Basketball Sports Medicine and Science

Foreword by Coach Mike Krzyzewski
Foreword from the ESSKA Leadership
After Handball and Football, ESSKA’s Third Sport-Specific Book—On Basketball Medicine and Science!
Preface
A Word from the Editors/Acknowledgments
Basketball Sports Medicine and Science - Introduction
Contents
Part I: Basic and Applied Sciences
1: Physical and Anthropometric Characteristics of Basketball Players
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Physical Attributes of the Basketball Player
1.2.1 Aerobic Capacity
1.2.2 Anaerobic Power
1.2.3 Strength
1.2.4 Speed and Agility
1.2.5 Anthropometric Measures
References
2: Activity and Physiological Demands During Basketball Game Play
2.1 Activity Demands
2.1.1 Distance Covered
2.1.2 Activity Frequency
2.1.3 Activity Duration
2.2 Physiological Demands
2.2.1 Blood Lactate Concentration
2.2.2 Heart Rate
References
3: Endocrine Aspects in Performance and Recovery in Basketball
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Anabolic–Catabolic Systemic-Local Training Model
3.2.1 Effect of Single Exercise
3.2.2 Effect of Interval Training
3.2.3 Endocrine Aspects in Recovery
3.2.4 Effect of Prolonged Training
3.2.5 Effect of Basketball Match
3.2.6 Effect on Performance
3.3 Summary
References
4: Biomechanics of Lower Extremity Movements and Injury in Basketball
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Movement Demands
4.2.1 Total Distance
4.2.2 Straight-Line Running
4.2.3 Non-sagittal Plane Movements
4.2.4 Vertical Demands
4.3 Lower Extremity Biomechanics During Basketball Movements
4.3.1 Jumping and Landing
4.3.2 Running, Cutting, and Lateral Movements
4.4 Biomechanical Considerations of Lower Extremity Injuries
4.4.1 Foot and Ankle
4.4.1.1 Ankle Sprain
4.4.1.2 Bony Foot Injury
4.4.2 Knee
4.4.2.1 Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
4.4.2.2 Tendinopathy of the Knee Extensor Mechanism
4.5 General Considerations for Rehabilitation and Return to Play
References
5: Biomechanics of Upper Extremity Movements and Injury in Basketball
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Movement Demands
5.3 Upper Extremity Biomechanics During Basketball Movements
5.3.1 Shooting
5.3.2 Dribbling
5.4 Biomechanical Considerations of Upper Extremity Injuries in Basketball
5.4.1 Finger Fracture
5.4.2 Thumb Sprain
5.4.3 Wrist Sprain
5.4.4 Shoulder Injury
5.4.5 Considerations for Upper Extremity Injury Prevention
5.5 Considerations for Rehabilitation and Return to Performance
5.5.1 Finger Fracture
5.5.2 Thumb Sprain
5.5.3 Wrist Sprain
5.5.4 Shoulder Injury
References
6: Nutrition and Hydration in Basketball Athletes
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Physiological Demands
6.3 Energy Requirements in Basketball
6.4 Macronutrient Status in Basketball
6.4.1 Carbohydrate Requirements
6.4.2 Protein Requirements
6.4.3 Fat Requirements
6.5 Micronutrient Intake in Basketball
6.5.1 Vitamins Adequacy
6.5.2 Minerals Adequacy
6.6 Hydration
6.7 Conclusions
References
Part II: The Basketball Medical Perimeter - Aspects in Medical Preparation
7: Constructing a Medical Team: The Medical Needs of a Basketball Team
7.1 Introduction
7.2 High School Teams
7.3 College Teams
7.4 Professional Teams
7.5 Medical Team Personnel
7.6 Pre-Participation Physical Exams
7.7 Equipment
7.8 Emergency Action Plan
7.9 Summary
References
8: The Role of Pre-participation Assessment and Screening in Basketball
8.1 Introduction and Goals of PPE
8.2 Methodology of a PPE
8.3 Historical Information
8.3.1 Medications and Supplements
8.3.2 Cardiac History
8.3.3 Cardiac Exam
8.3.4 Screening EKG
8.3.5 Musculoskeletal History
8.3.6 Musculoskeletal Exam
8.3.7 Functional Movement Screening vs. Sport-Specific Testing
8.3.8 Common Injuries in Basketball
8.3.9 Neurological History
8.3.10 Neurological Exam and Baseline Concussion Testing
8.4 Screening Tests
8.5 Athletes with Intellectual and Physical Disabilities
References
9: Medical Coverage of Basketball Events: From Local Competitions to European, World Championships and Olympic Games
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Ambulance System
9.3 Designated Hospitals
9.4 Volunteers
9.5 Accreditations
9.6 Referees/Entertainment
9.7 Doping Control Room
9.8 Crisis Protocol
9.8.1 Security and Emergency Services Coordination
9.9 Out-of-Competition Assistance
References
10: Communication Challenges in Medical Management of a Basketball Team
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Communication Within the Medical Team in the Multidisciplinary Setting
