Bacterial Fish Diseases: Environmental and Economic Constraints

Bacterial Fish Diseases
Copyright
Contents
Dedication
Foreword
List of contributors
Preface
About the editors
Acknowledgments
1 Aquatic pollution and marine ecosystems
1.1 Background
1.2 Sources of contamination in aquatic ecosystems
1.3 Causes of aquatic ecosystem pollution by hydrocarbons
1.4 The effects of water pollution
1.4.1 Aluminum
1.4.2 Ammonia
1.4.3 Arsenic
1.4.4 Barium
1.4.5 Benzene
1.4.6 Cadmium
1.4.7 Calcium
1.4.8 Chlorine
1.4.9 Chromium
1.4.10 Copper
1.4.11 Magnesium
1.5 The repercussions of pollution of aquatic ecosystems with hydrocarbons
1.6 Other sources of water pollution spread
1.6.1 Spray drift
1.6.2 Leakage
1.6.3 Drainage
1.7 Conclusions and recommendations
References
2 Heavy metals as pollutants in the aquatic Black Sea ecosystem
2.1 Background
2.2 Heavy metal poisoning
2.2.1 General properties of metals
2.2.2 Fish species with “toxic” flesh
2.2.3 Toxicity of various organs/tissues of fish
2.2.4 Bioaccumulation factor
2.3 The role of heavy metals as pollutants
2.3.1 Peculiarities of heavy metals found in aquatic ecosystems
2.4 Bioavailability of heavy metals for aquatic organisms
2.5 Effects of heavy metal pollution on aquatic ecosystems
2.6 Methods of taking heavy metals from the bodies of organisms
2.7 Methods of accumulation and disposal of metals
2.7.1 Bioconcentration: applications in toxicology
2.7.2 Biological factors
2.7.3 Environmental parameters
2.7.4 The effects of bioconcentration and bioaccumulation on the aquatic ecosystem
2.8 Identification and adjustment of concentrations of metals in tissue
2.9 Conclusions
References
3 Effects of heavy metals and pesticides on fish
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Toxicity due to pesticides in fish
3.3 Disadvantages of pesticides
3.4 Routes of pesticide exposure in fish
3.5 Effects of pesticides on fish
3.5.1 Residual effects of insecticides
3.5.2 Bioaccumulation of insecticides
3.5.3 Biotransformation of insecticides and the toxic mechanisms
3.6 Acute toxicity of insecticides
3.6.1 Sublethal toxicity of insecticides
3.7 Chronic toxicity of insecticides
3.7.1 Effects of insecticides on different parameters in fish
3.7.2 Tissue and organ damage
3.8 Reproductive dysfunction
3.9 Developmental disorders
3.9.1 Neurotoxicity
3.9.2 Behavioral alterations
3.9.3 Genotoxicity
3.9.4 Immunosuppression
3.9.5 Effect on growth of fish
3.9.6 Histopathological alterations due to insecticide toxicity
3.9.7 Herbicides
3.9.8 Fungicides
3.10 Toxicity due to heavy metals in fish
3.10.1 Effects of cadmium on fish
3.10.2 Effects of mercury in fish
3.10.3 Effects of lead in fish
3.10.4 Effects of aluminum in fish
3.10.5 Effects of arsenic in fish
3.10.6 Effects of chromium in fish
3.10.7 Effects of copper in Fish
3.10.8 Effects of nickel in fish
3.10.9 Effects of zinc in fish
References
4 Pesticide toxicity and bacterial diseases in fishes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Fish: an important resource
4.3 Fish as indicators of pollution
4.4 The impact of pesticides on fish
4.5 Mitigation of the impact of pesticides
4.6 Bacterial diseases in fishes
4.7 Major bacterial diseases in fish
4.7.1 Bacterial enteritis of flounder
4.7.2 Abdominal swelling of sea bream and studies on intestinal flora
4.7.3 Gliding bacterial infection
4.8 Control of bacterial fish diseases
4.8.1 Improving water quality
4.8.2 Nanobioencapsulated vaccine
4.8.3 Quorum sensing
4.8.4 Injection vaccination
4.8.5 Prebiotics
4.8.6 Plant product application
4.9 Conclusion
References
5 Impact of aquatic pollution on fish fauna
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Sources of pollution
5.3 Impacts of heavy metal pollution on fish health
5.4 Heavy metal hazards
5.5 Fishes as biomarkers
5.6 Impact on fish reproduction
5.6.1 Impacts on male reproductive systems
5.6.2 Impacts on female reproductive system
