Basic Exercise Physiology: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives

Preface
Contents
About the Authors
Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction to Exercise Physiology
Introduction
Modes of Exercise
Energy for Exercise
Myocardial Contractility
Exercise Benefits
Physical Work Capacity
Exercise and Cardiovascular Disease
Pressure Overload and Volume Overload
Muscular Function
Oxygen Uptake and Muscle Fibers
Muscle Fibers
Aerobic and Anaerobic Capacities
Strenuous Exercise
Energy Interplay
The Pulmonary Function
Maximal VO2 Values
The Cardiovascular System
Gender Effects on Physiological Differences
Thermoregulation
Physiological Responses During Diving
Physiological Response Altitude
Physiological and Medical Responses in Space
Epigenetic Responses
Aging Effects on Physiological Responses
Functional Capacity in Health and Disease
References
Chapter 2: Metabolism
Anabolism vs. Catabolism
Energy Production
Metabolic Pathways
The Phosphocreatine System
The Anaerobic Pathway
The Aerobic Pathway
Electron Transport-Linked Phosphorylation
Lactate Production and Utilization
Fat Metabolism
The Cori Cycles
Metabolic Rates
Factors Affecting BMR and RMR
Direct vs Indirect Calorimetry
Respiratory Quotient and RER
RER for Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein
Rate of Energy Expenditure
Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism
The Endocrine System
Anabolic and Catabolic Hormones
G Protein-Coupled Receptors
Substrate Oxidation
Hormonal Regulation During Anaerobic Exercise
Hormonal Regulation During Aerobic Exercise
Hormonal Regulation During Resistance Exercise
Hypothalamic Effect on Metabolic Rate Regulation
Myocardial Metabolism
The Metabolic Syndrome
Diabetes
Insulin Resistance
Glycated Hemoglobin
Effects of Diabetes on Body’s Systems
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Kidney Dysfunction in Diabetes
The Cardiovascular System in Diabetes
Nervous System and Epigenetic Role in Diabetes
Exercise’s Effects on Diabetic Patients
Endothelial Dysfunction and Exercise
Effect of Exercise on Calmodulin Signaling Pathway
Lipids Metabolism
Resistance Training in Diabetics
Effect of Aerobic Exercise on GLUT4 Translocation
Combined Aerobic and Resistance Exercises in Diabetics
Recommended Exercise Training Intensities
Obesity
Body Composition Measurements
Obesity as a Risk Factor
Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Obesity
Effects of Exercise on Obesity
Suppressant
Resistive Exercise Training Effect on Obesity
The Endocrine System in Fat Metabolism
Exercise Epigenetics in Obesity
Effects of Exercise on Lipids
Laboratory Assignment on Obesity
Measurement Techniques
Underwater Weighing
Skinfold Method
Measurement Sites (Figs. 2.55, 2.56, 2.57, 2.58, and 2.59)
Estimation of Body Density
Estimation of Percent Fat
Laboratory on Metabolism
Laboratory Report Instructions
References
Chapter 3: Oxygen Uptake and Anaerobic Performances
Introduction
Oxygen Diffusing Capacity in the Lung
Oxygen Deficit and Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)
Maximal Oxygen Uptake
Postexercise Recovery
VO2max Determination
Peak Oxygen Uptake
Energy Sources at Peak Anaerobic Exercise
Gender Differences During Anaerobic Bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion
Factors Affecting VO2max
Accurately Measuring VO2max
Muscle Mass, VO2, and Cardiopulmonary Function
Aging Effect
Delivery–Demand Ratio
VO2max Following Training
VO2max Response to Insufficient Training Stimulus
VO2max Prediction
Field-Tests for VO2max Prediction
The Harvard Step Test
The Cooper 12 min Walk/Run Test
Performing the Test
The PWC170 Test
Estimation of VO2max from Submaximal Exercise HR
Anaerobic Threshold
Differences Between Lactic Acid and Lactate
Competitive Sports
The Lactate Anaerobic Threshold
