Batteries: Materials principles and characterization methods

PRELIMS.pdf
Preface
Outline placeholder
1 Introduction
2 Electrochemical characterization and modeling for batteries
3 Synchrotron-based battery imaging with multi-modal x-ray signals
4 FTIR
5 OEMS
6 Electron microscopy
7 NMR
8 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for batteries
9 Scanning electrochemical microscopy: a versatile tool for inspecting the reactivity of battery electrodes
10 Small-angle x-ray scattering for battery research
Editor biography
Chen Liao
List of contributors
CH001.pdf
Chapter 1 Fundamentals of rechargeable lithium ion and beyond lithium ion batteries
List of symbols
1.1 Introduction to batteries
1.1.1 Lithium ion batteries
1.1.2 Beyond lithium ion batteries
1.2 Basic components of batteries
1.2.1 Cathodes
1.2.2 Anodes
1.2.3 Electrolytes
1.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
CH002.pdf
Chapter 2 Electrochemical characterization and modeling for batteries
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Electrochemistry in batteries
2.1.2 Frequently used parameters
2.2 Electrochemical models for batteries
2.2.1 Classification of electrochemical models
2.2.2 Equivalent circuit models
2.2.3 Physics-based models
2.2.4 Models in battery characterization
2.3 DC electrochemical techniques
2.3.1 Open circuit voltage
2.3.2 Conductivity
2.3.3 Transport and transference number
2.3.4 Linear sweep and cyclic voltammetry
2.3.5 Constant current (galvanostatic) and potential (potentiostatic) method
2.3.6 Galvanostatic/potentiostatic intermittent titration technique
2.3.7 Hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC) test
2.4 AC electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
2.4.1 Principle of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
2.4.2 Equivalent circuit models for electrochemical systems
2.4.3 Reliability of impedance data
2.4.4 Application to battery characterization
Appendix A. List of symbols in table 2.1
References
CH003.pdf
Chapter 3 Synchrotron-based battery imaging with multi-modal x-ray signals
3.1 Introduction
3.2 General synchrotron techniques: microscopy, spectroscopy, and scattering
3.2.1 Overview of synchrotron radiation and its interaction with matter
3.2.2 The interplay among lattice, electronic structure, and micromorphology in battery
3.3 Synchrotron multi-modal microscopy for battery research
3.3.1 An overview of the synchrotron-based imaging approaches
3.3.2 Battery research using synchrotron-based microscopy with absorption, phase, and scattering contrasts
3.3.3 Synchrotron-based diffractive imaging for battery research
3.3.4 X-ray spectro-microscopy for battery research
3.4 Data science approach for synchrotron-based battery research
3.5 Future directions of synchrotron-based battery research
References
CH004.pdf
Chapter 4 Vibrational spectroscopy for batteries
4.1 Fundamental principles and methods
4.1.1 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
4.1.2 Raman spectroscopy
4.2 Vibrational spectroscopy for batteries
4.2.1 Ex situ FTIR and Raman
4.2.2 In situ FTIR and Raman
4.3 Future perspective
References
CH005.pdf
Chapter 5 Differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) for batteries
5.1 Introduction
5.2 General principles of DEMS
5.2.1 Classification of DEMS
5.2.2 Mass spectrometry
5.2.3 DEMS setup
5.2.4 Instrument design
5.2.5 Quantification methods
5.2.6 System comparison
5.3 Research applications
5.3.1 Lithium–oxygen batteries
5.3.2 Lithium-ion battery
5.4 Summary and conclusion
Abbreviations
Acknowledgements
References
CH006.pdf
Chapter 6 Electron microscopies for batteries
6.1 Electron microscopy SEM and TEM
6.1.1 Basics of electron microscopy
6.1.2 Electron beam effect
6.1.3 Applications of electron microscopy
References
CH007.pdf
Chapter 7 Nuclear magnetic resonance as an analytical tool in battery materials science
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Methods
7.2.1 Introduction to NMR methodology
7.2.2 Structural investigations and MAS
7.2.3 NMR relaxometry
7.2.4 NMR diffusometry
7.2.5 Other NMR methods useful in material characterization
7.3 NMR of battery materials: examples
7.3.1 Electrode materials
7.3.2 Electrolytes
7.3.3 Electrode and electrolyte interface
7.3.4 Operando NMR techniques
Acknowledgements
References
CH008.pdf
Chapter 8 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for batteries
8.1 Principles and operation
8.1.1 Photoelectric effect and x-rays
8.1.2 Inelastic mean free path and information depth
8.1.3 X-ray photoelectron spectra
8.1.4 Instrumentation
8.1.5 Complementary surface analysis techniques
8.2 XPS analysis of battery materials
8.2.1 Electrode charge/discharge
8.2.2 Interphase chemistry and speciation
8.2.3 Concentration gradients and depth profiling
8.2.4 Synchrotron methods
8.3 Practical considerations and technique limitations
8.3.1 Sample considerations
8.3.2 Binding energy referencing and differential charging
8.3.3 Peak fitting
Abbreviations
References
CH009.pdf
Chapter 9 Scanning electrochemical microscopy: a versatile tool for inspecting the reactivity of battery electrodes
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Principles of scanning electrochemical microscopy
9.2.1 Ultramicroelectrodes and their operation
9.2.2 Approach curves
9.2.3 SECM modes
9.2.4 Analytical expressions
9.3 Battery applications
9.3.1 Li-ion batteries
9.3.2 Redox flow batteries
9.3.3 Li–air batteries
9.4 Related electrochemical scanning probe techniques and multi-modal characterization with SECM
9.4.1 Other electrochemical scanning probe techniques
9.4.2 Multimodal SECM techniques
9.5 Outlook
9.5.1 SECM technique development
9.5.2 Computational advancements
9.5.3 Novel experiments
Acknowledgments
References
CH010.pdf
Chapter 10 Small-angle x-ray scattering for battery research
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The theory of small-angle x-ray scattering
10.3 Potential applications and advantages of SAXS
10.3.1 Testing materials
10.3.2 Advantages of SAXS comparing with other characterization techniques
10.4 Data processing of SAXS
10.5 Examples of SAXS applications in battery
10.5.1 Porous carbon anode materials
10.5.2 Sulfur cathode materials
10.5.3 Separator
10.5.4 Electrolytes
10.5.5 In situ or operando SAXS
10.6 Conclusion
References