual Medicine Interventions for Bedside Pain Management
1 Overview
2 Historical Aspects and Introduction to Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment
3 Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment for the Head and Neck, Low Back, Hip and Sacrum
4 Potential Complications
5 Documentation of Osteopathic Treatment
6 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
Further Reading
Bedside Electro-Acupuncture
1 Overview
2 Background and Mechanism of Action
3 Clinical Application and Presentation of Techniques
Intensity
Frequency
Waveform
Continuous
Intermittent
Dense/Disperse
Duration of Treatment
Location of Needle Input
Craig Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (PENS)
Osteopuncture
Gokavi Transverse Technique (GTT)
Systemic Regulatory Points
4 Cautions and Contraindications
5 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
Further Reading
Bedside Pain Psychology, Spiritual and Complementary Medicine Interventions
1 Introduction
2 Benefits, Risks, and Limitations of Behavioral Interventions
3 Patient Evaluation
4 Interventions
Patient Education
Music and Art
Guided Imagery
Breathing Exercises
Recreation and Journaling
Solution-Focused
Spiritual Interventions
Mindfulness
Service Animals
Reiki
Massage
Aromatherapy
5 Summary
References
Further Reading
Patient Safety Considerations for Bedside Interventions
1 Overview
2 Procedure Preparation
Informed Consent
The Universal Protocol
Hand Hygiene
Procedure Site Antisepsis
3 Adverse Events During Bedside Procedures
Provider Needlestick
Infection
Peripheral Nerve Injury
Pneumothorax
Vascular Injection and LAST
4 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Part II: Technology and Tools for Bedside Interventions
Imaging Vs Landmark Techniques for Bedside Interventions: Which Modality to Choose
1 Overview
2 Available Imaging Modalities
3 Which Modality to Choose for Bedside Interventions
Shoulder Girdle Injections
Hip Injections
Sacroiliac Joint Injections
Knee Injections
Greater Trochanteric Pain/Bursa Injections
Piriformis Muscle Injections
Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve Block
Greater Occipital Nerve Block
Ilioinguinal/Iliohypogastric Block
Pudendal Nerve Block
4 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Point-of-Care Ultrasound
1 Overview
2 Historical Aspects and Traditional Approaches
3 Recent Developments
4 Concerns and Drawbacks
5 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
Further Reading
Neuromodulation at the Bedside
1 Bedside Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
Overview
Indications and Contraindications
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Viscosupplementation for Osteoarthritic Pain
1 Overview
2 Historical Aspects
3 Recent Developments
4 Potential Concerns
5 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Bedside Physiotherapy: Therapeutic Ultrasound and Other Physical Factors
1 Therapeutic Ultrasound
Low-Intensity Therapeutic Ultrasound/Ultrasound Diathermy
High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound
2 Other Physical Modalities
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT)
Millimeter Waves Therapy (MWT)
References
Bedside Transcutaneous Drug Delivery
1 Overview
2 Topical Creams
3 Patches
4 Phonophoresis
5 Iontophoresis
6 Patient-Controlled Transcutaneous Fentanyl
7 Conclusion
References
Kinesio Taping for Bedside Pain Management
1 Overview
2 Historical Aspects
3 Theories
4 Application of Tape
Definitions
5 Research
6 Concerns/Drawbacks
7 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Part III: Bedside Interventions for Special Patient Populations
Special Considerations for Bedside Pain Management Interventions for Elderly
1 Overview
2 Historical Aspects and Recent Developments
3 Non Pharmacologic Interventions
4 Pharmacologic Interventions
5 Additional Concerns
6 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
Further Reading
Special Considerations for Bedside Pain Management Interventions for Chronic Pain Patients
1 Background
2 Common Bedside Procedures
3 Special Considerations for Bedside Procedures in Chronic Pain Patients
4 Maximizing Outcomes
5 Summary and Future Directions
References
Further Reading
Special Considerations for Bedside Pain Management Interventions for Morbidly Obese Individuals
1 Overview
2 Specifics of Bedside Interventions for Morbidly Obese Individuals
