Battery Management System and its Applications

Battery Management System and its Applications
Contents
Preface
About the Authors
Part I Introduction
1 Why Does a Battery Need a BMS?
1.1 General Introduction to a BMS
1.1.1 Why a Battery Needs a BMS
1.1.2 What Is a BMS?
1.1.3 Why a BMS Is Required in Any Energy Storage System
1.1.4 How a BMS Makes a Storage System Efficient, Safe, and Dependable
1.2 Example of a BMS in a Real System
1.2.1 LabView Based BMS
1.2.2 PLC Based BMS
1.2.3 Microprocessor Based BMS
1.2.4 Microcontroller Based BMS
1.3 System Failures Due to the Absence of a BMS
1.3.1 Dreamline Boeing Fire Incidences
1.3.2 Fire Accident at the Hawaii Grid Connected Energy Storage
1.3.3 Fire Accidents in Electric Vehicles
References
2 General Requirements (Functions and Features)
2.1 Basic Functions of a BMS
2.1.1 Key Parameter Monitoring
2.1.2 Battery State Analysis
2.1.3 Safety Management
2.1.4 Energy Control Management
2.1.5 Information Management
2.2 Topological Structure of a BMS
2.2.1 Relationship Between a BMC and a Cell
2.2.2 Relationship Between a BCU and a BMC
References
3 General Procedure of the BMS Design
3.1 Universal Battery Management System and Customized Battery Management System
3.1.1 Ideal Condition
3.1.2 Feasible Solution
3.1.3 Discussion of Universality
3.2 General Development Flow of the Power Battery Management System
3.2.1 Applicable Standards for BMS Development
3.2.2 Boundary of BMS Development
3.2.3 Battery Characteristic Test Is Essential to BMS Development
3.3 Core Status of Battery Modeling in the BMS Development Process
References
Part II Li-Ion Batteries
4 Introduction to Li-Ion Batteries
4.1 Components of Li-Ion Batteries: Electrodes, Electrolytes, Separators,
and Cell Packing
4.2 Li-Ion Electrode Manufacturing
4.3 Cell Assembly in an Li-Ion Battery
4.4 Safety and Cost Prediction
References
5 Schemes of Battery Testing
5.1 Battery Tests for BMS Development
5.1.1 Test Items and Purpose
5.1.2 Standardization of Characteristic Tests
5.1.3 Some Issues on Characteristic Tests
5.1.4 Contents of Other Sections of This Chapter
5.2 Capacity and the Charge and Discharge Rate Test
5.2.1 Test Methods
5.2.2 Test Report Template
5.3 Discharge Rate Characteristic Test
5.3.1 Test Method
5.3.2 Test Report Template
5.4 Charge and Discharge Equilibrium Potential Curves and Equivalent Internal Resistance Tests
5.4.1 Test Method for Discharge Electromotive Force Curve and Equivalent Internal Resistance
5.4.2 Test Method for Charge Electromotive Force Curve and Equivalent Internal Resistance
5.4.3 Discussion of the Test Method
5.4.4 Test Report Template
5.5 Battery Cycle Test
5.5.1 Features of Battery Cycle Test
5.5.2 Fixed Rate Cycle Test Method
5.5.3 Cycle Test Schemes Based on Standard Working Conditions
5.5.4 Test Report Template
5.6 Phased Evaluation of the Cycle Process
5.6.1 Evaluation Method
5.6.2 Estimation of the Test Time
5.6.3 Test Report Template
References
6 Test Results and Analysis
6.1 Characteristic Test Results and Their Analysis
6.1.1 Actual Test Arrangement
6.1.2 Characteristic Test Results of the LiFePO4 Battery
6.1.3 Characteristic Test Results of the Li(NiCoMn)O2 Ternary Battery
6.1.4 Characteristics Comparison of the Two Battery Types
6.2 Degradation Test and Analysis
6.2.1 Capacity Change Rule During Battery Degradation
6.2.2 Internal Resistance Spectrum Change Rule During Battery Degradation
6.2.3 Impact of Storage Conditions on Battery Degradation
References
7 Battery Modeling
7.1 Battery Modeling for BMS
7.1.1 Purpose of Battery Modeling
7.1.2 Battery Modeling Requirement of BMS
7.2 Common Battery Models and Their Deficiencies
7.2.1 Non-circuit Models
7.2.2 Equivalent Circuit Models
7.3 External Characteristics of the Li-Ion Power Battery and Their Analysis
7.3.1 Electromotive Force Characteristic of the Li-Ion Battery
7.3.2 Over-potential Characteristics of the Li-Ion Battery
7.4 A Power Battery Model Based on a Three-Order RC Network
7.4.1 Establishment of a New Power Battery Model
7.4.2 Estimation of Model Parameters
7.5 Model Parameterization and Its Online Identification
7.5.1 Offline Extension Method of Model Parameters
7.5.2 Online Identification Method of Model Parameters
7.6 Battery Cell Simulation Model
7.6.1 Realization of Battery Cell Simulation Model Based on Matlab/Simulink
7.6.2 Model Validation