5.7 Effects of pollution on disease outbreak
5.8 Role of heavy metals
5.9 Role of hydrocarbons and nitrogenous compounds
5.10 Role of pesticides
5.11 Conclusion
References
6 Bacterial diseases in fish with relation to pollution and their consequences—A Global Scenario
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The major sources of marine pollution
6.3 Bacterial pathologic processes in fish fauna
6.4 Impacts of pollution and act
6.5 Contaminants in the marine environment
6.6 Symbiotic microflora in fish
6.7 The marine environment and its issues in India
6.8 The outcomes of pollution and bacterial infection in fish fauna
6.9 Bacterial pathogens causing diseases in fish due to the effect of marine pollution
6.9.1 Vibrios
6.9.2 Aeromonas
6.9.3 Flavobacterium
6.9.4 Shigella flexneri
6.9.5 Enterobacter amnigenus
6.10 Immune responses in fish
6.11 Fish diseases and their consequences
6.12 Pathogenomics
6.13 Plastic pollution cause adverse effects in the marine environment
6.14 The impact of plastic pollution in urban India
6.15 Substitutive uses
6.16 The Gulf of Mannar
6.17 Impact on marine environment: pollution in the Bay of Bengal
6.18 Interaction between pathogens and aquatic environment
6.19 Bacterial fish diseases and their control
6.20 Conclusion
References
Further reading
7 Common bacterial infections affecting freshwater fish fauna and impact of pollution and water quality characteristics on ...
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Pollution: impact on bacterial infection in fish populations
7.3 Water quality attributes: impact on bacterial pathogenicity in fish populations
7.4 Common bacteria causing infections in freshwater fish
7.4.1 Vibrios
7.4.2 Aeromonads
7.4.3 Flavobacterium
7.4.4 Edwardsiella
7.4.4.1 Yersinia ruckeri
7.4.5 Renibacterium salmoninarum
7.4.6 Streptococcus and Lactococcus
7.4.7 Mycobacteria
7.4.8 Pseudomonas
7.4.8.1 Emerging prospective pathogens of freshwater fish
7.4.9 Plesiomonas shigelloides
7.4.10 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
7.4.11 Kocuria rhizophila
7.5 Conclusion
References
8 Global status of bacterial fish diseases in relation to aquatic pollution
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Acidification of bacteria in water
8.3 Impact on fish from pollution
8.4 Impact on fish populations from bacterial diseases
8.5 Consequences of bacterial diseases in fish
8.6 Global status of bacterial disease in fishes
8.7 Toxic bacteria in fishes and their occurrence
8.7.1 Aeromonas
8.7.2 Edwardsiella
8.7.3 Mycobacterium
8.7.4 Flavobacterium
8.7.5 Streptococcus
8.8 Adverse effects on human health caused by bacterial fish diseases
8.8.1 Gastrointestinal tract
8.8.2 Cardiovascular system
8.8.3 Kidney
8.8.4 Reproductive system
8.9 Conclusion
References
9 Understanding the pathogenesis of important bacterial diseases of fish
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 The importance of fisheries
9.1.2 Main bacteria species capable of causing fish diseases
9.1.3 Important diagnosis methods for bacterial fish diseases
9.1.4 Vaccines to prevent fish bacterial diseases
9.2 Main pathogenesis of bacterial diseases in fish
9.3 Conclusions
9.4 Future perspectives
References
10 Evaluation of the Fish Invasiveness Scoring Kit (FISK v2) for pleco fish or devil fish
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Invasive risk analysis
10.2.1 Fish invasiveness scoring kit
10.3 Zone of study
10.4 Pleco fish or devil fish (Loricariidae)
10.4.1 Taxonomic category
10.4.2 Native and current distribution
10.4.3 Description of the species
10.4.4 Devil fish in Mexico and the Huasteca potosina
10.4.5 Environmental and socioeconomic effects
10.5 Evaluation of the fish Invasiveness Screening Kit (FISK v2)
10.5.1 Methodology
10.5.2 Results and discussion
10.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
11 Profiling of common bacterial pathogens in fish
