Bacterial Diseases

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Title
Copyright
End User License Agreement
Contents
Preface
List of Contributors
Anthrax: A Bacillus Anthracis Infection
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Sidra Zafar
INTRODUCTION
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Pneumonia: An Inflammation of Lungs
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Sadaf Noor
INTRODUCTION
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Bacterial Tooth Decay: Streptococcus mutans is the Major Cause
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Shaiza Ali
INTRODUCTION
CAUSES
PREVALENCE
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
Clinical Methods
Radiographic Methods
Technology-Based Methods
MANAGEMENT
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Tuberculosis: A Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Faryal Batool
INTRODUCTION
SYMPTOMS
RISK FACTORS
Weak Immune System
Poverty and Malnutrition
Living in Areas which are at High Risk of Tuberculosis
PREVENTION OF TRANSMISSION
DIAGNOSIS
Tuberculin Skin Test
Sputum Smear Staining Test
Interferon Gamma Release Assays Test (IGRAs)
Chest Radiography
TREATMENT
VACCINATION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Leptospirosis: An Infection Which Leads to Kidney & Liver Damage
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Ghalia Batool Alvi
INTRODUCTION
GLOBAL MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY
Etiology
Geographical Location
Temperature
Professional Activities
Pet Animals
Wounded Skin
SYMPTOMS OF LEPTOSPIROSIS
DIAGNOSIS OF LEPTOSPIROSIS
Direct Microscopic Examination
Gene-Based Techniques
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Isothermal Techniques
Serological Methods
Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT)
Elisa
Other Techniques
TREATMENT
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
Caution
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Syphilis: A Disease Which Spreads Through Sexual Contact
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Rabia Hussain
INTRODUCTION
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Leprosy: An Infection Which Leads Characterized by Granulomata
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Maleeha Batool
INTRODUCTION
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
First-line Drugs
Vaccines
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Burn Infection: Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Staphylococcus Aureus are the Major Pathogens
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Momal Tariq
INTRODUCTION
SYMPTOMS AND TYPES
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
Medication
Surgery
Traditional Treatments
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Gas Gangrene: Clostridial Myonecrosis
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Hafiza Sobia Khan
INTRODUCTION
CAUSES OF GAS GANGRENE
A Limited Supply of Blood
Trauma
Infection
PREVENTION
PREVALENCE
DIAGNOSIS
Blood Test
Surgery
Tissue Culturing
Imaging Test
MANAGEMENT
Surgery
Antibiotics
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis: Accumulation of Fluids in the Abdomen in Abnormal Way
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Sadia Ishfaq
INTRODUCTION
SYMPTOMS
CAUSES
BACTERIAL TRANSLOCATION
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Relapsing Fever: Transmitted by Ticks and Lice
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Rimshah Khan
INTRODUCTION
TYPES AND CAUSES OF RELAPSING FEVER
EFFECTS AND SYMPTOMS
TREATMENT
POSSIBILITY OF CONTROL
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Rat-bite Fever: Streptobacillus Moniliformis and Spirillum Minus Infection
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Rameen Fatima
INTRODUCTION
STREPTOBACILLOSIS
SPIRILLOSIS
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
MANAGEMENT
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Brucellosis: A Brucella Infection
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Nadia Wazir
INTRODUCTION
RISK FACTORS THAT EFFECTS THE DISEASE
SYMPTOMS
TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE
DIAGNOSIS OF BRUCELLOSIS
TREATMENT
Complications of Brucellosts
Prevention Measures of Brucellosis
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Mycetoma: An Infection by the Formation of Grains on Skin
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Hira Jamil
INTRODUCTION
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Plague: Yersinia Pestis Infection
Muhammad Imran Qadir*, Saif Ur Rehman and Afshan Saleem
INTRODUCTION
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
VACCINE
ANTIBIOTICS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
MRSA Infections: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Infections
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Shahpara Rehman
INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MRSA
CAUSES
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
ANTIBIOTICS ACTIVITY AGAINST MRSA
Topical Agents
Oral Agents
Oral and Intravenous Agents
Intravenous Agents
Treatment of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
CONTROL CHALLENGES
Infection Control - Primary Avoidance
Infection Control - Secondary Prevention
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Otitis Media: An Inflammation of the Ear
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Fahad Zafar
INTRODUCTION
CAUSES
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Yaws Disease: A Treponema Pallidum Infection
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Rahat Bano
INTRODUCTION
CAUSE
PREVALENCE
SYMPTOMS
MANAGEMENT
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Pharyngitis: An Inflammation of the Throat
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Jaleel Ahmad
INTRODUCTION
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Gonorrhea: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae is the Causative Agent
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Maria Rizvi
INTRODUCTION
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Chlamydia: A Common Sexually Transmitted Disease