3 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Special Considerations for Bedside Pain Management Interventions in the Emergency Department
1 Overview
2 Historical Aspects
3 Bedside Interventional Pain Procedures
Peripheral Nerve Blocks
Acupuncture
Hypnotherapy, and Other Psychological Interventions in the Emergency Department
4 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Special Considerations for Bedside Pain Management Interventions in the Intensive Care Unit
1 Overview
2 Bedside Pain Management Interventions for Trauma Patients in the Intensive Care Unit
3 Bedside Pain Management Interventions for Patients After Cardiothoracic Surgery
4 Bedside Procedures for Patients After Abdominal Surgery
5 Bedside Procedures for Patients with Pre-existing Chronic Pain Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit
6 Bedside Procedures for Patients Transitioned from Intensive Care to Palliative Care
7 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Part IV: Bedside Procedures for Head, Neck and Back Pain
Peripheral Nerve Blocks for the Management of Headache and Face Pain
1 Overview
2 Supraorbital Nerve Blocks
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
Techniques
Landmark Technique, Supraorbital Nerve Block
Ultrasound-Guided Technique, Supraorbital Nerve Block
3 Infraorbital Nerve Block
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Techniques
Landmark Technique, Infraorbital Nerve Block
Ultrasound-Guided Technique, Infraorbital Nerve Block
4 Mental Nerve Block
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Technique
Extraoral Approach, Mental Nerve Block
Intraoral Approach, Mental Nerve Block
Ultrasound-Guided Approach, Mental Nerve Block
5 Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Bedside Injections for Temporomandibular Pain
1 Overview and Indications
2 Clinical Anatomy
3 Equipment and Supplies
4 Techniques
5 Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
6 Clinical and Technical Pearls
References
Further Reading
Greater Occipital Nerve Block
1 Overview
2 Lndications and Contraindications
3 Clinical Anatomy
4 Equipment and Supplies
5 Techniques
Anatomic Landmark Technique
Ultrasound-Guided Greater Occipital Nerve Block
6 Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Intranasal Block
1 Overview
2 Indications and Contraindications
3 Clinical Anatomy
4 Equipment and Supplies
5 Techniques
Intranasal Block, Drip Method
Intranasal Block, Q-Tip Method
6 Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Botulinum Toxin Injections for Chronic Migraine and Cervical Dystonia
1 OnabotulinumtoxinA Injections for Chronic Migraine and Cervical Dystonia
Overview
Clinical Presentation and Indications
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies for Chronic Migraine Injections
2 OnabotulinumtoxinA Injections for Chronic Migraine, Landmark Technique
Potential Complications and Adverse Events
Equipment and Supplies for Cervical Dystonia Injections
3 OnabotulinumtoxinA Injections for Cervical Dystonia, Ultrasound/EMG Guided Technique
Potential Complications and Adverse Events
References
Further Reading
Noninvasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Electrotherapy for Headaches
1 Noninvasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Electrotherapy for Headaches
Overview
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
Stimulation Technique and Protocol
Potential Complications and Adverse Events
References
Further Reading
Superficial Cervical Plexus Nerve Block
1 Superficial Cervical Plexus Block
Overview
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
Cervical Plexus Block, Landmark Technique
Ultrasound Technique
Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Cervical Medial Branch Block
1 Ultrasound-Guided Cervical Medial Branch Block
Overview
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
Cervical Medial Branch Block, Long Axis (Coronal) Technique
Cervical Medial Branch Block, Transverse Technique
Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Stellate Ganglion Block
1 Stellate Ganglion Block
Overview
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
Landmark Technique
Stellate Ganglion Block, Ultrasound Technique
Anterior Approach at C6
Anterior Approach at C7
Response from the Block
Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Trigger Point Injections
