Bamboo Science and Technology

Contents
About the Editors
Bamboo: A Mechanically Optimum Design in Nature
1 Introduction
1.1 Bamboo as a Natural Resource
1.2 Structural Wisdom Hidden in Bamboo Culm
2 Fast-Growing Wild Bamboo
2.1 Role of Nodes and Rhizome
2.2 Stepwise Elongation of Internodes
3 Basic Theory for Beam Bending
3.1 Second Moment of Inertia and Bending Stiffness
3.2 Mechanical Parameters of Real Bamboo Culm
3.3 Brazier Phenomenon in Hollow Cylinder
3.4 Cap-Induced Suppression of Ovalization
3.5 Stiffening Parameter Ω
4 Optimal Node Distribution in Wild Bamboo
4.1 Measured Data of Internode Length
4.2 Optimal Ω Distribution
4.3 Sample-Dependent Fluctuation
5 Graded Distribution of Vascular Bundle
5.1 Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs)
5.2 Formulation of Fiber Distribution
5.3 Formulation of Bending Stiffness
5.4 Optimal Fiber Distribution
6 Concluding Remark
References
Review of the State of the Art Using µCT to Elucidate Complex Vascular Systems of Plants
1 Introduction
2 Vascular Bundle Systems in Plants Studied by µCT
2.1 Morphology and Anatomy of Selected Examples
2.2 Fibre-Reinforced Polymers and Altered Natural Fibre Materials
2.3 Examples of µCT Use for Biomimetic Product Development
3 Available µCT Techniques
4 Segmentation Methods
5 Combination of µCT with Other Digital Methods
6 Conclusion
References
An Overview of the Potential Usage of Bamboo Plants in Medical Field
1 Effects of Bamboo Consumption on Diabetes Mellitus
2 Bamboo Effects on Cholesterol, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Disease
3 Antioxidants
4 Anti-cancer
5 Pharmaceutical Purposes
6 Antibacterial Properties of Bamboo
7 Effects of Bamboo Consumption on Gut Microbiota
8 Conclusion
References
Novel Food Product Development Through Food-to-Food Fortification with Nutrient and Bioactive Compound-Rich Bamboo Shoot
1 Introduction
2 Bamboo Shoot Processing and Fortification
3 Products Fortified with Bamboo Shoots
4 Bioactive Compounds of Bamboo Shoot Fortified Products
5 Antioxidant Properties of Bamboo Shoot Fortified Products
6 Conclusion
References
Potential of Bamboo in the Prevention of Diabetes-Related Disorders: Possible Mechanisms for Prevention
1 Introduction
2 Traditional Medicinal Uses of Bamboo
3 Bioactive Compounds in Bamboo and Their Potential Health Benefits
4 Experimental Models for Hypoglycemic and Anti-diabetic Studies
5 Hypoglycemic and Anti-diabetic Properties of Bamboo
6 Anti-diabetic Properties of Bamboo Antioxidants
7 Scientific Evidence of Probable Anti-diabetic Mechanism with Specific Targets
7.1 Aldose Reductase (ALR) and Advanced Glycation End Products (AGE)
7.2 Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK)
7.3 Pro-inflammatory Cytokines
7.4 Saccharide Hydrolyzing Enzymes
8 Conclusion
References
Bamboo Act as a Phytoremediation Candidate for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil: A Synthesis
1 Introduction
2 Worldwide Heavy Metal Contamination in Soil
3 Heavy Metal Contamination in the Indian Soil
4 Heavy Metals
4.1 Sources
4.2 Adverse Effects of Heavy Metals on Crop Plants and Animals
5 Phytoremediation
5.1 Phytofiltration
5.2 Phytostabilization/Phytoimmobilization
5.3 Phytovolatilization
5.4 Phytodegradation
5.5 Rhizodegradation
5.6 Phytoextraction/Phytoaccumulation
6 Mode of Accumulation/Tolerance
7 Bamboo as a Phytoremediator
7.1 Cr Accumulation and Their Physiological Responses in Bamboo
7.2 Pb Accumulation
7.3 Cu Accumulation
7.4 Cd Accumulation
7.5 Zn Accumulation
7.6 Remediation of Mining-Contaminated Sites
7.7 Bamboo in Waste Water Treatment
8 Conclusion
References
Bamboo Shoot Processing: Conventional to Modern Optimisations
1 Introduction
2 Minimal Processing of Bamboo Shoots
3 Boiling and Soaking
4 Fermentation
5 Pickling
6 Brining, Canning, and Storage
7 Drying
7.1 Sun Drying
7.2 Microwave Drying
7.3 Oven Drying
7.4 Tray Drying
7.5 Hot Air Drying
7.6 Freeze Drying/Lyophilizing
7.7 Osmotic Dehydration
7.8 Solar Drying
8 High-Pressure Processing
9 Fortification
10 Conclusion
References
Fermented Bamboo Shoots: A Potential Source of Nutritional and Health Supplements
1 Introduction
2 Traditional Fermented Bamboo Shoots
3 Microflora of Fermented Bamboo Shoots
4 Effects of Fermentation on Nutritional, Anti-Nutritional and Bioactive Components of Bamboo Shoots
4.1 Effect of Fermentation on the Nutrient Content of Bamboo Shoots
4.2 Effect of Fermentation on Anti-Nutrient Content of Bamboo Shoots
4.3 Effect of Fermentation on Bioactive Compounds of Bamboo Shoots
5 Health Benefits of Fermented Bamboo Shoots
5.1 Antioxidant Activity
5.2 Probiotics
5.3 Antimicrobial Activity
6 Industrial Importance of Fermented Bamboo Shoots
7 Conclusion
References
Therapeutic Aspects of Bamboo for Wound Healing
