Battery Technologies: Materials and Components

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Li‐Ion Battery
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 History of the Lithium‐Ion Battery
1.1.2 Basic Structure of Lithium‐Ion Battery
1.1.3 Working Mechanisms of Lithium‐Ion Battery
1.1.4 Characteristics of Lithium‐Ion Batteries
1.2 Cathode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
1.2.1 Layer‐Structured Cathode Materials
1.2.2 Spinel‐Structured Cathode Materials
1.2.3 Olivine‐Structured Cathode Materials
1.3 Anode Materials for LIBs
1.3.1 Intercalation Anode Materials
1.3.2 Alloy Anode Materials
1.3.3 Conversion Anode Materials
1.3.4 Lithium Metal Anode
1.4 Electrolyte
1.4.1 Liquid Electrolyte
1.4.1.1 Lithium Salts
1.4.1.2 Organic Solvent
1.4.1.3 Functional Additives
1.4.2 Solid Electrolyte
1.4.2.1 Polymer Electrolyte
1.4.2.2 Li3N and its Derivatives
1.4.2.3 Perovskite Solid Electrolyte
1.4.2.4 LISICON
1.4.2.5 NASICON
1.4.2.6 Garnet
1.4.2.7 Glassy Inorganic Solid Electrolyte
1.5 Separators
1.5.1 Polyolefin Separator
1.5.2 Polymers with High Melting Points for Separators
1.5.3 Inorganic Composite Separators
1.6 Conclusions and Perspective
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2 Li–O2 Battery
2.1 Li–O2 Battery
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Cathode Materials
2.1.2.1 Carbon‐Based Materials
2.1.2.2 Noble Metal‐Based Materials
2.1.2.3 Non‐noble Metal‐Based Materials
2.1.3 Anode Materials
2.1.4 Electrolyte
2.1.4.1 Organic Electrolyte
2.1.4.2 Quasi‐Solid‐State Electrolyte
2.1.4.3 Solid‐State Electrolyte
2.1.5 Separator
2.1.6 From Li–O2 Batteries to Li–Air Batteries
2.1.7 Summary and Perspective
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3 Li–Sulfur Battery
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Fundamentals
3.3 Cathodes
3.3.1 S Cathodes
3.3.1.1 Physical Confinement
3.3.1.2 Physical Blocking
3.3.1.3 Polymeric Organosulfur
3.3.1.4 Chemical Adsorption and Catalysis
3.3.2 Li2S Cathodes
3.4 Electrolytes
3.4.1 Ether Electrolyte
3.4.2 Carbonate‐Based
3.4.3 Nitrile‐Based
3.4.4 Sulfones/Sulfoxides‐Based
3.4.5 Ionic Liquids
3.4.6 Polymer/Solid‐State Electrolytes
3.4.7 Additives
3.5 Anodes
3.5.1 Li Anodes
3.5.2 Carbon Anodes
3.5.3 Silicon Anodes
3.6 Challenges and Perspectives
References
Chapter 4 Na‐Ion Battery
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 History of Sodium‐Ion Batteries
4.1.2 Composition and Working Mechanism of SIBs
4.2 Cathode Materials for SIBs
4.2.1 Layered Transition Metal Oxide
4.2.2 Polyanionic Compounds
4.2.3 Hexacyanoferrates
4.2.4 Organic Compounds
4.3 Anode Materials for SIBs
4.3.1 Insertion Anode Materials
4.3.1.1 Carbon Materials
4.3.1.2 Titanium‐Based Oxide
4.3.2 Alloyed Anode Materials
4.3.3 Conversion‐Type Anode Materials
4.4 Electrolytes for SIBs
4.4.1 Aqueous Electrolytes
4.4.2 Organic Electrolytes
4.4.3 Solid‐State Electrolytes
4.4.3.1 Solid Polymer Electrolytes
4.4.3.2 Inorganic Solid Electrolytes
4.5 Separators for SIBs
4.5.1 Glass Fiber Separator
4.5.2 Modified Polyolefin Separator
4.5.3 Other Separator
References
Chapter 5 Na–O2 Battery
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Fundamental Principles
5.3 Cathode Materials
5.3.1 Carbon Materials
5.3.2 Metals and Their Oxides
5.3.2.1 Noble Metals and Their Oxides
5.3.2.2 Non‐noble Metals and Their Oxides
5.3.2.3 Dual Functional Composites
5.4 Anode Materials
5.4.1 Modification of Na Metal Anode
5.4.2 Carbon Materials Modified Na Anode
5.4.3 Metal Alloys/Composites/Hybrids
5.5 Electrolytes
5.5.1 Carbonate‐Based Electrolyte
5.5.2 Ether‐Based Electrolyte
5.5.3 DMSO‐ and ACN‐Based Electrolytes
5.5.4 Ionic Liquid‐Based Electrolyte
5.6 Mechanism Studies
5.7 Conclusion and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6 Zn‐Ion Battery
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fundamentals