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Fish production in Nigeria
11.3 Impact of practice
11.4 Selected common pathogens of fish in Nigeria
11.4.1 Aeromonas hydrophila
11.4.2 Flavobacterium
11.5 Conclusion
References
12 Status of furunculosis in fish fauna
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Signs of infection
12.3 Diagnosis
12.4 Transmission
12.5 Control of infection
12.6 Selection and breeding
12.7 Immunization
12.8 Treatment
12.9 Conclusion and future prospects
References
13 Bacterial gill disease and aquatic pollution: a serious concern for the aquaculture industry
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Bacterial gill disease
13.3 History and geographical range
13.4 Causative agents
13.5 Host species of the disease
13.6 Pathology and symptoms
13.7 Diagnosis
13.7.1 Diagnosis by direct observation
13.7.2 Other diagnostic procedures
13.8 Control methods
13.9 Prophylactic measures
13.10 Chemical treatment
13.11 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
14 Common bacterial pathogens in fish: An overview
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Gram-negative bacterial pathogens
14.2.1 Aeromonadaceae
14.2.1.1 Aeromonas hydrophila
14.2.1.1.1 Habitat
14.2.1.1.2 Morphology
14.2.1.1.3 Cultural and biochemical characteristics
14.2.1.1.4 Epizootiology
14.2.1.1.5 Pathogenicity and clinical signs
14.2.1.1.6 Treatment and control
14.2.2 Vibrionaceae
14.2.2.1 Vibrio anguillarum
14.2.2.1.1 Habitat
14.2.2.1.2 Morphology
14.2.2.1.3 Cultural and biochemical characteristics
14.2.2.1.4 Epizootiology
14.2.2.1.5 Pathogenicity and clinical signs
14.2.2.1.6 Treatment and control
14.2.3 Pseudomonadaceae
14.2.3.1 Pseudomonas fluorescens
14.2.3.1.1 Habitat
14.2.3.1.2 Morphology
14.2.3.1.3 Cultural and biochemical characteristics
14.2.3.1.4 Epizootiology
14.2.3.1.5 Pathogenicity and clinical signs
14.2.3.1.6 Treatment and control
14.2.4 Flavobacteriaceae
14.2.4.1 Flavobacterium columnare (Flexibacter/Cytophaga columnaris)
14.2.4.1.1 Habitat
14.2.4.1.2 Morphology
14.2.4.1.3 Cultural and biochemical characteristics
14.2.4.1.4 Epizootiology
14.2.4.1.5 Pathogenicity and clinical signs
14.2.4.1.6 Treatment and control
14.2.5 Photobacteria
14.2.5.1 Photobacterium damsel
14.2.5.1.1 Habitat
14.2.5.1.2 Morphology
14.2.5.1.3 Cultural and biochemical characteristics
14.2.5.1.4 Epizootiology
14.2.5.1.5 Pathogenicity and clinical signs
14.2.5.1.6 Treatment and control
14.3 Gram-positive bacterial pathogens
14.3.1 Streptococci
14.3.1.1 Streptococcus iniae
14.3.1.1.1 Habitat
14.3.1.1.2 Morphology
14.3.1.1.3 Culture and biochemical characteristics
14.3.1.1.4 Epizootiology
14.3.1.1.5 Pathogenicity and clinical signs
14.3.1.1.6 Treatment and control
14.3.2 Lactococci
14.3.2.1 Lactococcus garvieae
14.3.2.1.1 Habitat
14.3.2.1.2 Morphology
14.3.2.1.3 Cultural and biochemical properties
14.3.2.1.4 Epizootiology
14.3.2.1.5 Pathogenicity and clinical signs
14.3.2.1.6 Treatment and control
14.3.3 Mycobacteria
14.3.3.1 Mycobacterium marinum
14.3.3.1.1 Habitat
14.3.3.1.2 Morphology
14.3.3.1.3 Culture and biochemical properties
14.3.3.1.4 Epizootiology
14.3.3.1.5 Pathogenicity and clinical signs
14.3.3.1.6 Treatment and control
14.3.4 Renibacterium
14.3.4.1 Renibacterium salmoninarum
14.3.4.1.1 Habitat
14.3.4.1.2 Morphology
14.3.4.1.3 Cultural and biochemical characteristics
14.3.4.1.4 Epizootiology
14.3.4.1.5 Pathogenicity and clinical signs
14.3.4.1.6 Treatment and control
14.3.5 Clostridia
14.3.5.1 Clostridium botulinum
14.3.5.1.1 Habitat
14.3.5.1.2 Morphology
14.3.5.1.3 Cultural and biochemical characteristics
14.3.5.1.4 Epizootiology
14.3.5.1.5 Pathogenicity and clinical signs
14.3.5.1.6 Treatment and control
14.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
15 Bacterial diseases in cultured fishes: an update of advances in control measures
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Antibiotics residue
15.2 Preventive measures against diseases: possible outlook