References
Part III Functions of BMS
8 Battery Monitoring
8.1 Discussion on Real Time and Synchronization
8.1.1 Factors Causing Delay
8.1.2 Synchronization
8.1.3 Negative Impact of Non-real-time and Non-synchronous Problems
8.1.4 Proposal on Solution
8.2 Battery Voltage Monitoring
8.2.1 Voltage Monitoring Based on a Photocoupler Relay Switch Array (PhotoMOS)
8.2.2 Voltage Monitoring Based on a Differential Operational Amplifier
8.2.3 Voltage Monitoring Based on a Special Integrated Chip
8.2.4 Comparison of Various Voltage Monitoring Schemes
8.2.5 Significance of Accurate Voltage Monitoring for Effective Capacity Utilization of the Battery Pack
8.3 Battery Current Monitoring
8.3.1 Accuracy
8.3.2 Current Monitoring Based on Series Resistance
8.3.3 Current Monitoring Based on a Hall Sensor
8.3.4 A Compromised Method
8.4 Temperature Monitoring
8.4.1 Importance of Temperature Monitoring
8.4.2 Common Implementation Schemes
8.4.3 Setting of the Temperature Sensor
8.4.4 Accuracy
References
9 SoC Estimation of a Battery
9.1 Different Understandings of the SoC Definition
9.1.1 Difference on the Understanding of SoC
9.1.2 Difference and Relation Between SoC and SoP as Well as SoE
9.2 Classical Estimation Methods
9.2.1 Coulomb Counting Method
9.2.2 Open Circuit Voltage Method
9.2.3 A Compromised Method
9.2.4 Estimation Methods Not Applicable for the Lithium-Ion Battery
9.3 Difficulty in an SoC Estimation
9.3.1 Difficulty in an Estimation Resulting from Inaccurate Battery State Monitoring
9.3.2 Difficulty in an Estimation Resulting from Battery Difference
9.3.3 Difficulty in an Estimation Resulting from an Uncertain Future Working Condition
9.3.4 Difficulty in an Estimation Resulting from an Uncertain Battery Usage History
9.4 Actual Problems to Be Considered During an SoC Estimation
9.4.1 Safety of the Electric Vehicle
9.4.2 Feasibility
9.4.3 Actual Requirements of Drivers
9.5 Estimation Method Based on the Battery Model and the Extended Kalman Filter
9.5.1 Common Complicated Estimation Method
9.5.2 Advantages of a Kalman Filter in an SoC Estimation
9.5.3 Combination of an EKF and a Lithium-Ion Battery Model
9.5.4 Implementation Rule of the EKF Algorithm
9.5.5 Experimental Verification
9.6 Error Spectrum of the SoC Estimation Based on the EKF
9.6.1 Estimation Error Caused by the Inaccurate Battery Model
9.6.2 Estimation Error Resulting from a Measurement Error of the Sensor
9.6.3 Factors Affecting SoC Estimation Accuracy
References
10 Charge Control
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Charging Power Categories
10.3 Charge Control Methods
10.3.1 Semi-constant Current
10.3.2 Constant Current (CC)
10.3.3 Constant Voltage (CV)
10.3.4 Constant Power (CP)
10.3.5 Time-Based Charging
10.3.6 Pulse Charging
10.3.7 Trickle Charging
10.4 Effect of Charge Control on Battery Performance
10.5 Charging Circuits
10.5.1 Half-Bridge and Full-Bridge Circuits
10.5.2 On-Board Charger (Level 1 and Level 2 Chargers)
10.5.3 Off-Board Charger (Level 3)
10.5.4 Fast Charger
10.5.5 Ultra-Fast Charger
10.6 Infrastructure Development and Challenges
10.6.1 Home Charging Station
10.6.2 Workplace Charging Station
10.6.3 Community and Highways EV Charging Station
10.6.4 Electrical Infrastructure Upgrades
10.6.5 Infrastructure Challenges and Issues
10.6.6 Commercially Available Charges
10.7 Isolation and Safety Requirement for EC Chargers
References
11 Balancing/Balancing Control
11.1 Balancing Control Management and Its Significance
11.1.1 Two Expressions of Battery Capacity and SoC Inconsistency
11.1.2 Significance of Balancing Control Management
11.2 Classification of Balancing Control Management
11.2.1 Centralized Balancing and Distributed Balancing
11.2.2 Discharge Balancing, Charge Balancing, and Bidirectional Balancing
11.2.3 Passive Balancing and Active Balancing
11.3 Review and Analysis of Active Balancing Technologies
11.3.1 Independent-Charge Active Balancing Control
11.3.2 Energy-Transfer Active Balancing Control
11.3.3 How to Evaluate the Advantages and Disadvantages of an Active Balancing Control Scheme (an Efficiency Problem of Active B
11.4 Balancing Strategy Study
11.4.1 Balancing Time
11.4.2 Variable for Balancing
11.5 Two Active Balancing Control Strategies
11.5.1 Topologies of Two Active Balancing Schemes
11.5.2 Hierarchical Balancing Control Strategy