10.3 Communication with the Coaching Staff
10.4 Communication with Administrative/Management Staff
10.5 Communication with Players
10.6 Doping-Related Issues
10.7 Second Opinions and Consultant Specialists
10.8 Media
10.9 Educating the Medical Team, Coaching Staff and Players
10.10 Summary
References
11: The Role of the Team Physician in Basketball
11.1 Who Are Team Physicians?
11.2 Health-Care Team
11.3 Responsibilities and Duties
Reference
12: Team Medical Coverage in Elite European Basketball
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Physiotherapists
12.3 Nutritionist
12.4 Team Preparation Before the Season
12.5 Field Triage Algorithm
12.6 Medical Coverage During Major European Events
12.7 Conclusion
References
13: Team Medical Coverage in College Basketball
13.1 Review of the Care Team and Their Roles
13.1.1 Team Physicians
13.1.2 Athletic Trainers
13.1.3 Strength and Conditioning
13.1.4 Sports Psychology
13.2 Common Maladies
13.2.1 Ankle Sprain
13.2.2 Achilles and Patellar Tendinitis
13.2.3 Muscle Strains
13.2.4 Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Tear
13.2.5 Finger/Wrist Injuries
13.2.6 Facial Trauma
13.2.7 Management of Common Illnesses and Impact on Sport
13.2.7.1 Viral Illness
13.2.7.2 Concussion
13.2.7.3 Cardiac Concerns
13.3 Miscellaneous
13.3.1 Travel
13.3.2 Sleep
13.3.3 Summer Training
13.3.4 Mental Health
13.4 Conclusion
References
14: Team Medical Coverage in the National Basketball Association (NBA)
14.1 Medical Team Members
14.2 Pre-Participation Evaluations
14.3 Emergency Action Plan
14.4 Mental Health
14.5 Game Day Coverage and Resources
14.6 NBA Season Overview
14.7 Injury Documentation
14.8 Common Musculoskeletal Injuries
14.9 Non-Musculoskeletal Injuries and Illnesses
14.10 Surgical Treatment of Injuries
14.11 Summary
References
Part III: On Court Management in Basketball
15: On Court Examination in Basketball: What the Clinician Should Not Miss
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Concussions
15.3 Facial Injuries
15.4 Cardiac
15.5 Upper Extremities Injuries
15.6 Lower Extremity Injuries
15.7 Conclusion
References
16: Preparing for Worst-Case Scenarios on Court: How to Best Prepare Your Medical Team
16.1 Introduction
16.2 CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation)
16.3 Cervical Spine Precautions
16.4 A—Airway
16.5 B—Breathing
16.6 C—Circulation
16.7 D—Disability
16.8 First Aid
16.9 Suturing and Wound Care
16.10 Athletic Taping
16.11 Splinting and Protection
16.12 Reducing Dislocations
16.13 Special Issues
References
17: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Cardiorespiratory Arrest in Basketball: Guidelines
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Definition
17.3 Epidemiology
17.4 The Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death and Screening
17.5 Consensus Template of CPR
17.6 I-Basic Life Support (BLS)
17.6.1 Early Recognition and Activation of the Emergency Response System
17.6.2 Early Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
17.6.3 Early AED Defibrillation by First Responders
17.7 II-Advanced Cardiac Life Support
17.7.1 Severe Bradycardia, Asystole, or Pulseless Electrical Activity
17.7.2 Ventricular Fibrillation and Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia
17.7.3 Pharmaceutical Therapy
17.8 III-Post-Cardiac Arrest Stabilization Care
References
18: Immediate Management of Acute Trauma on Court in Basketball
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Acute Management of Extremity Trauma
18.3 Treatment
18.4 Acute Management of Spinal Trauma
18.5 Acute Management of Concussion and Head Trauma
18.6 Conclusion
References
Part IV: Basketball Injuries and Management
19: Basketball Injuries: Epidemiology and Risk Factors
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Descriptive Epidemiology and Mechanisms of Injury with Predictive Factors by Level of Play
19.2.1 High School Athletes
19.2.2 The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
19.2.3 Professional Leagues
19.3 Common Types of Basketball Injuries
19.3.1 Foot and Ankle Injuries
19.3.1.1 Ankle Sprains
19.3.1.2 Fractures and Stress Fractures of the Foot
19.3.2 Achilles Tendon Injuries
19.3.3 Acute Knee Ligament Injuries
19.3.3.1 Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Tears
19.3.4 Core Injuries
19.3.4.1 Pelvis and Hip
19.3.4.2 Lower Back
19.3.5 Upper Extremity Injuries
19.3.5.1 Hand Fractures
19.3.5.2 Shoulder
19.3.6 Non-Orthopedic Injuries and Illnesses
19.4 Conclusion
References
20: Head, Neck, and Face Injuries in Basketball
20.1 Facial Injuries
20.1.1 Nasal Injury
20.1.2 Nasal Bone Fracture
20.1.3 Nasal Laceration, Epistaxis, and Septal Hematoma
20.1.4 Facial Fractures
20.1.5 Dental Injuries
20.2 Ocular Injuries
20.2.1 Eyelid Lacerations
20.2.2 Periorbital Contusion
20.2.3 Corneal Abrasions
20.2.4 Orbital Fracture
20.2.5 Traumatic Hyphema
20.2.6 Globe Rupture
20.3 Ear Injuries
20.3.1 Auricular Hematoma
20.3.2 Ear Lacerations
20.3.3 TM Perforation
20.4 Neck Injuries
20.4.1 Neck Strains
20.4.2 Cervical Spine Injuries
20.4.3 Emergency Action Plan
20.4.4 On-Court Management
20.4.5 Return to Play (RTP)
20.5 Conclusion
References
21: Concussion Management in Basketball
