Basic Research Advancement for Algal Biofuels Production

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Chapter 1: Recent Advancements in Municipal Wastewater as Source of Biofuels from Algae
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Advantage of Biofuel Over Fossil Fuels
1.3 Biofuel Feedstock and Utilization of Wastewater
1.4 Algal Biofuel Production
1.5 Municipal Wastewater as Source of Biofuels
1.5.1 Potential of Algae to Grow in Municipal Wastewater
1.5.2 Types of Algae for Biofuel Generation
1.5.2.1 Macroalgae
1.5.2.2 Microalgae
1.5.3 Innovative Algae Cultivation System
1.5.3.1 Open Air System
1.5.3.2 Closed System
1.5.3.3 Biofilm System
1.5.4 Algal Biomass Harvesting Techniques
1.5.4.1 Coagulation/Flocculation
1.5.4.2 Membrane Process
1.5.4.3 Coagulation and Flocculation
1.5.4.4 Floatation Process
1.6 Recent Approaches for the Enhanced Production of Algal Biofuels
1.6.1 Harvesting Algal Biomass
1.6.2 Lipid Extraction
1.6.3 Conversion of Extracted Lipid into Biodiesel
1.7 Biofuel Industry Analysis
1.7.1 Market Size
1.7.2 Major Companies
1.7.3 Their Core Competency
1.7.4 Supply Demand Gap
1.7.5 Porter´s 5 Forces
1.7.5.1 Threat of New Entrant (Low)
1.7.5.2 Threat of Substitutes (High)
1.7.5.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers (Medium)
1.7.5.4 Bargaining Power of Buyer (High)
1.7.5.5 Competitors Rivalry
1.8 Major Challenges in Algal Biofuels Production from Wastewater
1.9 Future Prospects
1.9.1 Aviation
1.9.2 Food Processing Waste Feedstock
1.9.3 Algae-Based Feedstock
1.9.4 Cellulose-Based Ethanol
1.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Recent Trends for Production of Biofuels Using Algal Biomass
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Classification of Algae
2.2.1 Microalgae
2.2.2 Macroalgae
2.3 Cultivation of Algal Biomass
2.3.1 Natural System for Cultivation of Algae
2.3.1.1 Open Ponds
2.3.1.2 Ponds
2.3.2 Artificial System for Algae Cultivation
2.4 Harvesting
2.5 Production of Different Types of Biofuels from Algae
2.5.1 Production of Biodiesel
2.5.1.1 Conventional or Traditional Method of Trans-esterification
2.5.1.2 Direct Transesterification
2.5.2 Biohydrogen Production
2.5.3 Production of Biogas
2.5.4 Bioethanol
2.5.5 Direct Combustion
2.6 Algal Biofuels Blends and Emulsifiers
2.6.1 Blending
2.6.2 Additives
2.6.2.1 Types of Additives
2.7 Economics of Algae
2.8 Genetic Engineering
2.9 Effect on Environment
2.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Microbial Mats and Its Significance in Biofuel Production
3.1 Background
3.2 Composition and Structure of Microbial Mats
3.2.1 Composition
3.2.2 Structure
3.3 Metabolic Process
3.4 Transitioning to Microbial Mats from Biofilms
3.4.1 Kinetics of Mass Transfer Within Microbial Mats
3.5 Role of Microbial Mats in Biofuel Potential
3.5.1 Biohydrogen
3.5.2 Biomethane
3.6 Other Applications of Microbial Mats
3.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Algal Biohydrogen Production: Opportunities and Challenges
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Hydrogen as an Energy Source
4.2.1 Biohydrogen
4.2.2 Classification of Biofuels
4.3 Algae and Microalgae
4.4 Benefits and Limitations of Biohydrogen
4.4.1 Sustainability Assessment of Biohydrogen
4.4.2 Economic Feasibility of Biohydrogen
4.4.3 Environmental Safety Through Biohydrogen
4.5 Technologies for Algal Biohydrogen Production
4.5.1 Processes for Hydrogen Production
4.5.1.1 Direct Photolysis
4.5.1.2 Indirect Photolysis
4.5.1.3 Dark Fermentation
4.5.1.4 Photofermentation
4.5.2 Algal Biohydrogen Production
4.6 Algal Biohydrogen Production: Opportunities and Challenges
4.6.1 Opportunities and Prospects for Algal Biohydrogen Production
4.6.1.1 Interventions of Genetic/Molecular Engineering
4.6.1.2 Wastewater Integrated Production Process
4.6.1.3 Cost Reduction Through Advancements in Production Process
4.6.1.4 Increased Social Acceptability Toward Green Fuel
4.6.2 Challenges of Algal Biohydrogen Production
4.6.2.1 Inhibitory Action of Oxygen
4.6.2.2 Maintaining Stable Hydrogen Production
4.6.2.3 Purification, Storage, and Transport
4.6.2.4 High Cost Requirements
4.6.2.5 Commercial Viability
4.6.2.6 Other Challenges
4.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 5: Using Algae as a Renewable Source in the Production of Biodiesel
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Some Algae Types Used in Biodiesel Production