6.3 Cathode Materials
6.3.1 Manganese‐Based Materials
6.3.2 Vanadium‐Based Materials
6.3.3 Prussian Blue Analogous
6.3.4 Other Types of Cathode Materials
6.4 Zn Anode
6.4.1 Zinc Alloy Anode
6.4.2 Surface Modification of Zn Anode
6.4.3 Structural Optimization of the Zn Anode
6.5 Aqueous Electrolytes
6.5.1 Types of Zinc Salts
6.5.2 Concentration of Zinc Salt
6.5.3 Electrolyte Additives
6.6 Challenges and Perspectives
References
Chapter 7 Zn–Air Battery
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Metal–Air Batteries
7.1.2 History of Zinc‐Based Technologies
7.1.3 Secondary Zinc–Air Batteries
7.1.3.1 Rechargeability
7.1.3.2 Industrial Approximations
7.1.3.3 Limitations
7.2 Electrolyte System
7.2.1 Mechanisms for Zinc Dissolution
7.2.2 Strategies for Developing An Optimal Electrolyte System for Secondary Zinc–Air Batteries
7.2.2.1 Additives
7.2.2.2 Alternatives to Alkaline Aqueous Electrolyte
7.3 Bifunctional Air Electrode
7.3.1 Mechanism for Bifunctional Air Electrode
7.3.2 Materials for Bifunctional Air Electrode
7.3.2.1 Catalysts
7.3.2.2 Binder
7.3.2.3 Conductive Agents
7.3.2.4 Current Collector
7.3.3 Electrode Structure
7.4 Zinc Anode
7.4.1 Zinc Electrode Configuration
7.4.2 Materials for Zinc Anode
7.4.2.1 Active Material
7.4.2.2 Additives
7.4.2.3 Gelling Agents and Binders
7.4.2.4 Current Collector
7.4.3 Zinc Anode Processing
7.5 Membranes
7.6 Summary and Perspectives
References
Chapter 8 Al‐Ion Battery
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Historical Development of Aluminum Batteries
8.2.1 Primary Aluminum Batteries: Aqueous Systems
8.2.2 Rechargeable Aluminum Batteries: Non‐aqueous Systems
8.3 Electrolytes for Al‐Based Batteries
8.3.1 Al Electrodeposition in CILs and Their Use in Rechargeable Al‐Based Batteries
8.3.2 Al Electrodeposition Using Alternative Electrolytes and Their Use in Rechargeable Al‐Based Batteries
8.4 Rechargeable Aluminum Batteries Classification
8.4.1 Metal Oxide/Sulfide‐Based Aluminum Batteries
8.4.2 Polymer‐Based Aluminum Batteries
8.4.3 Graphite‐Based Aluminum Batteries
8.5 Rechargeable Aluminum Batteries Based on Graphitic Cathodes
8.5.1 Carbon Paper
8.5.2 Pyrolytic Graphite
8.5.3 Graphitic Foam
8.5.4 Graphene‐Based Cathode
8.5.5 Graphite Flakes‐Based Cathodes
8.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9 Al‐Air Batteries
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Aluminum Anodes
9.2.1 Al Alloying Elements
9.2.2 Research Progress of Al Anodes
9.2.2.1 Aluminum Microalloying
9.2.2.2 Heat Treatment of Al Anodes
9.2.2.3 Processing of Al Anodes
9.2.2.4 Surface coating on Al anodes
9.3 Air Cathodes
9.3.1 Structure of Air Cathodes
9.3.2 Integrated Cathode
9.3.3 Oxygen Reduction Reaction
9.3.4 Electrocatalysts
9.3.4.1 Precious Metals and Alloys
9.3.4.2 Transition Metal Oxides
9.3.4.3 Carbon‐Based Catalysts
9.3.4.4 Single‐Atom Catalysts
9.4 Electrolytes
9.4.1 Aqueous Electrolytes
9.4.2 Corrosion Inhibitors
9.4.3 Polymer Electrolytes
9.5 Al–Air Battery Structure Design
9.6 Recycle of Al–Air Batteries
9.7 Rechargeable Al–Air Batteries
9.8 Summary and Outlook
References
Chapter 10 Dual‐Ion Battery
10.1 Cation–Anion Dual‐Ion Battery
10.1.1 Introduction
10.1.2 Cathode Materials
10.1.2.1 Graphitic Materials
10.1.2.2 Organic Materials
10.1.2.3 Other Materials
10.1.3 Anode Materials
10.1.3.1 Metallic Materials
10.1.3.2 Alloying‐Type Materials
10.1.3.3 Intercalation‐Type Materials
10.1.3.4 Conversion‐Type Materials
10.1.4 Electrolyte
10.1.4.1 Organic Electrolyte
10.1.4.2 Ionic Liquid Electrolyte
10.1.4.3 Aqueous Electrolyte
10.2 Multi‐Ion Battery
10.2.1 Triple‐Ion Battery
10.2.1.1 Dual Cation–Anion Battery
10.2.1.2 Dual Anion–Cation Battery
10.2.2 Quadruple‐Ion Battery
10.3 Summary and Perspective
Acknowledgments
References
Index
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