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Description/Definition
21.3 Epidemiology
21.4 Pathophysiology/Biomechanics
21.5 Diagnosis
21.5.1 Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT)
21.5.2 Balance Error Scoring System (BESS)
21.5.3 King-Devick Test (K-D)
21.5.4 Computer-Based Neurocognitive Testing
21.5.5 Vestibular Ocular Motor Screen Assessment (VOMS)
21.6 Management/Return to Play/Return to Learn
21.6.1 Return-to-Play (RTP)
21.7 Complications
21.8 Obtaining Rights to Image
21.8.1 Prevention
21.9 Conclusion
References
22: Ophthalmic Trauma in Basketball
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Epidemiology of Ocular Injuries
22.3 Prevention
22.4 Sideline Ocular Assessment
22.5 General Return to Play Guidelines
22.6 Common Eye Injuries
22.6.1 Corneal Abrasion
22.6.1.1 Treatment
22.6.1.2 Return to Play
22.6.2 Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
22.6.2.1 Treatment
22.6.2.2 Return to Play
22.6.3 Ocular Surface Foreign Body
22.6.3.1 Treatment
22.6.3.2 Return to Play
22.6.4 Eyelid Laceration
22.6.4.1 Treatment
22.6.4.2 Return to Play
22.6.5 Hyphema
22.6.5.1 Treatment
22.6.5.2 Return to Play
22.6.6 Traumatic Iritis
22.6.6.1 Treatment
22.6.6.2 Return to Play
22.6.7 Commotio Retinae
22.6.7.1 Treatment
22.6.7.2 Return to Play
22.6.8 Ruptured Globe Injury
22.6.8.1 Treatment
22.6.8.2 Return to Play
22.6.9 Retinal Tear and Detachment
22.6.9.1 Treatment
22.6.9.2 Return to Play
22.6.10 Orbital Fracture
22.6.10.1 Treatment
22.6.10.2 Return to Play
References
23: Shoulder Injuries in Basketball
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Epidemiology
23.3 Mechanism and Severity of Injury
23.4 History
23.5 Physical Examination
23.6 Imaging
23.7 Treatment
23.8 Common Shoulder Injuries in Basketball
23.8.1 Dislocations-Separations around the Shoulder
23.8.2 Fractures Around the Shoulder
23.8.3 Rotator Cuff Tears
23.8.4 Internal Impingement
23.8.5 Biceps and SLAP Lesions
23.8.6 Scapular Dyskinesis
23.9 Principles of On-Field Evaluation
23.10 Summary
References
24: Management of Shoulder Instability in Basketball Players
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Diagnosis
24.3 Treatment
24.4 Conclusions
References
25: Elbow Injuries in Basketball
25.1 Elbow Anatomy and Biomechanics
25.2 General Evaluation of the Elbow
25.2.1 Physical Exam of Elbow
25.2.2 Imaging Evaluation of the Elbow
25.3 Common Basketball-Related Injuries
25.3.1 Elbow Instability
25.3.2 Elbow Fractures
25.3.3 Elbow Tendon Injuries
25.3.3.1 Biceps Tendon Injury
25.3.3.2 Triceps Tendon Injury
25.3.4 Lateral and Medial Epicondylitis
25.3.5 Olecranon Bursitis (Non-Infectious and Infectious)
25.3.6 Neuropathies at the Elbow
25.4 Conclusion
References
26: Wrist and Hand Injuries in Basketball
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Epidemiology
26.3 Scaphoid Fractures
26.4 Hook of Hamate Fractures [16]
26.5 Metacarpal Fractures
26.6 Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Injuries (TFCC)
26.7 Scapholunate Ligament Disruption
26.8 ECU Tendonitis and Subluxation [33]
26.9 Conclusion
References
27: Isolated Finger Injuries in Basketball
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Soft Tissue Injuries
27.3 Joint Injuries of the Fingers
27.4 Proximal and Distal Interphalangeal Joints
27.4.1 Dorsal Dislocations
27.4.2 Volar Dislocations
27.4.3 PIP Subluxation
27.4.4 Collateral Ligament Injuries
27.4.5 Metacarpophalangeal Joint
27.5 Joint Injuries of the Thumb
27.5.1 Skier’s Thumb
27.5.2 Radial Collateral Ligament Injury
27.6 Tendon Injuries
27.6.1 Mallet Finger
27.6.2 Boutonnière Deformity
27.6.3 Pseudoboutonnière Deformity
27.6.4 Jersey Finger
27.7 Nerve Compression Injuries
27.8 Phalangeal Fractures
27.8.1 Proximal and Middle Phalanx Fractures
27.8.2 Distal Phalanx Fractures
27.8.3 Return to Sports after Phalangeal Fractures
References
28: Hip and Groin Injuries in Basketball
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Soft Tissue Hip and Groin Injuries
28.2.1 Risk Factors for Groin Injuries
28.2.2 Adductor Muscle Strains
28.2.3 Hip Flexor Muscle Injury/Iliopsoas Tendinitis
28.2.4 Sports Hernia/Athletic Pubalgia/Core Muscle Injury
28.3 The Hypermobile Athlete
28.4 Intra-Articular Hip Injuries/Pathologies
28.4.1 Femoro-Acetabular Impingement Syndrome (FAIS)
28.4.2 Labral Tears
28.4.3 Acetabular Dysplasia
28.4.4 Pathogenesis of FAIS
28.4.5 Peri-Articular and Extra-Articular Hip Impingement
28.4.6 Diagnosis
28.4.6.1 History
28.4.6.2 Physical Examination
28.4.6.3 Imaging
28.4.7 Treatment of FAIS
28.4.8 Return to Sport
28.5 Hip Osteoarthritis (OA) in Basketball
28.6 Summary
References
29: Knee Injuries in Basketball
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Type and Incidence of Knee Injuries in Basketball
29.3 Injury Severity of Knee Injuries in Basketball
29.4 Significant and Common Knee Injuries in Basketball
29.4.1 Fractures Around the Knee in Basketball
29.4.2 Patellar Dislocations in Basketball
29.4.3 Knee Dislocations in Basketball
29.4.4 Ligamentous Knee Injuries in Basketball
29.4.4.1 Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injuries in Basketball