Methods Defining Anaerobic Threshold
Pulmonary Gas Exchange Test
The Conconi Test
Training Means to Improve Aerobic Capacity
Anaerobic Power Measurements
The Vertical Jump Test
The Line Drill Test
The Wingate Anaerobic Test
Field Test: Vertical Jump Test
Physical Inactivity
Gender Variances in (a-v)O2
Overtraining Syndrome
Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
Lactic Acidosis
Running Injuries
Laboratory Assignments
References
Chapter 4: Pulmonary Function
Introduction
Pulmonary Gas Exchange
Minute Ventilation Regulation During Exercise
Minute Ventilation at Rest and During Exercise
Alveolar Ventilation/Cardiac Output Ratio
Maximal Voluntary Ventilation
Respiratory Muscle Work
Lung’s Mechanical Work Efficiency
Physiological Dead Space
The Oxygen Dissociation Curve
Carbon dioxide Transportation
Acid–Base Balance
Training Effects on the Pulmonary System
About the Gases
Lung’s Volumes
Important Gas Measurements
Pulmonary Diseases
Obstructive Lung Diseases
Asthma
Restrictive Lung Diseases
Exercise Training in Asthmatic Patients
Exercise for Restrictive Lung Disease Patients
Resistance Exercise for Lung Disease Patients
Laboratory on Pulmonary Exercise Test
Before the Testing Session
Testing Session
References
Chapter 5: Blood Pressure
Introduction
Venous Blood Pressure
Mean Arterial Pressure
Pulse Pressure
Total Peripheral Resistance
Blood Pressure Regulation
Measuring BP
Blood Pressure Responses to Aerobic Exercise
Gender Effects on Blood Pressure
Blood Pressure Response During Resistance Exercise
BP Response During Anaerobic Exercise
Hypertension
Aging
Role of Kidneys in Hypertension
The Renin-Angiotensin System
Obesity Effect on Hypertension
Atherosclerosis
Inflammation Effect on Hypertension
Physical Inactivity Effect on Hypertension
Arterial Stiffening
Aortic Stiffening
Aerobic Exercise Effect on Hypertension
Aerobic Effect on Arterial and Aortic Stiffness
Resistance Exercise Effect on Hypertension
Combined Resistance and Aerobic Exercise
Hypotension During Exercise
Hypotension Following Resistive Exercise
Laboratory on Blood Pressure
References
Chapter 6: Cardiovascular Function
Introduction
System’s Uniqueness
The Myocardium
The Aorta
Electrical Stimulation
Electrocardiograph (ECG) Leads
The Cardiac Cycle
Cardiovascular Function
Autonomic Nervous System
The Blood
The Microcirculation Webs
Red Blood Cell Mechanical Properties
Effect of Aerobic Exercise Training
Blood Flow
Blood Flow During Aerobic Exercise
Coronary Arteries
Arterial Autoregulation Mechanism
Heart Rate Control
Factors Affecting Stroke Volume
Stroke Volume During Aerobic Exercise
The Interplay Between HR and SV
Cardiac Output in Normal Individuals
Factors Affecting Cardiac Output
Cardiac Output in Adolescents
Cardiac Output During Aerobic Exercise
Arterial-Venous Oxygen Difference
Cardiac Output Response to Supine Exercise
Left Ventricle Function and Volumes
LV Volumes and EF
LVEF and Volumes Responses During Aerobic Exercise
LV Volumes and EF During Resistance Exercise
LV EF and Volumes Responses During Anaerobic Exercise
Gender Effect on the Cardiovascular During Anaerobic Bout
Training Effects on the Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular Responses During Isometric and Anaerobic Exercises
Cardiac Output Redistribution
Cardiac Output During Isometric Exercise
Cardiac Output During Anaerobic Exercise
Cardiac Output During Isodynamic Exercise
Isodynamic and Cardiac Function in CAD Patients
All Causes Cardiovascular Mortality
Myocardial Blood Flow
Coronary Artery Disease
Myocardial Oxygen Uptake
Cardiac Output in Coronary Artery Disease Patients
Sudden Cardiac Death
Pathophysiology of Sudden Cardiac Death
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Sudden Cardiac Death in Athletes
Anemia
Cardiac Rehabilitation
Resistance Training in CAD Patients