1 Overview
2 Indications and Contraindications
3 Clinical Anatomy
4 Equipment and Supplies
5 Procedure
6 Ultrasound Technique
7 Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Bedside Ligamentous Injections
1 Bedside Ligamentous Injections
Overview
2 Indications and Contraindications
3 Clinical Anatomy
4 Equipment and Supplies
5 Ligamentous Injections, Landmark, and Ultrasound-Guided Techniques
Ultrasound-Guided Interspinous and Supraspinous Injection
Ultrasound-Guided Iliolumbar and Sacral Ligament Injections
6 Ligamentous Injections, Various Injectates
Corticosteroids
Prolotherapy
Platelet-Rich Plasma
Potential Complications
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Paravertebral Blocks
1 Paravertebral Blocks
Overview
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
2 Paravertebral Block, Landmark Technique
3 Ultrasound Technique
4 Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Interfascial Plane Blocks
1 Overview
2 Erector Spinae Plane Block
Anatomy
Indications and Contraindications
Equipment
Technique
Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
3 Rhomboid Block (RB) and Rhomboid: Sub Serratus Plane Block (RSS)
Anatomy
Indications
Equipment and Technique
4 Trapezius Muscle Plane Block
5 Serratus Posterior superior Muscle Plane block
6 Thoracolumbar Interfascial Plane Block
Equipment and Technique
7 Lumbosacral Interfascial Plane block
8 Future Directions
References
Further Reading
Superior Cluneal Nerve Block
1 Overview
2 Indications and Contraindications
3 Clinical Anatomy
4 Equipment and Supplies
5 Superior Cluneal Nerve Block, Landmark Technique
6 Superior Cluneal Nerve Block, Ultrasound Technique
7 Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Middle Cluneal Nerve Injections
1 Overview
2 Indications and Contraindications
3 Clinical Anatomy
4 Equipment and Supplies
5 Anatomical Landmark Technique
6 Ultrasound Technique
7 Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Sacroiliac Joint Intraarticular and Periarticular injections
1 Overview
2 Indications and Contraindications
3 Clinical Anatomy
4 Equipment and Supplies (Table 3)
5 [Intraarticular and Periarticular Sacroiliac Joint Local Anaesthetic and Steroid Injection] Landmark Techniques
6 Ultrasound Guided Intraarticular Sacroiliac Joint Injection Technique
7 Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Interventions for Coccygeal Pain
1 Coccygeal Nerve Injection
2 Indications and Contraindications
3 Clinical Anatomy
4 Equipment and Supplies
5 Description of the Procedure
Landmark Technique
Ultrasound-Guided Injection
6 Potential Complications
References
Further Reading
Piriformis Muscle Injection
1 Overview
2 Piriformis Syndrome
3 Indications and Contraindications
4 Clinical Anatomy
5 Equipment and Supplies
6 Piriformis Injection – Ultrasound-Guided Technique
7 Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Part V: Bedside Procedures for Thoracic, Abdominal and Pelvic Pain
Intercostal Nerve Blocks
1 Overview
2 Indications and Contraindications
3 Clinical Anatomy
4 Equipment and Supplies
5 Intercostal Nerve Blocks, Landmark Technique
6 Ultrasound Technique
7 Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Bedside Injections for Costochondral Pain
1 Overview
2 Costochondral Joint Injection
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
Costochondral Injection—Landmark Technique
Costochondral Injection Ultrasound Technique
3 Parasternal Block
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
Parasternal Block Ultrasound Technique
Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Transversus Abdominis Plane Blocks
1 Overview
2 Indications and Contraindications
3 Clinical Anatomy
4 Equipment and Supplies
5 Landmark Technique
6 Ultrasound Technique
7 Complications and Adverse Effects
8 Subcostal Transversus Abdominis Plane Block
Overview
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
Ultrasound Technique
Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Abdominis Rectus Sheath Block
1 Overview
2 Indications and Contraindications (Table 1)
3 Clinical Anatomy
4 Equipment and Supplies
5 Rectus Sheath Block, Landmark Technique
6 Rectus Sheath Block, Ultrasound Technique
7 Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Ilioinguinal and Iliohypogastric Nerve Block
1 Overview
2 Indications and Contraindications
3 Clinical Anatomy