29.4.4.2 Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) Injuries in Basketball
29.4.4.3 Collateral Ligament Injury
Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) Injuries in Basketball
Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) and Postero-Lateral Corner (PLC) Injuries in Basketball
29.4.5 Meniscal Injuries in Basketball
29.4.6 Knee Tendinopathies and Tendon Tears in Basketball
29.5 Summary
References
30: Management of ACL Injuries in Basketball
30.1 Introduction
30.1.1 Incidence
30.1.2 ACL Function
30.1.3 Anatomy
30.2 Diagnosis of ACL Tears
30.2.1 History
30.2.2 Physical Examination
30.2.3 Imaging
30.3 Management of ACL Injury in Athletes
30.3.1 Conservative Management
30.3.2 Surgical Management: Graft Selection
30.3.3 Surgical Technique and Fixation
30.3.3.1 Fixation
30.4 Principles of ACL Injury Rehabilitation
30.4.1 Preoperative Rehabilitation (Pre-Hab)
30.4.2 Postoperative Rehabilitation
30.4.2.1 Initial Phase
30.4.2.2 Intermediate Phase
30.4.2.3 Final Phase
30.4.3 Rehabilitation Considerations in Basketball Players
30.4.4 Establishing Safe Return-to-Play Criteria Following Rehabilitation
30.5 Outcomes of ACL Reconstruction
30.5.1 Functional Outcomes of ACL Reconstruction
30.5.2 Repeat Tears of the ACL
30.5.3 Return to Sport Following ACL Reconstruction
30.6 Conclusion
References
31: Management of Multi-Ligament Injuries in Basketball
31.1 Introduction
31.1.1 Classification of Multi-Ligament Knee Injuries
31.1.2 Prevalence of Injury and Patient Demographics
31.1.3 Diagnosis
31.2 Treatment
31.2.1 Operative Decision-Making: Repair Versus Reconstruction
31.2.2 Operative Decision-Making: Single Stage Versus Two Stage
31.2.3 Operative Decision-Making: Timing of Surgery
31.3 Rehabilitation
31.4 Outcomes
31.5 Future Treatment Options
References
32: Management of Knee Cartilage Injuries in Basketball
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Diagnosis
32.2.1 Patient History
32.2.2 Physical Examination
32.2.3 Radiographic Imaging
32.2.4 MRI
32.2.5 Diagnostic Arthroscopy
32.3 Conservative Management
32.4 Surgical Treatment
32.5 Surgical Techniques
32.5.1 Abrasion Chondroplasty
32.5.2 Marrow Stimulation
32.5.3 Osteochondral Autograft Transplantation (OAT)
32.5.4 Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation (OCA)
32.5.5 Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (ACI)
32.5.6 Novel Techniques
32.6 Rehabilitation
32.6.1 Patellofemoral
32.6.2 Tibiofemoral
32.7 Clinical Outcomes
32.7.1 Microfracture
32.7.2 Osteochondral Autograft Transplantation
32.7.3 Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation
32.7.4 Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation
32.8 Conclusion
References
33: Management of Knee Injuries in Adolescent Basketball Players
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
33.3 Posterior Cruciate and Collateral Ligament Injuries
33.4 Extensor Mechanism Injuries
33.4.1 Patellar Instability
33.4.2 Extensor Mechanism Fractures
33.5 Meniscal Injuries
33.6 Chondral and Osteochondral Injuries
33.7 Overuse Injuries
Appendix
References
34: Anatomical Causes for Patellofemoral Pain in Basketball Players
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Differential Diagnosis of Patellofemoral Pain
34.3 Pathophysiology of Patellofemoral Pain
34.4 Bone Morphology and Lower Limb Alignment
34.4.1 Trochlea
34.4.2 Patella
34.4.3 Bony Alignment
34.4.4 Coronal Deformities of the Lower Limb
34.4.5 Torsional Deformities of the Lower Limb
34.4.6 Foot Disorders
34.5 Soft Tissue Restraints
34.6 Core Stability and Hip Strength: Looking Beyond the Knee
34.7 Cartilage
34.8 Conclusion
References
35: Management of Patellofemoral Disorders in Basketball
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Epidemiology
35.3 Extensor Mechanism Tendinopathy
35.3.1 Background
35.3.2 Presentation
35.3.3 Classification
35.3.4 Imaging
35.3.5 Treatment
35.4 Anterior Knee Pain
35.4.1 Presentation
35.4.2 Imaging
35.4.3 Treatment
35.5 Patellar Chondral Wear
35.6 Lateral Patellar Dislocations (LPD)
35.6.1 Presentation
35.6.2 Imaging
35.7 Management of the Acute Injury
35.7.1 Immobilization Versus Functional Progression
35.7.2 Rehabilitation Post Acute Dislocation
35.7.3 Return to Play After Patellar Stabilization Surgery
35.8 Conclusion
Appendix
References
36: Foot and Ankle Injuries in Basketball
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Epidemiology
36.3 Risk Factors
36.4 Evaluation and Diagnosis
36.5 Injury Prevention
36.6 Treatment and Return to Play
36.7 Conclusion
References
37: Management of Chronic Ankle Instability in the Basketball Player
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Pathomechanism
37.3 Epidemiology
37.4 Therapy and Rehabilitation
37.5 Operative Treatment
37.6 Return to Sport
37.7 Injury Prevention
37.8 Conclusions
37.9 Summary
References
38: Management of Cartilage Injuries of the Foot and Ankle in Basketball
38.1 Incidence and Epidemiology
38.2 Pathophysiology
38.3 Diagnosis
38.4 Classification
38.5 Treatment
38.5.1 Nonoperative Treatment
38.5.2 Surgical Management
38.5.2.1 Cartilage-Repair Strategies
Retrograde Drilling
38.5.2.2 Cartilage-Regeneration Strategies
Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (ACI)
