Beauty, Aging and AntiAging

Front matter
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
History of beauty
Beauty
Aesthetic
History of beauty
Human beauty
Waist/hip ratio
Effects of hereditary diversity
Inner beauty
Social effects of beauty
References
Perception of beauty in different cultures
Introduction
Beauty and humans
Differences in measurable beauty among different regions
Beauty in different cultures
Unusual perceptions of beauty in different cultures
Conclusions
References
The concept of beauty in art
Introduction
Definition of art, beauty, esthetics, and taste
Obsession with the beauty of properties
Beauty of nudes
Beauty in landscapes
Beauty in modernism and postmodernism
Beauty of the 21st-century individual
Conclusion
References
Definition of beauty in plastic surgery
The golden ratio
The perception of beauty
Conclusion
References
Beauty of aging
References
Cellular mechanisms of aging
Introduction
Major factors causing cellular aging
Telomere-induced senescence
Role of genomic instability in cellular aging
Mitogenic signals in cellular senescence
Senescence caused by epigenomic changes
Role of activated tumor suppressors in aging
References
Impact of aging on extracellular matrix and signal transduction pathways
Introduction
The extracellular matrix (ECM)
The composition of the ECM
Signal transduction pathways
Cell-matrix interactions and signaling pathways
Biomechanical changes in aging
Intracellular changes in aging
Nuclear changes in aging process of the cells
Mitochondrial changes in aging
Aging and senescence
Aging, diseases, and signaling pathways
Conclusion
References
Psychiatric changes in aging
Introduction
Cognitive aging
Cognitive disorders
Subjective cognitive decline
Mild behavioral impairment
Psychiatric symptoms in old age
Stress and resilience in late life
Conclusion
References
Neurological perspectives on aging
Introduction
Brain aging hallmarks: Molecular level
Dysregulated energy metabolism
Mitochondrial dysfunction
Oxidative damage
Reduced molecular clearing
Decreased DNA repair
Neuroinflammaging
Impaired calcium homeostasis
Brain aging hallmarks: Cellular level
Stem cell insufficiency
Neuronal changes
Changes in the neurovascular unit components and blood-brain barrier permeability
Brain aging hallmarks: Organ level
Brain volume
A neuroimaging biomarker of brain aging: BrainAGE
Conclusion
References
Musculoskeletal physiological changes in aging
Skeletal muscle
Tendon
Bone
Articular cartilage
Proprioception and balance
Reversing age-related changes in the musculoskeletal system in older adults: Exercise as medicine
Recommendations for postmenopausal women without osteoporosis
Recommendations for older men without osteoporosis
Recommended exercises for patients with osteoporosis
Exercises not suitable for people with osteoporosis and preventative strategies for potential risks
References
The aging cardiovascular system
Introduction
Pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiovascular aging
Oxidative stress
Autophagy
Inflammation
Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms
Telomere length
Epigenetic mechanisms
Metabolic disorders
Changes in cardiovascular functions by aging
Prevention from cardiovascular aging
Calorie restriction
Healthy diet
Smoking cessation
Exercise
Air pollution
Climate
Gamma radiation
Future perspectives of antiaging drugs
Conclusion
References
Physiological changes and clinical effects of aging
Aging of the brain
Aging of the cardiovascular system
Aging of the kidneys
Aging of the lungs
Aging of the gastrointestinal system
Aging of the endocrine system
Aging of the immune system
Aging of the musculoskeletal system
References
Comprehensive geriatric assessment and antiaging
Introduction
Components of the geriatric assessment
Visual and hearing impairment
Malnutrition and weight loss
Urinary incontinence
Gait and balance impairments and falling
Polypharmacy
Cognitive and affective assessment
Frailty assessment
Assessment of function
Assessment of social support
Assessment of environment
Conclusion
References
Vitamins, minerals, and antiaging drugs in older adults
Vitamins
Vitamin D
Vitamin C
Vitamin E
Multivitamins
Minerals
Zinc
Copper
Selenium
Antioxidants
Coenzyme Q10
Omega-3
Glutathione
Alpha-lipoic acid
Lutein
Calorie restriction mimetics
Mammalian target inhibitors of rapamycin
Inhibitors of glycolytic metabolism
Adenosine monophosphate protein kinase activators
Growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis inhibitors
Sirtuin pathway activators
Hormones
Sex hormones
Growth hormone
Melatonin
Telomerase activators
MicroRNA
Stem cells
References
Dental-periodontal structures and aging
Aging and oral health
Inflammaging and oral tissues
Tooth loss and edentulism in the elderly population
Physiological and pathological changes of the oral tissues due to aging
Regenerative periodontal treatment in the elderly
Pulp regeneration in elderly
Regenerative therapies for xerostomia
Conclusions
References
Antiaging: Is it possible?