4 Equipment and Supplies (Table 4)
5 Ilioinguinal and Iliohypogastric Nerve Blocks, Landmark Technique
6 Ultrasound Technique
7 Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Genitofemoral Nerve Block
1 Indications and Contraindications
2 Clinical Anatomy
3 Equipment and Supplies
4 Genitofemoral Nerve Block, Landmark Technique
5 Genitofemoral Nerve Block, Ultrasound Technique
Genital Branch
Femoral Branch
Combined Genitofemoral Block
6 Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Pudendal Nerve Block
1 Overview
2 Indications and Contraindications
3 Clinical Anatomy
4 Equipment and Supplies
5 Pudendal Nerve Block, Landmark-Based Technique
6 Pudendal Nerve Block, Ultrasound-Guided Technique
7 Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Part VI: Bedside Procedures for Upper Extremity Pain
Shoulder Joint Injections
1 Overview
2 Indications and Contraindications (Tables 1, 2 and 3)
3 Clinical Anatomy
4 Equipment and Supplies
5 Injectates
Corticosteroids
Local Anesthetics
Viscosupplementation (Hyaluronic Acid derivatives)
Platelet-Rich Plasma
Less Common Agents
Botox
Morphine
Hydrodistention
6 The Glenohumeral Joint
Anatomy
Technique & Approach
Ultrasound-Guidance
7 The Acromioclavicular Joint
Anatomy
Technique & Approach
8 The Subacromial/Subdeltoid Bursa
Anatomy
Technique & Approach
Blind Techniques
Ultrasound Techniques
9 Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
10 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Periarticular Shoulder Injections
1 Periarticular Shoulder Pain
Overview
Indications and Contraindications of Periarticular Shoulder Injections
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
Subacromial Bursitis, Landmark Technique
Subacromial Bursitis, Ultrasound Technique
Biceps Tendinopathy, Landmark Technique
Biceps Tendinopathy, Ultrasound Technique
Supraspinatus Tendinopathy, Landmark Technique
Supraspinatus Tendinopathy, Ultrasound Technique
Infraspinatus Tendinopathy, Landmark Technique
Infraspinatus Tendinopathy, Ultrasound Technique
Subscapularis Tendinopathy, Landmark Technique
Subscapularis Tendinopathy, Ultrasound Technique
Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Injections for Acromioclavicular Joint Pain
1 Acromioclavicular Joint Injection
Overview
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
Landmark Technique
Ultrasound Technique
Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Suprascapular Nerve Block
1 Suprascapular Nerve Block
Overview
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
Suprascapular Nerve Block, Landmark Technique
Ultrasound Technique
Potential Complications
References
Further Reading
Brachial Plexus Blocks
1 Brachial Plexus Blocks
Overview
2 Common Indications and Contraindications
3 Clinical Anatomy of the Brachial Plexus
Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords
Major Branches
Anatomic Variations
Peripheral Nerve Ultrasound Imaging
4 Equipment and Supplies
5 Interscalene Block
Complications
6 Supraclavicular Block [10]
Complications
7 Infraclavicular Block
Complications
References
Further Reading
Axillary Nerve Block
1 Axillary Nerve Block
Overview
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
Axillary Nerve Block Technique
Ultrasound Technique
Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Bedside Pectoralis Minor and Scalene Muscles Injections
1 Bedside Pectoralis Minor and Scalene Muscles Injections
Overview
2 Indications and Contraindications
3 Clinical Anatomy
4 Equipment and Supplies
5 Anterior and Middle Scalene Injections
6 Pectoralis Minor Injection
7 Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Elbow Joint, Intra-articular Injections
1 Intra-articular Elbow Injection
Overview
2 Indications and Contraindications
3 Clinical Anatomy
4 Equipment and Supplies
5 Intra-articular Elbow Injection, Landmark Technique
6 Ultrasound Technique
7 Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Periarticular Elbow Interventions
1 Periarticular Elbow Interventions
Overview
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
2 Periarticular Elbow Interventions, Landmark Technique
Lateral Epicondyle Injection
Medial Epicondyle Injection
Olecranon Bursa Injection
3 Ultrasound Technique
Lateral Epicondyle Injection
Medial Epicondyle Injection
Olecranon Bursa Injection
4 Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