MACI
Bone-Marrow-Derived Stem Cell Therapy
38.5.2.3 Cartilage Replacement Strategies
38.6 Rehabilitation for Safe Return to Basketball
References
39: Achilles Tendon Ruptures in Basketball
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Epidemiology
39.3 The Achilles Tendon Has Been Ruptured, What Are the Management Options?
39.4 Rehabilitation Following Achilles Tendon Rupture
39.4.1 Controlled Motion
39.4.2 Early Recovery
39.4.3 Late Recovery
39.5 Return to Play and Performance in Basketball
References
40: Management of Common Tendinopathies in Basketball
40.1 Introduction
40.2 Epidemiology
40.3 Pathophysiology (Fact Box 1)
40.4 Patellar Tendinopathy
40.4.1 Etiology
40.4.2 Diagnosis
40.4.3 Management
40.4.3.1 Nonoperative Treatment (Fact Box 2)
Eccentric Exercises
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy
Ultrasound-Guided Galvanic Electrolysis Technique
Injection Therapy
Cell-Based Therapies
Hyaluronic Acid
Additional Treatments
40.4.3.2 Operative Treatment (Fact Box 3)
40.5 Achilles Tendinopathy
40.5.1 Etiology
40.5.2 Diagnosis
40.5.2.1 Nonoperative Treatment (Fact Box 2)
40.5.2.2 Operative Treatment (Fact Box 3)
References
Best Evidence Based References
41: Back Injuries and Management of low Back Pain in Basketball
41.1 Introduction
41.2 Epidemiology in Basketball
41.3 Spinal Anatomy
41.4 Clinical Examination
41.5 Radiographic Evaluation and Additional Testing
41.6 Common Spinal Injuries
41.6.1 Lumbar Strain
41.6.2 Herniated Nucleus Pulposis and Radiculopathy
41.6.3 Spondylolisthesis and Spondylolysis
41.6.4 Vertebral Stress Fractures
41.6.5 Annular Tears
41.6.6 Inflammatory Syndromes
41.7 Return to Play Considerations
41.8 Athletic Performance After Low Back Injuries and Treatment
References
42: Osteoarthritis in Basketball Players
42.1 Introduction
42.2 Anatomy and Physiology
42.3 Biomechanics
42.4 Risk Factors
42.5 Presentation in Basketball Athletes
42.6 Diagnosis and Imaging
42.7 Treatment
42.8 Summary
References
43: Management of Muscle Injuries in Basketball
43.1 General Principles of Muscle Injury
43.2 What Is the Magnitude of Muscle Injuries in the Basketball?
43.3 Risk Factors and Mechanisms for Muscle Injuries in Basketball - The Complex, Multifactorial, and Dynamic Nature of Muscle Injury
43.4 Musculoskeletal Screening in Basketball
43.5 Diagnosis and Classification/Imaging (US/MRI)
43.6 Emerging and New approaches in the Treatment of Muscle Injuries: Regenerative and Biological Treatments for Muscle Injuries/Surgery for Muscle Injuries
43.7 A Multidisciplinary and Algorithmic Approach to Muscle Injuries Rehabilitation
43.8 How to Manage Return to Play for Muscle Injuries - a Dynamic Model; Return to Play for Specific and more Common Muscle Injuries in Basketball
43.9 A Model for Muscle Injuries Prevention in Basketball/Barriers and Facilitators to Delivering Injury Prevention Strategies
References
44: Stress Fractures and the Stress Reaction Spectrum in Basketball
44.1 Introduction
44.2 Pathophysiology and Etiology
44.2.1 Pathophysiology
44.2.2 Risk Factors
44.2.3 Incidence
44.2.4 Imaging Studies
44.3 Grading for Stress Fractures
44.4 Lower Extremity Stress Fractures
44.4.1 Tibial Stress Fractures
44.4.2 Presentation and Physical Evaluation
44.4.3 Imaging
44.4.4 Treatment
44.4.5 Return to Play
44.5 Metatarsals
44.5.1 Presentation and Physical Evaluation
44.5.2 Diagnosis
44.5.3 Treatment
44.5.4 Return to Play
44.6 Navicular
44.6.1 Presentation and Physical Evaluation
44.6.2 Diagnosis
44.6.3 Treatment
44.6.4 Return to Play
44.7 Great Toe Sesamoids
44.7.1 Presentation and Physical Evaluation
44.7.2 Diagnosis
44.7.3 Treatment
44.7.4 Return to Play
44.8 Stress Fracture Prevention
44.9 General Return to Sport Considerations Following Stress Fractures in Basketball
References
45: The Role of Orthobiologics in the Management of Tendon and Fascia Injuries in Sports
45.1 Introduction
45.2 Orthobiologics
45.2.1 Corticosteroids
45.2.2 Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP)
45.2.3 Cell-Based Therapies
45.2.3.1 Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate (BMAC)
45.2.3.2 Other Cell-Based Therapies
45.3 Soft Tissue Injuries: Tendons and Fascia
45.3.1 Patellar and Quadriceps Tendinopathy
45.3.2 Achilles Tendon Pathology
45.3.2.1 Achilles Tendinopathy
45.3.2.2 Achilles Tendon Rupture
45.3.3 Plantar Fasciitis
45.3.3.1 Corticosteroids
45.3.3.2 Botulinum Toxin Type A (BTX-A)
45.3.3.3 PRP
45.3.3.4 Amniotic-Derived Products
45.3.4 Rotator Cuff Pathology
References
46: The Role of Orthobiologics for the Management of Ligament and Muscle Injuries in Sports
46.1 Introduction
46.2 Ligament Injuries
46.2.1 Anterior Cruciate Ligament
46.2.1.1 Basic Science and Preclinical Evidence
46.2.1.2 Clinical Evidence
Partial ACL Tears
ACL Healing Enhancement Without Repair
ACL Healing Enhancement With Partial Tear Repair
ACL Reconstruction
ACL Reconstruction + Stem Cells/Cell-Based Therapy
PRP for ACL Harvest/Donor Site
Future Directions
46.2.2 Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)
46.2.3 Ankle Sprains
46.2.4 Ulnar Collateral Ligament of the Elbow Injuries
46.2.5 Muscle Injuries
46.2.6 Hamstring Muscle Injuries
46.3 Summary
References
47: The Role of Orthobiologics in the Management of Cartilage and Meniscal Injuries in Sports
47.1 Cartilage Injuries
47.1.1 Introduction
47.2 Platelet-Rich Plasma
47.3 Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate
47.4 Mesenchymal Stem Cells
47.5 Meniscal Injuries
47.6 Augmentation of Meniscal Repair
47.7 Conclusion
References
48: In-Season Management of Injuries in Basketball: A Pragmatic Approach
48.1 Introduction
48.2 Preseason Preparation
48.3 In-season Management
48.3.1 Acute Injuries
48.3.2 Chronic Injuries
48.3.3 Additional Return to Play Factors
48.4 End-of-Season Evaluation/Training Programs
48.5 Summary
References
Part V: Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation and Back to Field Process in Basketball
49: Shoulder Assessment in Basketball
49.1 Introduction
49.2 Assessment
49.2.1 Standing Posture to Evaluate Legs, Lumbar, Thoracic, and Cervical Spines [11]
49.2.2 Scapular assessment and Scapular Dysfunction/Scapular Diskinesis
49.2.2.1 Scapular Visual Assessment
49.2.2.2 Scapular Symptom Alteration Tests
49.2.2.3 Scapular Muscle Strength
49.3 Common Basketball Shoulder Injuries
49.3.1 Instability
49.3.2 Rotator Cuff Tears
49.3.3 Supraspinatus Tears
49.3.4 Subscapularis Tears
49.3.5 Infraspinatus Tears
49.3.6 Teres Minor Tears
49.3.7 Acromioclavicular Joint Sprain
49.3.8 Subacromial Pain Syndrome
49.4 Summary
References
50: Functional Assessment in Elite Basketball Players
50.1 Introduction
50.2 Clinical Observation: Functional Movement Testing
50.3 Example: Clinical Observation—Functional Movement Testing
50.4 Laboratory-Based Movement Assessments
50.4.1 Motion Capture Technology
50.4.2 Movement Tests
50.5 Movement Correction/Biomechanical Enhancement Philosophy
50.6 Summary
References
51: Injury Prevention in Basketball
51.1 Introduction
51.2 Risk Factors
51.2.1 The Importance of Optimal Load
51.2.2 Risk Factors in Professional Athletes
51.2.3 Risk Factors in Young Players
51.3 Prevention of Injuries
51.3.1 Prevention Programmes for the Lower Extremities
51.3.1.1 11+ Programme
51.3.1.2 Special Prevention Programmes for Ankle Injuries
51.3.1.3 Special Prevention Programmes for Knee Injuries
51.3.2 Prevention Programmes for Concussion
51.3.3 Prevention Programmes for Young Players
References
Best Evidence Based References
52: Digging Deep into the Etiology of Basketball Injuries: A Complex Systems Approach for Risk Mitigation