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Saba Ghafoor
INTRODUCTION
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
Serology
Culture
Antigen Detection
PCR
Antibody Detection
CFT
MANAGEMENT
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Typhoid Fever: Salmonella is the Causative Agent
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Ayesha Altaf
INTRODUCTION
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Q Fever: A Coxiella Burnetii Infection
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Adeela Awan
INTRODUCTION
PREVALENCE
CAUSES OF Q FEVER
FORMS OF Q FEVER
Acute Q Fever
Symptoms of Acute Q Fever
Chronic Q Fever
Symptoms of Chronic Q Fever
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Buruli Ulcer: Mycobacterium Ulcerans is the Causative Agent
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Munaza Gilani
INTRODUCTION
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
Clinical Diagnosis
Laboratory Diagnosis
DISEASE MANAGEMENT
Medicines
Surgery
Heat Treatment
Vaccines
Other Preventive Measures
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Whooping Cough: Bordetella Pertussis is the Causative Agent
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Ramsha Shahzad
INTRODUCTION
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Vaccines for Pertussis
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Tetanus (Lockjaw): A Clostridum Tetani Infection
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Iqra Shahzadi
INTRODUCTION
CAUSES
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS MAY COMPRISE
TREATMENT
VACCINATION
PREVENTION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Diphtheria: Corynebacterium Diphtheria is the Causative Agent
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Asma Jan Muhammad
INTRODUCTION
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
ICS Test
Elek's Test
PCR
Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA)
MANAGEMENT
Antitoxin
Antibiotics
Vaccines
Prevention
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Cholera: A Waterborne Disease Characterized by Diarrhea
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Azra Yasmeen
INTRODUCTION
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
Dipstick Test for Diagnosis of Cholera
Cholkit Test
Slide Agglutination Test
Polymerase Chain Reaction
MANAGEMENT OF CHOLERA
Vaccines
Killed Oral Cholera Vaccine
Dukoral
Shanchol
Euvichol
Rotavirus Vaccine
Oral Rehydration Therapy
Antibiotics
PREVENTIONS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Impetigo: A Skin Infection Caused by Streptococci and Staphylococci
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Iqra Jamshaid
INTRODUCTION
PREVALENCE
DIAGNOSIS
Non-bullous Impetigo
Ecthyma
Bullous Impetigo
TREATMENT
TOPICAL ANTIBIOTICS
Fusidic Acid
Mupirocin
ORAL ANTIBIOTICS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Lyme Disease: A Borrelia Burgdorferi Infection
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Sidra Noureen
INTRODUCTION
SYMPTOMS
Erythema Migrans
Arthritis
Heart Problem
Neurological and Other Symptoms
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Peptic Ulcer: A Helicobacter Pylori Infection
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Fatima Rehan
INTRODUCTION
PREVALENCE AND CAUSES
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Toxic Shock Syndrome: A Condition Caused by Endotoxin Produced by Staphylococcus Aureus
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Aleena Ahmad Somroo
INTRODUCTION
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Scarlet Fever: An Infection Symptomized by Red Rash All Over the Body with High Fever
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Iqra Ali Yameen
INTRODUCTION
CAUSES AND SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Listeriosis: A Foodborne Disease Caused by Listeria
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Mahnoor khan
INTRODUCTION
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
Bacterial Meningitis: An Inflammation of Meninges by Bacteria
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Irtiqa Masood
INTRODUCTION
SYMPTOMS
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Nosocomial Infections: Hospital Acquired Infections
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Mahreen Fatima
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION
The Anticipation of Gram-Negative Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infection
Agents of Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infection
BACTERIOLOGY OF COMMONLY ISOLATED NOSOCOMIAL UTI PATHOGENS
1. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
2. Escherichia Coli
SOURCES AND TERMINATION OF INFECTIONS
RISK FACTORS FOR NOSOCOMIAL URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
MODIFICATION OF RISK FACTOR AND SURVEILLANCE
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Campylobacteriosis: A Food Borne Illness Caused by Campylobacter
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Zunaira Akhtar
INTRODUCTION
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
Culturing Techniques
PCR Based Assay
DNA Microarray
MANAGEMENT
Prevention
TREATMENTS
Antibiotics
Alternatives
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Brucellosis: Undulant Fever, Malta Fever, Gibraltar Fever or Bang’s Disease
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Afia Javaid
INTRODUCTION
SYMPTOMS
Other Complications
DIAGNOSIS
Molecular Based Methods
Culturing Techniques
Serological Test
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Trench Fever: A Bartonella Quintana Infection
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Basra Manzoor
INTRODUCTION
CAUSES
PREVALENCE
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
Culture Test
Serologic
PCR
Biopsy
MANAGEMENT
Medicine
Surgery
PREVENTION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Urinary Tract Infection: An Infection Caused by Gram-Negative Bacteria especially E. coli
Muhammad Imran Qadir* and Muhammad Mubashar Idrees
INTRODUCTION
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Subject Index
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