1 Introduction
2 Wound-Causing Factors and Their Healing Process
3 Medicinal Plants in Wound-Healing
4 Bamboo and its Wound-Healing Properties
5 Conclusion
References
Bamboo: A Sustainable Alternative for Biochar Production
1 Introduction
2 History of Biochar
3 Type and Sources of Biochar
3.1 Bamboo as Feedstock for Biochar
4 Biochar Production
4.1 Slow Pyrolysis
4.2 Fast Pyrolysis
4.3 Gasification
4.4 Biochar Engineering
5 Biochar Properties
5.1 pH Value
5.2 Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
5.3 Elements Composition
5.4 Particle Size
5.5 Ash Content
5.6 Porosity
6 Applications of Biochar
6.1 Soil Amendments
6.2 Sustainable Agriculture
6.3 Climate Change Mitigation
6.4 Wastewater Treatment
6.5 Energy Production
7 Future Prospects
8 Conclusion
References
Bamboo-Based Lignocellulose Biomass as Catalytic Support for Organic Synthesis and Water Treatments
1 Introduction
2 Bamboo Carries for Biocatalytic Reactions
3 Bamboo as Support for Analytic Colorimetric Sensor and Metal Catalytic Organic Synthesis
3.1 Lignocellulose-Based Analytical Devices (LADs)
3.2 Copper-Functionalized Lignocellulosic Microreactor (Cu-LμR) in Flow Mode
3.3 Copper Nanoparticle-Functionalized Bamboo Slice for Batch Organic Reaction
3.4 Silver Nanoparticle-Functionalized Bamboo Capillary Microreactor (BCMR)
4 Bamboo as a Template for Electrothermal Microfluidic Heater Device
5 Bamboo Biomass for Water Treatment Applications
5.1 Hydrolyzed Bamboo as a Porous Bioadsorbent for Removal of Pb (II) from an Aqueous Mixture
5.2 Pyrolyzed Bamboo Charcoal (BC) as a Porous Matrix for Water Remediation
5.3 Bamboo 3D Biotemplate for Desalinization of Water
6 Conclusion
References
Bamboo-Based Forest Landscape Restoration: Practical Lessons and Initiatives to Upscale in Africa
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 Global Status for Bamboo-Based Forest Restoration
4 Critical Characteristics of Bamboo Supporting the Restoration of the Degraded Forest Landscape
4.1 Distribution and Area
4.2 Erosion Control
4.3 Growth
4.4 Soil Health Management
4.5 Other Ecosystem Services
4.6 Habitat Service
5 Bamboo Carbon Stocks Potential in Africa
5.1 Bamboo Forest Cover
5.2 Bamboo Carbon Sequestration in Sub-Sahara Africa
6 Bamboo for Land Reclamation: Lessons Learned to Upscale for Africa
6.1 Case Study: Bamboo Land Reclamation and Renewable Energy Project, Ghana
6.2 Case Study 2: Madi Municipality, Chitwan, Nepal, Asia
6.3 Case Study 3: Bhakunde Besi, Kavre Nepal, Asia
7 Global Restoration Initiatives that Can Benefit Bamboo for a Bamboo-Based Forest Landscape Restoration in Africa
7.1 African Forest Landscape Restoration Initiative (AFR100)
7.2 WRI’s Global Restoration Initiative
7.3 Bonn Challenge
7.4 The New York Declaration on Forest
7.5 REDD + Initiative
7.6 The Great Green Wall (GGW) Initiative
8 Conclusions and Recommandations
References
Socioecological Problematic and Proposals for the Conservation of Two Endangered Species of Woody Endemic Bamboo of Mexico
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Description of Species
2.3 Estimating the Extinction Risk
3 Results
3.1 Method to Assess the Risk of Extinction (MER) of the Mexican Official Norm (NOM-059-SEMARNAT)
3.2 Method of the Red List of Threatened Species of IUCN
4 Discussion
4.1 The Bamboo Species
4.2 Lessons Learned About MER and IUCN Methods
4.3 Recommendations
4.4 The Scope of This Research
5 Conclusions
References
Bamboo Biomass: A Strategy for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation, and Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) in Cameroon
1 Introduction
2 Bamboo for FLR, Carbon Farming, and Trading: Concepts Definition
2.1 Forest Landscape Restoration
2.2 Carbon Farming
2.3 Carbon Trading
3 Materials and Methods
3.1 Study Area
3.2 Methodology
3.3 Data Analysis
4 Results
4.1 Density and Above-Ground Carbon of O. Abyssinica
4.2 Comparative Analysis of Carbon Stocks of O. Abyssinica Relative to Carbon Stocks from Other Bamboo Species in Different Forest Strata in Cameroon
4.3 Comparative Analysis of Bamboo Carbon Stocks Relative to the Carbon Stocks of Other Plant Ecosystems in Different Forest Strata Cameroon
4.4 Monetizing Bamboo Carbon Stocks in Cameroon
5 Discussion
5.1 Density and Above-Ground Carbon of Oxytenanthera Abyssinica
5.2 Comparative Analysis of Carbon Stocks of Oxytenanthera Abyssinica Relative to Carbon Stocks from Other Bamboo Species in Different Forest Strata in Cameroon
5.3 Comparative Analysis of Bamboo Carbon Stocks Relative to Agroforestry and Forest Ecosystems Carbon Stocks in Different Forest Strata Cameroon
5.4 Monetizing Bamboo Carbon Stocks in Cameroon
5.5 Managing Bamboo for Landscape Restoration
6 Conclusions
References