52.1 Basketball Injury Prevention Situation Room
52.2 What Is a Complex System and why Is it Important in Basketball Injury Prevention?
52.3 Modelling Sports Injury Etiology and Prevention: The Journey So Far
52.4 A Complex Systems Approach for Basketball Injury Risk Mitigation
52.5 Perspectives on the Application of the CMEB in Research and Practice
References
53: Practical Guidelines for Injury Prevention in Basketball: How to Get it Right
53.1 Introduction
53.2 Competitive Demands and Common Injury
53.3 Injury Prevention Foundation
53.4 Screening for Risk
53.5 Neuromuscular Training Programs
53.6 Secondary Prevention with Return to Play Considerations
References
54: Rehabilitation of Shoulder Injuries in Basketball
54.1 Introduction
54.2 Early Phase
54.3 Middle Phase
54.4 Late Phase
References
55: Rehabilitation of Trunk, Hip and Groin Injuries in Basketball Players
55.1 Introduction
55.1.1 The Landscape
55.1.2 Differential Diagnoses of Trunk, Hip and Groin Injury
55.1.3 Outcome Measures
55.1.4 Rehabilitation and Return-to-Play Protocol
55.1.4.1 Reduction of Pain, Inflammation and Swelling
55.1.4.2 Recovery of Range of Motion
55.1.4.3 Recovery of All Elements of Strength
55.1.4.4 Proprioception and Neuro-Motor Control
55.1.4.5 On-Court Conditioning and Skill Acquisition
55.1.4.6 Return-to-Train
55.1.4.7 Return-to-Play
55.1.4.8 Return-to-Competition/Performance
References
56: Rehabilitation of Knee Injuries in Basketball Players
56.1 Introduction
56.2 Rehabilitation Content
56.3 Rehabilitation Progression
56.4 Rehabilitation Phases
56.4.1 Prehabilitation (In the Case of Surgical Management, Particularly of ACL Injuries)
56.4.2 Acute (Post-Injury or Post-Surgery Depending on Treatment Course)
56.4.3 Intermediate
56.4.4 Late
56.4.5 Return to Performance/Secondary Prevention
56.5 Special Considerations for Particular Injuries
56.6 Return to Sport Decision-Making
56.7 Return to Play, Return to Performance, and Secondary Prevention
References
57: A Biomechanical Perspective on Rehabilitation of ACL Injuries in Basketball
57.1 Introduction
57.2 Return to Play and Second ACL Injury: A Delicate Balance
57.3 Biomechanics of ACL Injuries in the Basketball Player
57.4 Adopting a Biomechanical and Movement Restoration Approach After ACLR
57.4.1 Common Movement Patterns of the Basketball Player Following ACL Injury
57.4.1.1 Deficit(s) in Coronal/Transverse and Frontal Plane Dynamic Knee Stability
57.4.1.2 Deficit(s) in Core Control (Pelvis Drops or Hip Hikes and Trunk Tilt)
57.4.1.3 Deficit(s) in Shock Absorption (Stiff Landing or Altered Strategy)
57.4.1.4 Task-Specific Deficit(s) Typical (But Not Limited to) in Basketball Players
57.5 Integrating Qualitative Movement Patterns on Court: On Parquet Rehabilitation
57.5.1 Key Considerations for On-Parquet Motor Skill Re-training: Bridging the Gap in Movement Performance Between the Clinic and the On-Parquet Performance
57.5.1.1 Movement Intensity
57.5.1.2 Movement Specificity/Complexity
57.5.1.3 Movement Volume
57.5.2 Utilizing a Five-Stage on-Parquet Rehabilitation Program to Prepared Players for Return to Team Training
57.6 Conclusion
References
58: Rehabilitation of Foot and Ankle Injuries in Basketball Players
58.1 Epidemiology of Foot and Ankle Injury in Basketball
58.2 General Rehabilitation Considerations
58.3 Problematic Injuries and Specific Rehabilitation Considerations
58.3.1 Lateral Ligament Sprain
58.3.2 Syndesmotic Sprain
58.3.3 Fractures
58.3.4 Achilles Tendon Rupture
References
59: Rehabilitation of Tendinopathy in Basketball
59.1 Introduction
59.2 Diagnosis
59.3 Outcome Measures
59.4 Principles of Tendon Load Management and Rehabilitation
59.4.1 Mechanotherapy
59.4.2 Rehabilitation
59.4.2.1 Phase 1: Symptom Management and Load Reduction
59.4.2.2 Phase 2: Controlled Tendon Loading
59.4.2.3 Phase 3: Return to Full Sports Participation
59.4.3 Selected Patellar Tendon Loading Exercises
59.4.4 Other Considerations for Rehabilitation of Patellar Tendinopathy
59.4.4.1 Risk Factors
59.4.4.2 Landing Biomechanics
59.4.4.3 Alterations to Loading Exercises
59.4.4.4 Pain Relief
59.4.5 Selected Achilles Tendon Loading Exercises
59.4.6 Other Considerations for Rehabilitation of Achilles Tendinopathy
59.4.6.1 Variations Based on Location of Pathology
59.4.6.2 Risk Factors
59.5 Conclusion
References
60: On-Court Rehabilitation—From Treatment Table and Return to Play to a Return to Performance
60.1 Introduction
60.2 Rehabilitation and Return to Performance Planning
60.3 Acute Phase of Rehabilitation
60.4 Subacute Phase of Rehabilitation to Return to Participation
60.4.1 Exercise Progression
60.4.2 On-Court Progression
60.5 From Return to Play to Return to Performance
60.5.1 Training Under Pressure; Decision-Making, and Cognitive Load
60.5.2 On-Court Movement and Motor Learning/Secondary Prevention On Court
References
61: Strength Training for Basketball
61.1 Introduction
61.2 Basketball Overview
61.3 The Basic Concepts of Strength
61.3.1 Strength, Rate of Force Development, and Mechanical Power
61.4 A Methodological Framework for Basketball
61.4.1 Levels of Specificity
61.4.2 Movement Content
61.5 Designing the Program
61.6 Designing the Session
61.7 Defining the Exercises: Typology, Parameters, and Its Combinations
References
62: Training and Performance Differences Between the NBA and FIBA Rules and Major Competition Aspects (Euro, WC, and Olympics)
62.1 Introduction
62.2 Game Rules
62.3 European Leagues
62.4 National Basketball Association (NBA)
62.5 FIBA World Cup
62.6 Olympic Games
References
63: Post-Exercise Recovery Strategies in Basketball: Practical Applications Based on Scientific Evidence
