Basic and Translational Applications of the Network Theory for Dystonia

Preface
Editorial
References
Contents
About the Editors
Dystonia in Childhood: How Insights from Paediatric Research Enrich the Network Theory of Dystonia
Introduction
Why Study Dystonia in Childhood?
How Does Research in Childhood Dystonia Support and Enhance the Network Theory?
Development of Brain Networks and Directions for Future Research
Conclusion
References
Focal Dystonia and the Stress Network: The Role of Stress Vulnerability and Adverse Childhood Experiences in the Development of Musician’s Dystonia
Introduction
The Psychological Perspective on the Aetiology of Musician’s Dystonia
Trauma, Stress, and Anxiety
Proposed Model of Interplay Between Psychological Stresses and Development of Musician’s Dystonia
The Impact of Stress on Neural Networks and the Development of Musician’s Dystonia
How Stress and Adverse Childhood Experiences May Cause Dysfunctional Procedural Movement-Memories in Adulthood
The Neurobiological Effects of Stress on Movement Learning and Motor Memories in Musicians
Current Research on Stress, Trauma, and Musician’s Dystonia
Implications for Treatment and Prevention
References
Embouchure Dystonia as a Network Disease
Introduction
Pathophysiology
A Holistic Network Model of Musician’s Dystonia
Embouchure Dystonia as an Example for the Network Model
References
Sensorimotor Incoordination in Musicians’ Dystonia
Introduction
Phenomenology of Musicians’ Dystonia
Pathophysiology of Musicians’ Dystonia
Conclusion
References
Electromyography as a Method for Distinguishing Dystonia in Mice
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Animals
EMG Electrode Fabrication
Surgery
Recording
EMG Analysis
Gait Analysis
Perfusion and Tissue Preparation
Histology
Imaging
Results
Chronic EMG Implantation Causes Minimal Disruption of Muscle Tissue
Chronic EMG Does Not Disrupt Overall Movement
EMG Can Distinguish the Dystonic Motor Phenotype Based on Muscle Burst Timing and Duration
Discussion
References
Deep Brain Stimulation of the Interposed Cerebellar Nuclei in a Conditional Genetic Mouse Model with Dystonia
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Animals
Making Bilateral DBS Electrodes for Mouse Cerebellar Stimulation
Surgical Procedure for Implanting the DBS Electrodes
Programming the Pulse Generator and Connecting to the Stimulus Isolators
Perfusion and Tissue Preparation
Conformation of Electrode Targeting Through Histology and Imaging
Results
References
Applications of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Understanding and Treating Dystonia
Introduction
Basic TMS Paradigms
Pathophysiological Insights with TMS
Abnormalities of Inhibitory Circuits Involving Primarily the Motor Cortex
Abnormalities in Sensorimotor Plasticity
Abnormalities in Sensorimotor Integration
Abnormalities in the Network Functions
Limitations
Therapeutic Role of rTMS
Focal Hand Dystonia
Cervical Dystonia
Blepharospasm
Generalized Dystonia
Limitations
Conclusion
References
Brain Connectivity in Dystonia: Evidence from Magnetoencephalography
Introduction to MEG
MEG in Dystonia (Table 1)
Task-Specific Focal Hand Dystonia
Writer’s Cramp
Cortical Representation
Embouchure Dystonia
Cervical Dystonia
Resting State
Executive Function
Sensory Trick
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) for Dystonia
Rehabilitation Detected by MEG
Potential of MEG Use in Dystonia
References
Dysfunctional Networks in Functional Dystonia
Introduction
Core Clinical Features
Associated Features
Prognosis
Neurophysiology and Neuroimaging
Neurophysiology
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Studies
Brainstem and Spinal Reflexes
Cerebellar Function
Sensory Processing
Movement Studies
Neuroimaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Discussion
Neurophysiological Similarities and Differences between FD and Isolated Dystonia
Relationship Between the Neurophysiological Abnormalities and the Clinical Manifestations of FD
Dysfunctional Networks
Implications for Treatment Options
Limitations
Conclusions
References
Neuromodulation in Dystonia – Harnessing the Network
Introduction
Dystonia as a Disorder of Motor Control
Dystonia as a Disorder of Sensory Processing
Neuromodulation – Interfacing with the Network
Deep Brain Stimulation: The Primacy of the Basal Ganglia
Non-invasive Neuromodulation in Dystonia – Harnessing the Network
Closing the Loop – Combining Neuromodulation Strategies with Rehabilitation
Conclusions and Future Research Questions
References
The Collicular–Pulvinar–Amygdala Axis and Adult-Onset Idiopathic Focal Dystonias
Introduction
Non-genetic Influences on AOIFD Phenotype Expression
The Adult-Onset Idiopathic Focal Dystonias: The Motor Disorder
Cervical Dystonia (CD)
Blepharospasm (BSP)
Oromandibular Dystonia (OMD)
Task-Specific Limb Dystonias
Laryngeal Dystonia (LD)
Adult-Onset Idiopathic Focal Dystonia: The Non-motor Disorder
Psychiatric Abnormalities
Cognitive Dysfunction
Sensory Symptoms
Functional Neuroanatomy: Linking the Motor and Non-motor Features
Superior Colliculus (SC), the Substantia Nigra and Sensorimotor Processing
Psychiatric and Cognitive Features
Superior Colliculus and the Putamen
References
Does Pallidal Physiology Determine the Success of Unilateral Deep Brain Stimulation in Cervical Dystonia?
Introduction
Methods
Clinical Data and Outcomes
Surgical Procedure and Physiological Data Collection
Measuring the Volume of Tissue Activation
Data Analysis
Results
Discussion
References
Clinical Implications of Dystonia as a Neural Network Disorder
Introduction
From the Historical Tenet of a Basal Ganglia Disorder to the Modern Consensus of Dystonia as a Neural Network Disorder
Clinical Implications of Dystonia as a Functional Neural Network Disorder
Clinical Implications of Dystonia as a Structural Neural Network Disorder
Clinical Implications of Dystonia as a Neurotransmission Network Disorder
Summary
References
Index