11.5.3 Lead-Acid Battery Transfer Balancing Control Strategy
11.6 Evaluation and Comparison of Balancing Control Strategies
11.6.1 Evaluation Indexes of Balancing Control Strategies
11.6.2 Comparison of Flows for Balancing Strategies
11.6.3 Comparison of Balancing Time
11.6.4 Comparison of Energy Consumption
11.6.5 Comparison of the Impact of Balancing on Battery Life
11.6.6 Comparison of the Capacity Utilization Ratio
11.6.7 Analysis of the Optimization Case
References
12 State of Health (SoH) Estimation of a Battery
12.1 Definition and Indices/Parameters of SoH
12.1.1 Relationship Between Battery Degradation and Battery Life
12.1.2 Relationship Between Battery Degradation and SoH of the Battery
12.1.3 Main Indicators to Describe Battery Degradation
12.2 Modeling of Battery Degradation (Aging) and SoH Estimation
12.2.1 Support Vector Regression
12.2.2 Battery Degradation Model Based on a Support Vector Regression Machine
12.2.3 Steps and Procedures for Evaluating Battery Degradation
12.3 Battery Degradation Diagnosis for EVs
12.3.1 Offline Degradation Diagnosis of the Power Battery
12.3.2 Online Degradation Diagnosis of the Power Battery
References
13 Communication Interface for BMS
13.1 BMS Communication Bus and Protocols
13.1.1 System Management Bus (SMBus)
13.1.2 BMS: Internal Data Communication
13.1.3 BMS: External Data Communication
13.2 Higher-Layer Communication Protocols
13.3 A Case Study: Universal CiA EnergyBus for a Low-Emission Vehicle (LEV)
References
14 Battery Lifecycle Information Management
14.1 Data Type of Power Battery
14.2 Vehicle Instrument Data Display
14.2.1 Battery Information Displayed on the Vehicle Instrument
14.2.2 Upgrade Based on a Traditional Instrument Panel
14.2.3 Design of the New Instrument Panel
14.3 Battery Data Transmission Mode
14.3.1 Hardware Implementation of Data Transmission
14.3.2 Control Flow of Data Transmission
14.3.3 Hierarchical Management of Power Battery Data
14.4 Information Concerning a Full-Power Battery Lifecycle
14.4.1 Database Structure of a Power Battery
14.4.2 Power Battery Data Volume Estimation
14.5 Storage and Analysis of Historical Information of a Battery
14.5.1 Necessity for Storage of Historical Information
14.5.2 Achievement of Historical Information Storage
14.5.3 Analysis and Processing of Historical Information
14.6 Battery Detection System Based on a Mobile Terminal
14.6.1 Server Program Design and Implementation
14.6.2 Design and Implementation of the Mobile Terminal
Reference
Part IV Case Studies
15 BMS for an E-Bike
15.1 Balancing
15.1.1 Passive Balancing
15.1.2 Active Charge Compensation
15.2 Battery Pack Design for an E-Bike
15.2.1 E-Bike Battery Pack Design Specifications
15.2.2 Testing
15.3 Methodology
15.4 Active Balancing Solutions
15.4.1 Structure of LTC3300
15.4.2 Discharging Procedure
15.4.3 Charging Process
15.5 Test Results
15.5.1 Measurements with Different Discharges
15.5.2 Comparison Between the Batteries
15.6 Possibility with Active Balancing
15.7 Results and Evaluation
Reference
16 BMS for a Fork-Lift
16.1 Lithium-Iron-Phosphate Batteries for Fork-Lifts
16.2 Battery Management Systems for Fork-Lifts
16.3 The LIONIC® Battery System for Truck Applications
16.4 Application
16.5 The Usable Energy Li-Ion Traction Batteries
Reference
17 BMS for a Minibus
17.1 Internal Resistance Analysis of a Power Battery System and Discharging Strategy Research of Vehicles
17.1.1 Internal Resistance Change Characteristic Research of a Power Battery
17.1.2 Internal Resistance Characteristic–Based Discharge Strategy
17.1.3 Research of a Charging Method for a Power Battery System Based on an Internal Resistance Characteristic
17.2 Consistency Evaluation Research of a Power Battery System
17.2.1 Analysis of a Battery Pack Maintenance Strategy and Performance Evaluation Index
17.2.2 Comparison of the Battery Pack Performance Evaluation Methods
17.2.3 Internal Resistance Characteristic-Based Consistency Evaluation Theory of the Battery Pack
17.2.4 Internal Resistance Characteristic-Based Consistency Evaluation of the Battery Pack
17.2.5 Internal Resistance Characteristic-Based Staged Consistency
Evaluation Method for the Battery Pack
17.2.6 Internal Resistance Consistency Evaluation Test of the Battery Pack for a Pure Electric Vehicle
17.3 Safety Management and Protection of a Power Battery System
Index
EULA