63.1 Introduction
63.2 Monitoring Post-Exercise Fatigue
63.3 Primary Post-exercise Recovery Strategies in Basketball
63.3.1 Rest and Sleep
63.3.2 Nutritional Strategies
63.3.2.1 Carbohydrates and Proteins
63.3.2.2 Vitamins and Minerals
63.3.3 Hydration
63.4 Secondary Post-exercise Recovery Methods in Basketball
63.4.1 Ergogenic Aids and Supplements
63.4.1.1 Creatine
63.4.1.2 β-Alanine and Sodium Bicarbonate
63.4.2 Physical Recovery Strategies
63.4.2.1 Active Recovery
63.4.2.2 Stretching
63.4.2.3 Hydrotherapy
63.4.2.4 Compression Garments
63.4.2.5 Cryotherapy
63.4.3 Mental Recovery Strategies
63.4.4 Therapeutic Interventions
63.4.4.1 Acupuncture
63.4.4.2 Massage
References
64: Load Management in Basketball
64.1 What Is “Load”?
64.2 What Is “Load Management” All About? And Why Is It Important in Basketball?
64.3 How Do I Capture Load?
64.4 Load Can Have Positive and Negative Effects
64.5 How Can Practitioners Safely Progress Workload?
64.6 Spikes in Load Increase Injury Risk
64.7 Prepare for the “Worst Case Scenario”
64.8 The Risk-Reward Conundrum—“Is He Ready to Play or Not?!”
64.8.1 Return-to-Play Decisions Require Ethics but They also Require Context
64.8.2 Do You Want the Athlete Back Quickly or “Permanently”?
64.9 How Can We Develop a Robust Athlete?
64.10 What About “Fitness” and Tolerance to Workload?
References
65: Practical Considerations for Workload Measurement in Basketball
65.1 Monitoring Player Workloads in Basketball
65.2 Monitoring External Workload
65.3 Monitoring Internal Workload
65.4 Integrating External and Internal Workloads in Basketball
65.5 Quantifying Workload Intensity and Duration in Basketball
65.6 Monitoring Well-Being in Conjunction with Player Workloads
65.7 Consideration of Playing Time When Monitoring Players
References
Part VI: Special Considerations in Basketball
66: The Female Basketball Player
66.1 Introduction
66.2 Hormonal Fluctuations During the Menstrual Cycle
66.3 Hormonal Contraceptive Options
66.4 Differences in Tissue Properties
66.4.1 Muscle
66.4.2 Tendons and Ligaments
66.5 Biomechanical Differences
66.6 Neuromuscular Differences
66.7 Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
66.7.1 Estrogen Levels and ACL Injury Risk
66.8 Female Athlete Triad/RED-S
66.9 Stress Fractures
66.10 Pregnancy
66.11 Postpartum and Breastfeeding
References
67: The Young/Adolescent Basketball Player
67.1 Introduction
67.2 Development of the Youth Basketball Player
67.2.1 The Importance of Avoiding Early Single Sport Specialization in LTAD
67.3 Injuries Common or Unique in the Youth Basketball Player
67.3.1 Epiphyseal Plate and Apophyseal Injuries
67.3.2 Osteochondral Injury
67.3.3 Stress Fractures
67.3.4 Ligamentous Injuries
67.3.5 Sport-Related Concussion
67.4 Social, Other Considerations, and Conclusions
References
68: Management of the Sickle Cell Spectrum in Basketball Players
68.1 Epidemiology
68.2 Pathogenesis
68.3 Screening for Sickle Cell Trait and Disease
68.4 Athletes with Sickle Cell Trait
68.4.1 Medical Issues in SCT
68.4.2 Exertional Collapse and Death
68.4.3 Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
68.4.4 Urologic Manifestations of SCT
68.4.5 Splenic Issues
68.4.6 Hyphema
68.4.7 Venous Thromboembolism
68.5 Sickle Cell Disease
68.6 Conclusion
References
69: Playing Basketball with a Cardiac Condition: Recommendations and Guidelines
69.1 Introduction
69.2 Sudden Cardiac Death in Athletes
69.3 Exercise-Induced Cardiac Remodeling
69.4 Cardiovascular Screening
69.5 Cardiovascular Disorders in Athletes and Recommendations for Sports Participation
69.5.1 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)
69.5.2 Left Ventricular Non-compaction (LVNC)
69.5.3 Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC)
69.5.4 Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)
69.5.5 Wolff Parkinson White (WPW)
69.5.6 Channelopathies
69.5.7 Bicuspid Aortic Valve
69.5.8 Anomalous Coronary Arteries
69.5.9 Aortic Enlargement
69.5.10 Myocarditis
69.5.11 Athletes with Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs)
69.6 Shared Decision-Making
69.7 Return to Play Considerations
References
70: Inherited Aortic Disease and Sports Participation
70.1 Introduction
70.2 Normative Values for Aortic Dimensions
70.3 Thoracic Aortic Disease
70.3.1 Incidence
70.3.2 Risk of Dissection
70.4 Genetic Etiologies for Thoracic Aortic Disease
70.4.1 Bicuspid Aortic Valve
70.4.2 Marfan Syndrome
70.4.3 Loey–Dietz Syndrome
70.4.4 Familial Non-syndromic Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection
70.5 Treatment
70.5.1 Medical Management
70.5.1.1 β-Blockers
70.5.1.2 Angiotensin Receptor Blockers and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
70.5.1.3 Statins
70.5.1.4 Calcium Channel Blockers
70.5.1.5 Fluoroquinolones
70.5.2 Surgical Management
70.6 Sports Participation
70.6.1 Physiology of Exercise and the Effects on the Aorta
70.6.2 Recommendations for Physical Activity
References
71: Selected Medical Issues in Basketball: Diabetes, Allergies, Asthma, and Dermatologic Issues
71.1 Diabetes Mellitus
71.1.1 Introduction
71.1.2 Epidemiology
71.1.3 Pathophysiology
71.1.4 Presentation
71.1.5 Diagnosis
71.1.6 Evaluation and Treatment
71.1.7 Conclusion
71.2 Allergies
71.2.1 Introduction
71.2.2 Epidemiology
71.2.3 Pathophysiology
71.2.4 Presentation
71.2.5 Diagnosis
71.2.6 Treatment Options
71.2.7 Special Circumstances
71.3 Asthma
71.3.1 Introduction
71.3.2 Etiology
71.3.3 Prevalence
71.3.4 Clinical Presentation
71.3.5 Diagnosis
71.3.6 Management
71.4 Dermatologic Issues
71.4.1 Introduction
71.4.2 Infectious Skin Conditions
71.4.3 Traumatic Skin Conditions
References
72: Is Overload an Issue in Young Basketball Players?