5.2.1 Ankistrodesmus fusiformis
5.2.2 Auxenochlorella protothecoides
5.2.3 Botryococcus braunii
5.2.4 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
5.2.5 Chlorella sp.
5.2.6 Chlorococcum oleofaciens
5.2.7 Desmodesmus sp.
5.2.8 Dictyosphaerium sp.
5.2.9 Dunaliella sp.
5.2.10 Enteromorpha compressa
5.2.11 Euglena sanguinea
5.2.12 Halamphora coffeaeformis
5.2.13 Isochrysis galbana
5.2.14 Micractinium reisseri
5.2.15 Nannochloropsis sp.
5.2.16 Navicula cryptocephala
5.2.17 Neochloris oleoabundans
5.2.18 Pennate
5.2.19 Scenedesmus sp.
5.2.20 Schizochytrium mangrovei
5.2.21 Selenastrum sp.
5.2.22 Stichococcus
5.2.23 Tetradesmus obliquus
5.2.24 Tetraselmis sp.
5.2.25 Tribonema minus
5.2.26 Ulva sp.
5.2.27 Studies Using Multiple Algal Biomass Species Together
5.3 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 6: Various Applications to Macroalgal and Microalgal Biomasses for Biohydrogen and Biomethane Production
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Biohydrogen Production from Algae
6.2.1 Biohydrogen Production from Macroalgae
6.2.2 Biohydrogen Production from Microalgae
6.3 Biomethane Production from Algae
6.3.1 Biomethane Production from Macroalgae
6.3.2 Biomethane Production from Microalgae
6.4 Production of Biomethane and Biohydrogen from Algae in a Two-Phase Process
6.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 7: Algal Biofuels: Clean Energy to Combat the Climate Change
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Algal Biofuels and Climate Change
7.3 Different Steps That Regulate and Encourage Production of Algal Biofuel
7.4 Different Groups of Algae for Production of Biofuels
7.5 Algae Production and Their Socio-Economic Impact in the Future
7.6 Land-Based Algae Cultivation
7.7 Sea-Based Algae Farms
7.8 Reduction of Greenhouse Gases Through Algal Biofuels
7.9 Algal Biomass Production for Generation of Biofuels
7.10 Algal Biofuels for Removal of Pollutants from Water
7.11 Urban Waste Water Treatment
7.12 Industrial and Agricultural Waste Water Treatment
7.13 Contaminant Removal from Soil Through Algae
7.13.1 Effective Removal of Organic Contaminants by Algae
7.14 Biological Degradation of Organic Pollutants by Algae
7.14.1 Toxic Metals Elimination Through Algae
7.15 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 8: Thermo-kinetic Study of Arthrospira Platensis Microalgae Pyrolysis: Evaluation of Kinetic and Thermodynamics Parame...
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Materials and Methods
8.2.1 Materials
8.2.2 TGA
8.2.3 Analysis of Results Obtained by TGA
8.2.4 Kinetic Theory
8.2.5 Determination of Kinetic Parameters Through Model Free Methods
8.2.6 Determination of Kinetic Parameters by Model Fitting Methods
8.2.7 Analysis of Pre-exponential Factor by Kissinger Approach
8.2.8 Thermodynamic Parameters
8.3 Results and Discussions
8.3.1 Characterization of Arthrospira platensis Microalgae
8.3.2 TG-DTG Analysis
8.3.3 Analysis of Kinetic Parameters
8.3.3.1 Estimation of Activation Energy
8.3.3.2 Determination of Pre-exponential Factor
8.3.3.3 Determination of Thermodynamic Parameters
8.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Growth of Chlorella Minutissima Microalgae from Fruit Waste Extract for Biodiesel Production
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Materials and Methods
9.2.1 Preparation of Aqueous Media from Banana and Orange Peel
9.2.2 Characterization of Fruit Peel and Its Aqueous Extract
9.2.3 Algal Strain and Conditions for Culture Media
9.2.4 Determination of Lipid Content and Its Characterization
9.3 Results and Discussions
9.3.1 Characterization of Fruit Peels and Their Aqueous Extracts
9.3.2 Growth Curve
9.3.2.1 Growth of Microalgae
9.3.3 Estimation of Lipid
9.3.4 FAME Characterization by GC-MS Analysis
9.3.5 Fuel Properties of the FAME Biodiesel
9.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: Microalgae: A Way Toward Sustainable Development of a Society
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Microalgae: A Microscopic Miracle
10.3 Microalgae in Wastewater Treatment
10.3.1 Macronutrients
10.3.2 Heavy Metals
10.4 Algal Biomass Utilization
10.4.1 Biofuel, Biogas, and Biodiesel
10.5 Bio-Fertilizer
10.6 Food and Feed
10.6.1 Food
10.6.2 Feed in Aquaculture
10.6.3 Feed for Animals
10.7 Microalgae in Health and Cosmetics
10.7.1 Health
10.7.2 Cosmetics
10.8 Biohydrogen Production
10.8.1 Direct Photolysis
10.8.2 Indirect Photolysis
10.8.3 Fermentation
10.9 Limitations and Future Prospects
10.10 Conclusion
References