Procedure-Related [7]
Glucocorticoid-Associated Toxicity [7]
References
Further Reading
Ulnar, Median, Radial, and Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve Blocks
1 Introduction
2 Common Indications and Contraindications
3 Equipment and Supplies
4 General Approach
Ulnar Nerve Block
Indications
Clinical Anatomy
Procedural Technique
Elbow/Antecubital Fossa
Forearm
Median Nerve Block
Indications
Clinical Anatomy
Procedural Technique
Antecubital Fossa/Elbow
Midforearm
Radial Nerve Block
Indications
Clinical Anatomy
Procedural Technique
Elbow/Antecubital Fossa
Forearm
Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve Block
Indications
Clinical Anatomy
Procedural Technique
5 Potential Adverse Events and Complications
References
Further Reading
Carpal and Cubital Tunnel Injections
1 Carpal Tunnel Injection
Overview
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
Carpal Tunnel Injection, Landmark Technique
Carpal Tunnel Injection, Ultrasound Technique
Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
2 Cubital Tunnel Injection
Overview
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
Carpal Tunnel Injection, Landmark Technique
Carpal Tunnel Injection, Ultrasound Technique
Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Bedside Injections for Wrist Pain
1 Bedside Injections for De Quervain’s Disease
Overview
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
Landmark Technique
Ultrasound-Guided Technique
Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
2 Bedside Radiocarpal Joint Injection
Overview
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
Ultrasound-Guided Technique
Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
3 Bedside Ganglion Cyst Aspirations
Overview
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
Ultrasound-Guided Technique
Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Bedside Injections for Hand Pain: Trigger Finger, Digital Nerve Blocks, Intra-Articular Injections
1 Hand Pain, Overview
2 Injections for Trigger Finger
Overview
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
Landmark Technique
Ultrasound Technique
Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
Evidence for Trigger Finger Injections
3 Injections for Dupuytren’s Contracture
Overview
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
Injection Technique
Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
Evidence for Dupuytren’s Contracture Injections
4 Injections for Digital Nerve Block
Overview
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
Traditional Technique With and Without Ultrasound
Transthecal Technique
Subcutaneous Technique
Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
Choice of Technique and Injectate
5 Intra-articular Injections of the Hand
Overview
Indications and Contraindications
Equipment and Supplies
Injection Technique
Evidence for Intra-articular Injection
Landmark vs. Ultrasound Guidance
References
Further Reading
Botulinum Toxin Injections for Muscle Spasticity
1 Botulinum Toxin Injections for Upper and Lower Limb
Overview
Indications and Contraindications to Botulinum Toxin Injections
Clinical Anatomy
Upper Limb
Lower Limb
Equipment and Supplies
Injection of Biceps Brachii, E-stim or EMG Guidance
Injection of Biceps Brachii, Ultrasound Guidance
Injection of Flexor Pollicis Longus (FPL), E-stim or EMG Guidance
Injection of FPL, Ultrasound Guidance
Injection of Flexor Carpi Radialis (FCR), E-stim or EMG Guidance
Injection of FCR, Ultrasound Guidance
Injection of Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (FCU), E-stim or EMG Guidance
Injection of FCU, Ultrasound Guidance
Injection of Flexor Digitorum Profundus (FDP), E-stim or EMG Guidance
Injection of FDP, Ultrasound Guidance
Injection of Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (FDS), E-stim or EMG Guidance
Injection of FDS, Ultrasound Guidance
Injection of Gastrocnemius, E-stim or EMG Guidance
Injection of Gastrocnemius, Ultrasound Guidance
Injection of Soleus, E-stim or EMG Guidance
Injection of Soleus, Ultrasound Guidance
Injection of Tibialis Posterior, E-stim or EMG Guidance
Injection of Tibialis Posterior, Ultrasound Guidance
Injection of Flexor Digitorum Longus (FDL), E-stim or EMG Guidance
Injection of FDL, Ultrasound Guidance
Injection of Flexor Hallucis Longus (FHL), E-stim or EMG Guidance
Injection of FHL, Ultrasound Guidance
Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Part VII: Bedside Procedures for Lower Extremity Pain
Intra-Articular Hip Injections
1 Intra-Articular Hip Joint Injections
Overview
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
Landmark Technique
The Lateral Approach Landmarks
The Anterior Approach Landmarks
Ultrasound-Guided Technique
Needle Insertion Technique and Injection
Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Hip: Periarticular Injections
1 Trochanteric Bursa Injection
Overview
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
Greater Trochanteric Bursa Injection, Landmark Technique
Ultrasound Technique
2 Ischial Tuberosity Injections
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
Ischiogluteal Bursa Injection, Landmark Technique
Ultrasound Technique
3 Iliopsoas Bursa Injections
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
Iliopsoas Bursa Injection Ultrasound Technique
Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Adductor Canal Block
1 Saphenous Nerve Block in the Adductor Canal
Overview
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
Adductor Canal Block, Landmark Technique
Ultrasound Technique
Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Sciatic Nerve Blockade
1 Overview
2 Indications and Contraindications
3 Clinical Anatomy
4 Equipment and Supplies
5 Subgluteal Sciatic Nerve Block, Ultrasound Technique
6 Subgluteal Sciatic Nerve Block, Landmark Technique
7 Popliteal Sciatic Nerve Block, Ultrasound Technique
8 Popliteal Sciatic Nerve Block, Landmark Technique
9 Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve Block
1 Overview
2 Indications and Contraindications
3 Clinical Anatomy
4 Equipment and Supplies
5 LFCN Block, Landmark Technique
6 LFCN Block, Ultrasound Technique
7 Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Saphenous Nerve Block
1 Overview
2 Indications for Saphenous Nerve Block
3 Contraindications to Saphenous Nerve Block
4 Anatomy
5 Equipment and Supplies
6 Procedure Technique
Mid-Thigh/Adductor Canal
Distal Thigh/Trans-Sartorial
Ankle
7 Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Femoral Nerve Block
1 Overview
2 Indications and Contraindications
3 Clinical Anatomy
4 Equipment and Supplies
5 Ultrasound Technique
6 Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Intra-Articular Knee Injections
1 Intraarticular Knee Injections
Overview
Indications and Contraindications
Etiology of Knee Osteoarthritis
Intrarticular Knee Injection Candidates, Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
Intraarticular Knee Injection Techniques
Superior Approach
Lateral Midpatellar Approach
Inferior Approach
Ultrasound-Guided Approach
Suprapatellar Bursa Technique
Medial Intraarticular Technique
Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Periarticular Knee Injections
1 Pes Anserinus Bursa Injection
Overview
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
2 Pes Anserinus Bursa Injection, Landmark Technique
3 Pes Anserinus Bursa Injection, Ultrasound Technique
4 Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Genicular Nerves Blocks
1 Genicular Nerve Blocks
Overview
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
Ultrasound Technique
Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Ankle Block
1 Overview
2 Indications and Contraindications
Indications
Contraindications
3 Equipment and Supplies
4 Ankle Block
Tibial Nerve
Anatomy
Sonoanatomy
Block Performance
Deep Peroneal Nerve
Anatomy
Sonoanatomy
Block Performance
Superficial Peroneal Nerve
Anatomy
Sonoanatomy
Block Performance
Sural Nerve
Anatomy
Sonoanatomy
Block Performance
Saphenous Nerve
Anatomy
Sonoanatomy
Block Performance
Ergonomics
Landmark Technique
Caution
5 Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Intra-Articular Injections of the Foot and Ankle
1 Overview
2 Indications and Contraindications
3 Clinical Anatomy
4 Equipment and Supplies
5 Ankle Joint Injection
6 Subtalar Joint Injection
7 Other Foot Intra-articular Injections
8 Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Soft Tissue Injections of the Foot and Ankle
1 Overview
2 Indications and Contraindications
3 Clinical Anatomy
4 Equipment and Supplies
5 Tarsal Tunnel Injection
6 Plantar Fascia Injection
7 Injection for Morton’s Neuroma
8 Potential Complications and Adverse Effects
References
Further Reading
Index