72.1 Introduction
72.2 Load
72.3 Overload
72.4 Recovery
72.5 Specialization
72.6 Overuse Injuries Unique to Young Athletes
72.7 When do Overuse Injuries in Adults Start?
72.8 Training in Young Basketball Players
72.9 Summary
References
73: Doping and Nutrition Supplementation in Basketball
73.1 Introduction
73.2 Effects of Doping in Basketball
73.3 Testing the Basketball Player
73.4 The Athlete Biological Passport
73.5 THC/Cannabis
73.6 Misuse of Non-doping Listed Medication
73.7 Nutrition Supplementation
73.8 Doping Prevention
73.9 Conclusion
References
74: Long-Distance Traveling in Basketball: Practical Applications Based on Scientific Evidence
74.1 Introduction
74.2 The Influence of Traveling on Fatigue
74.2.1 Scientific Evidence
74.2.2 Practical Applications
74.2.3 Future Research
74.3 The Influence of Traveling on Athletic Performance
74.3.1 Scientific Evidence
74.3.1.1 Circadian Rhythm and Performance
74.3.1.2 Travel Direction and Performance
74.3.1.3 Competition Schedule and Performance
74.3.2 Practical Applications
74.3.3 Future Research
74.4 The Influence of Traveling on Sleep
74.4.1 Scientific Evidence
74.4.1.1 Desynchronization of the Circadian Rhythm
74.4.1.2 Time Zone Differential and Sleep
74.4.1.3 Travel Direction and Sleep
74.4.2 Practical Applications
74.4.3 Future Research
74.5 The Influence of Traveling on Player Health and Injury Propensity
74.5.1 Scientific Evidence
74.5.1.1 Competition Schedule and Injuries
74.5.1.2 Playing Time and Injuries
74.5.1.3 Air Travel and Immune System Suppression
74.5.1.4 Air Travel and Deep-Vein Thrombosis
74.5.2 Practical Applications
74.5.3 Future Research
74.6 The Influence of Traveling on Mood State
74.6.1 Scientific Evidence
74.6.2 Practical Applications
74.6.3 Future Research
References
75: General Considerations in Basketball: Court Type, Shoes, and Protective Gear
75.1 Introduction
75.2 Court
75.2.1 Early Courts
75.2.2 Polyurethane
75.2.3 Maple Hardwood
75.2.4 Mobility
75.2.5 Maintenance
75.3 Clothing and Protective Gear
75.4 Basketball Shoes
75.4.1 Weight
75.4.2 Collar Height
75.4.3 Air Cells
75.4.4 Shoe Stiffness
75.4.5 Cushioning
75.4.6 Outsole Traction
75.5 Braces
75.5.1 Ankle
75.5.2 Foot
75.6 Mouth Guards
75.7 Compression Clothing
75.8 Conclusion
References
76: Ethical and Medico-Legal Issues in Injury Management and Return to Sport in Basketball
76.1 Introduction
76.2 Definition of Sports Medicine
76.3 The Standard of Care
76.4 Role of a Team Physician
76.5 Ethical Issues
76.5.1 Confidentiality
76.5.2 Conflicts of Interest
76.6 Practice and Game Coverage: Medico-Legal Obligations
76.6.1 Risk Management Recommendations
76.6.2 Policies and Procedures
76.6.3 Informed Consent
76.6.4 Preparticipation Examinations
76.6.5 The Medicolegal Aspects of Returning to Play
76.6.6 Dispensing Medications to Athletes
76.6.7 Confidentiality
76.7 Summary
References
Part VII: Psychological Aspects in Basketball
77: The Importance of Sport Psychology in Basketball
77.1 Mental Health Among Elite Athletes
77.2 Mental Health, Coping Skills, and Their Impact on Performance Among Athletes
77.2.1 Goal Setting
77.2.2 Relaxation
77.2.3 Activation
77.2.4 Imagery
77.2.5 Self-Talk
77.2.6 Attentional Control
77.2.7 Emotional Control
77.2.8 Automaticity
77.2.9 Coping Skills and Technology
77.3 Mental Health and Overcoming Injury
77.4 Final Thoughts
References
78: Sport Psychology in Basketball: Performance Under Pressure
78.1 Sport Psychology in Basketball: Performance Under Pressure
78.2 Perception Behavioral Control, Attentive Systems, and Gaze Behavior on the Basketball Court
78.3 Stressfull Situations and Coping Strategies in Basketball
78.4 Efficient Coping Strategies in Basketball
78.5 Summary
References
79: Perceptual-Cognitive Processes in Basketball—Individual and Team Aspects
79.1 Introduction: Psychological Factors in Basketball
79.2 Free Throw Shooting: A Gaze Behavior Approach
79.3 “The Hot Hand”: Increasing the Chances of “Being Hot”
79.4 Performing Under Pressure: Last Minute “Clutch” and “Choking” Performances
79.5 Team Decision-Making: Shared Mental Models and Related Team Dynamics
79.6 Summary, Limitations, and Future Directions
References
80: Psychological Aspects in Return to Sport Following ACL Reconstruction
80.1 Part 1: Introduction
80.2 Part 2: Psychological Factors and Outcomes
80.2.1 Return to Sport/Activity Outcomes
80.2.2 Relationship Between Psychological Factors and Self-Reported Function/Knee Impairments
80.2.3 Relationship Between Psychological Factors and Reinjury
80.3 Part 3: Psychological Factors and Movement
80.4 Part 4: Monitoring Athletes’ Psychological Responses
80.4.1 Psychological Measures for Athletes After ACLR
80.4.2 ACL-RSI
80.4.3 Other Psychological Measures (TSK-11, K-SES)
80.5 Part 5: Interventions
80.5.1 Evidence for Psychosocial Interventions After ACLR
80.5.2 Graded Exercise and Graded Exposure
80.5.3 Other Cognitive Behavioral Interventions
80.5.3.1 Mindfulness Meditation
80.6 Part 6: Summary and Recommendations
References
81: The Retired Professional Basketball Player—Psychological Aspects
81.1 Summary
References