15.2.1 Fish derived antimicrobial peptides
15.2.2 Nanotechnology-assisted delivery systems
15.2.3 Bacterial fish vaccines
15.2.3.1 Types of vaccines
15.2.3.1.1 Inactivated vaccines
15.2.3.1.2 Attenuated/live vaccines
15.2.3.1.3 DNA vaccine
15.2.3.1.4 Recombinant vaccine
15.2.4 Prebiotics
15.2.4.1 Mannan oligosaccharide
15.2.4.2 Fructooligosaccharide
15.2.4.3 Inulin
15.2.4.4 Miscellaneous prebiotics
15.2.5 Probiotics
15.2.6 Synbiotic in aquaculture
15.2.7 Paraprobiotics: a new concept
15.2.8 Herbal biomedicines
15.2.8.1 Herbal biomedicines as growth promoters
15.2.8.2 Herbal medicines as immune-stimulant
15.2.8.3 Herbal medicines as antibacterial agents
15.2.8.4 Herbal biomedicines as antistress agents
15.2.9 Bacteriophage therapy
15.3 Conclusion
References
16 Ulceration in fish: causes, diagnosis and prevention
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Ulceration and its causes in different fish species
16.3 Diagnostic methods
16.4 Preventive measures
16.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Funding
Competing interest
Conflict of interest
Data availability statement
References
17 Application of probiotic bacteria for the management of fish health in aquaculture
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Probiotics definition
17.3 Routes of administration
17.4 Significant factors governing the advantages of probiotic form of administration
17.5 Rationale for use of probiotics in aquaculture
17.6 Selection criteria for probiotics
17.7 Probiotics formulation and commercialization
17.8 Classification of probiotics in aquaculture
17.8.1 Commercial form
17.8.2 Mode of administration
17.8.3 Based on derivation
17.8.4 Depending upon the function
17.9 Use of probiotics
17.9.1 Probiotics as a growth enhancer
17.9.2 Probiotics for disease management
17.9.2.1 Modes of action
17.9.2.1.1 Production of bacteriocidal substances
17.9.2.1.2 Competition for nutrients
17.9.2.1.3 Competition for binding sites
17.9.2.1.4 Immunomodulation
17.9.2.1.5 Quorum sensing disruption
17.9.3 Probiotics for water quality management in aquaculture
17.10 Safety and evaluation of probiotics
17.11 Research gaps and future research plans
17.12 Conclusion
References
18 Efficacy of different treatments available against bacterial pathogens in fish
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Bacterial infections occurring in freshwater fish
18.2.1 Aeromonas infections
18.2.2 Pseudomonas infections
18.2.3 Flavobacterium infections
18.2.4 Acinetobacter infections
18.2.5 Shewanella putrefaciens infections
18.2.6 Fish infection with gram-positive bacteria
18.3 Emerging potential pathogens of freshwater fish
18.3.1 Infections due to Plesiomonas shigelloides
18.3.2 Infections due to Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
18.3.3 Infections due to Kocuria rhizophila
18.3.4 Infections caused by myxobacteria
18.4 Treatment of bacterial pathogens in fish
18.4.1 Bacteriocins
18.4.2 Fish gut microbiota
18.5 Treatment with beneficial gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria
18.6 Bioremediation (improving water quality)
18.6.1 Disinfectants
18.6.2 Prebiotics
18.7 Vaccination
18.7.1 Biovaccines (living attenuated vaccines)
18.7.2 Encapsulated oral vaccine
18.7.2.1 Live feeds bioencapsulated vaccine
18.7.2.2 Nanobioencapsulated vaccine
18.8 Immunomodulation
18.9 Bacteriophage therapy
18.10 Phage therapy dosage
References
19 Summary of economic losses due to bacterial pathogens in aquaculture industry
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Principal fish species produced in the aquaculture industry worldwide
19.3 Principal causes of economic loss in the aquaculture industry
19.4 Pathogens that causes economic loss in the aquaculture industry
19.5 Identification of bacterial diseases in fish farms
19.6 Analysis of a fish farm system in Huasteca Potosina, Mexico
19.7 Conclusions
References
Index