Exercise Stress Testing
Borg’s Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale
BP Response
Laboratory on ECG Testing
References
Chapter 7: Aging
Aging Considerations
Aging of the Arteries
The Renin-Angiotensin System
Aging Work Capacity
Cardiopulmonary Function in the Elderly
Aging Effect on Pulmonary Function
Mitochondrial Function with Aging
Age-Related Changes in ATP-Production
Age Effect on Oxygen Uptake
Aging Effect on the Balance Between Oxygen Delivery and Extraction
Exercise in Arterial Stiffness-Hypertension
Exercise Epigenetic in Aging
Sarcopenia and Exercise
Exercise During Aging
Anaerobic Exercise in the Elderly
Safety of Resistance Training in the Aged
S-Klotho Effects on Aging
Safety Exercising in Aging
Laboratory on Resistance
References
Chapter 8: Skeletal Muscles
Skeletal Muscle Anatomy
Neural Control of Muscles
Muscle Function
Sliding Filament Theory
Kinds of Muscle Contraction
Force-Velocity Relationship
Muscle Fibers
Muscle Strength and Force
Cardiovascular Adaptations
Muscle Elasticity
Clinical Significance in Muscles
Muscle Hypertrophy and Atrophy
Left Ventricular Physiological Hypertrophy
Pathological Ventricle Hypertrophy
Athlete’s Heart
The Renin-Angiotensin System
Duchenne’s Muscle Dystrophy
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness
Measuring Isometric and Dynamic Strength
Laboratory on Resistance
References
Chapter 9: Thermoregulation
Body Water
Thermoregulation
Factors Affecting Heat Gain–Loss
Control of Skin Circulation
Sweat and Evaporation
Blood Flow During Exercise
Heat Regulation
Cardiac Output During Exercise in Warm Environments
Cardiovascular Response in Cold Environment
Renal Role During Exercise in the Heat
Heat Acclimatization and Training
Fluid Regulation During Exercise
Temperature Regulation in the Cold
Heat Disorders When Exercising in Hot Environment
Laboratory on Thermoregulation
References
Chapter 10: The Immune System
Introduction
Immune Deficiency and Autoimmunity
Antigens
Lines of Defense
Inflammation
Pattern Recognition
Toll-Like Receptors
Cytosolic Receptors
Cellular Components
Phagocytes
Granulocytes
Innate Lymphoid Cells
The Adaptive Immune System
Immunoglobulins
The Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain
The Immunoglobulin Light Chain
Effects of Exercise on the Immune System
Immune Response to All-Out Anaerobic Exercise
Strenuous Exercise Effects on Immunity in Elderly
Oxidative Burst
References
Chapter 11: Exercise in Hostile Environment
Introduction
Altitude/Hypoxic Training Effects
Exercise at Altitude
The Cardiovascular System
Renal Regulation of Fluid at Altitude
Health Risks of Acute Exposure to Altitude
Altitude Mountain Sickness
High-Altitude Cerebral Edema
High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema
Scuba Diving
Underwater Physical Activity
Introduction to Space Physiology
Arterial Gradient
Blood Depletion in Spaceflight
The Impact of μg on the Skeletal
The Impact of μg on the Cardiovascular System
The Immune System in Space
Pulmonary Function in Space
Exercising in Space
References
Chapter 12: Epigenetics in Exercise
Genes
Regulation of Gene Expression
Epigenetics
Epigenetics in Metabolism
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme
Epigenetics in Aging
Epigenetics and Longevity
Telomere Shortening
Exercise Epigenetic
Aging and Exercise Epigenetics
References
Chapter 13: Exercise Equipment
Introduction
Muscle Mass Influence on VO2
Stair Climbing
Stepwise Test
Stair-Treadmill Ergometer
Calculating Stepwise Oxygen Uptake
Stationary Bicycle
Calculating Bicycle’s Work and Power
Treadmill Ergometer
Laboratory Assignments
References
Appendix A: Measurements in Exercise Physiology
Definitions of Relevant Terms
Appendix B: Report Formats
General Guidelines for All Laboratories
Laboratory Report
General Notes
Index