Introduction
Alternative approaches to aging
Senolytics
Senostatics
Conclusions
References
Chapter 17: Antiaging principles in plastic surgery
Introduction
Effects of aging on tissues
Skin
Adipose tissue
Muscle
Bone
Nerve
Can plastic surgery prevent aging?
Rejuvenation
Topical
Energy based
Injectables
Neurotoxins
Soft tissue fillers
Surgical treatment of age-related changes in plastic surgery
Upper face
Midface
Lower face and neck
Breast
Others
References
Regenerative cell therapy for antiaging
Regenerative medicine and aging
Stromal/stem cell
Stromal-cell isolation techniques
Neither nanofat nor SVF: TOST
PRP/PPP/TOST and combination: Enhanced regeneration
Adjustable regenerative adipose-tissue transfer (ARAT)
Clinical applications
Further reading
Energy based procedures in facial cosmetic and rejuvenation
Lasers
Laser physics
Laser types
Ablative and nonablative
Carbon dioxide (CO2) laser
Indications
Intense pulsed light (IPL)
Focused ultrasound
Radiofrequency (RF)
References
How to induce antiaging in plastic surgery
Lipofilling
History
Technique
Injection of fat
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) gel
Preparation of patient skin tissue
Collagen supplementation
Vitamin C supplementation
Skin hydration
Glutathione
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Minimally invasive treatments for the aging face
Aging process in general
Wrinkles
Sagging
Volume loss
Skin quality
Points to consider
References
Cosmetic surgical treatments for the aging face
Age heterogeneity
Objectives
Basic principles
Surgical techniques
Facelift
Midface lift
Forehead lift
Blepharoplasty
Neck lift
Surgical volume restoration
Ancillary procedures
Longevity
Risks
Conclusion
References
Periorbital restoration
Botulinum toxin
Soft tissue fillers
Platelet-rich plasma
Fat grafting
Blepharoplasty
References
Chapter 24: Changes in breasts during aging: Pathophysiology and restorative options
Introduction
Anatomy, histology, and physiology
Ptosis classification
Regnault classification
Preoperative evaluation
Treatment options
Periareolar mastopexy
Vertical mastopexy
Inverted-T mastopexy
Augmentation mastopexy
Complications
References
Age-related changes in trunk aesthetics
BoNTA
Filler injections
Injectable poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA)
Injectable hyaluronic acid
Injectable calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHa)
Sclerotherapy
Chemical peels
Laser therapy
Intense pulsed light (IPL)
Photodynamic therapy (PDT)
Q-switched lasers
Nonablative fractional lasers
Ablative fractional lasers
Surgery
Mini abdominoplasty
Standard abdominoplasty
Fleur-de-lis abdominoplasty
Belt lipectomy
Bra-line back lift
Gluteal rejuvenation
Reconstruction of trunk
References
Chapter 26: Effects of aging on extremities
Introduction
Age-related changes in extremity tissues
Skin aging
Adipose aging
Muscle aging
Bone and tendon aging
Nerve aging
Hand rejuvenation
Relevant anatomy
Grading of the severity of hand aging
Hand rejuvenation methods
Autologous fat grafting
Nonsurgical methods
Hyaluronic acid injection
Calcium hydroxyapatite injection
Poly-l-lactic acid injection
Complications
Brachioplasty (arm lift)
History
Anatomy
Patient evaluation
Surgical techniques
Liposuction
Minimal incision medial brachioplasty (mini-brachioplasty)
Conventional brachioplasty
Double ellipse technique
Chest wall excess
Scar placement
Postsurgery care
Complications
References
Dermatology and restorative medicine
Intrinsic and extrinsic skin aging
Intrinsic aging
Extrinsic aging
Histopathological and physiological characteristics of aging skin
Epidermis
Dermis
Dermal fibroblasts
Collagen network
Elastic fibers
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Vasculature
Hypodermis
Skin appendages
Mechanisms of skin aging
Genetic factors
Microbiota
Stem cells
Clinical features of skin aging
Changes in skin appearance
Impaired wound healing
Age-related immune system alterations
Skin cancer
Prevention and treatment methods
Daily skin care
Sun protection
Cessation of smoking
Adoption of a healthy lifestyle
Topical agents
Topical retinoids
Cosmeceuticals
5-fluorouracil and imiquimod
Systemic therapeutic agents with antiaging properties
Hormone replacement therapy
Dietary supplements
Minimally invasive procedures
Cryotherapy
Chemical peels
Neurotoxins and dermal fillers
Lasers and other energy-based devices
Future treatment options
References
The endocrinology of aging
Introduction
Thyroid and aging
Growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis in aging
Menopause
Late-onset hypogonadism
Aging and the adrenal gland
Conclusions
References
The aging eye and age-related ocular pathologies
Tear film
Dry eye disease
Age-related pathogenesis
Clinical findings
Symptoms
Examination findings
Slit-lamp examination
Additional tests
Management
Trabecular meshwork
Primary open-angle glaucoma
Age-related pathogenesis
Clinical findings
Symptoms
Examination findings
Fundus examination
Tonometry
Additional tests
Management
Lens
Cataract
Age-related pathogenesis
Clinical findings
Symptoms
Examination findings
Additional tests
Management
Macula
Age-related macular degeneration
Age-related pathogenesis
Clinical findings
Symptoms
Examination findings
Fundus examination
Additional tests
Management
Micronutrient supplementation
Anti-VEGF therapies
References
Aging in gastrointestinal system
Chemosensation
The anorexia of aging
Swallowing
Gastrointestinal motility
Regulation of gastrointestinal mucosal growth
Aging and gastrointestinal carcinogenesis
Gastrointestinal absorption
Gut microbiome
Immune response and the gut
Liver
Pancreas
Conclusion
References
Restorative medicine in the aging genitourinary system
Introduction
Androgen deficiency in aging males
Erectile dysfunction
Incontinence
Urethral catheters
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Oncology
References
Antiaging strategies in audiology
Presbycusis
Definition, etiology, and epidemiology
Individual and public health consequences
Treatment of presbycusis and protection against its consequences
Hearing restoration
Hearing aids
Middle ear implantable devices and bone-anchored hearing aids
Cochlear implantation
Monaural vs. binaural hearing restoration
New treatment strategies
Result
References
Cardiovascular aging
Introduction
Pathophysiological mechanisms
Inflammation
Mitochondrial dysfunction
Oxidative stress
Genomic imbalance and telomere-Telomerase activation
Nrf2 function and molecular stress adaptation disorder
The role of proteostasis
Atherosclerosis
Clinical outcomes of vascular aging
Peripheral artery disease and aging
Carotid artery disease and aging
Aneurysm and aging
Coronary artery disease and aging
Valve diseases
Aortic stenosis
Aortic insufficiency
Mitral stenosis
Mitral annular calcification
Mitral insufficiency
Cardiac arrhythmias
References
Restorative medicine in thoracic surgery
Effects of aging on respiratory physiology and function
Physiological changes in respiratory function associated with aging
Preoperative assessment for thoracic surgery in elderly patients
Postoperative complications of thoracic surgery in elderly patients
Benign lung diseases and their surgical treatment in elderly patients
Malignant lung diseases and their surgical treatment in elderly patients
Tracheal diseases in elderly patients
Palliative care in thoracic surgery
Radiological imaging of the thorax in elderly patients
Thorax trauma in elderly patients
Pleural diseases in elderly patients
References
Aging women and common gynecologic problems
Fertility
IVF maternal age
Oocyte cryopreservation
Oocyte donation
Preimplantation genetic screening
Menopause and hormone replacement therapy
Vasomotor symptoms
Urogenital changes
Osteoporosis
Cardiovascular disease
Cognitive functions
Breast cancer
Gynecologic cancers
Ovarian cancer
Endometrial cancer
Diagnosis
Cervical cancer
Risk factors
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment
Prognosis
References
Impact of aging on the central nervous system: Approaches for antiaging
Introduction
Aging and its biology in nervous system
Aging and associated neurodegenerative diseases
Alzheimer's disease
Parkinson's disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Therapeutic approaches
Conclusion
References
Regenerative and restorative treatments of the musculoskeletal system: Focus on platelet-rich plasm
Healthy aging and osteoarthritis
Platelet-rich plasma
Role of biologic growth factors
Conclusion
References
Anesthesia for the elderly: Effects of aging on perioperative and postoperative care
Physiologic changes with aging
Cardiovascular system
Respiratory system
Renal system
Nervous system
Preoperative preparation
Anesthesia management
Postoperative care
Pain management
Temperature
Nausea and vomiting
Pulmonary recovery
Postoperative complications
Neurologic
Cardiovascular
Pulmonary
Gastrointestinal/nutrition
Renal
Infections
Complications related to immobility
References
Index