Avery’s Neonatology Board Review: Certification and Clinical Refresher

Front Cover......Page 1
IFC......Page 2
Avery’s Neonatology Board Review: Certification and Clinical Refresher......Page 3
Avery’s Neonatology Board Review: Certification and Clinical Refresher......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Notice......Page 7
Contributors......Page 8
Contents......Page 12
Avery’s Neonatology Board Review: Certification and Clinical Refresher......Page 15
Before Beginning Your Review......Page 17
The Review Itself......Page 18
1 - Maternal-Fetal Medicine......Page 21
THE PLACENTA......Page 22
PRECONCEPTION CARE......Page 23
MATERNAL HEALTH CONDITIONS......Page 24
FETAL CONDITIONS......Page 28
OBSTETRIC COMPLICATIONS......Page 30
DRUG AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES......Page 31
Suggested Readings......Page 32
Genetic Testing......Page 34
Ultrasound Screening......Page 35
Evaluation of Fetal Status......Page 36
Suggested Readings......Page 37
Labor and Delivery Complications......Page 39
Breastfeeding......Page 40
2 - Asphyxia and Resuscitation......Page 44
Clinical Presentation......Page 45
Treatment......Page 46
Oxygen......Page 47
Volume Resuscitation......Page 48
Pharmacology and Drugs Used in Resuscitation......Page 49
3 - Cardiovascular
......Page 51
Regulators of Cardiac Embryology......Page 52
Abnormal Cardiac Morphogenesis......Page 53
Maternal Diseases With Fetal Cardiac Manifestations......Page 54
Suggested Readings......Page 57
Questions......Page 58
Transition of CirculationWith Birth......Page 59
Hemodynamic Consequences of Perinatal Events......Page 60
Suggested Readings......Page 61
Question......Page 62
Evaluation of an Infant With Suspected Congenital Heart Disease......Page 63
Left-to-Right Shunting Lesions......Page 67
Left-Sided Obstructive Lesions......Page 69
Right-Sided Obstructive Lesions......Page 72
Mixing Lesions......Page 74
Suggested Readings......Page 76
Questions......Page 77
Neonatal Cardiomyopathies......Page 78
Cardiac Tumors......Page 79
Systemic Blood Pressure Regulation......Page 80
Suggested Readings......Page 81
Question......Page 82
10 -
Electrocardiography, Electrophysiology, and Dysrhythmias......Page 83
Suggested Readings......Page 88
Questions......Page 89
11 -
Pharmacologic Therapy of Heart Disease......Page 90
Suggested Readings......Page 91
Questions......Page 92
4 - Respiratory......Page 93
ALVEOLAR STAGE......Page 94
FETAL RESPIRATION AND FETAL LUNG FLUID......Page 95
Surfactant Proteins......Page 96
LUNG VOLUMES......Page 97
Mechanics of Respiration......Page 98
COMPLIANCE......Page 99
Pulmonary Edema......Page 100
INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURES AND CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION......Page 101
Oxygen Tension–Based Indices......Page 102
Effect of Altitude on Hemoglobin Affinity for Oxygen......Page 103
Diffusing Capacity Test......Page 104
Suggested Readings......Page 105
CLINICAL PRESENTATION......Page 106
TREATMENT......Page 107
BASIC INFORMATION......Page 108
TREATMENT......Page 109
Suggested Readings......Page 110
Questions......Page 111
Meconium Aspiration
......Page 112
Neonatal Pneumonia......Page 113
Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension (PPHN)......Page 114
Suggested Readings......Page 115
Questions......Page 116
SPINAL CORD INJURY INCLUDING CORD TRANSECTION......Page 117
MACROGLOSSIA......Page 118
TRACHEAL STENOSIS......Page 119
CONGENITAL PULMONARY AIRWAY MALFORMATION (CPAM)......Page 120
Suggested Readings......Page 121
Questions......Page 122
NEONATAL BREATHING......Page 123
Apnea of Prematurity (AOP)......Page 124
Apparent Life-Threatening Events (ALTE) or Brief Resolved Unexplained Events (BRUE)......Page 125
Suggested Readings......Page 126
Questions......Page 127
Types of Ventilation......Page 128
Respiratory Pharmacologic Agents......Page 129
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation......Page 132
Suggested Readings......Page 133
Questions......Page 135
5 -
Genetics and IEM......Page 136
Uniparental Disomy and Disorders of Imprinting......Page 137
Structural Chromosomal Abnormalities That Contribute to Human Genetic Disease......Page 138
Commonly Used Genetic Tests......Page 139
Newborn Screening for Genetic Disorders......Page 140
Suggested Readings......Page 141
Questions......Page 142
Physical Examination and Associated Abnormalities......Page 143
Prenatal......Page 144
Physical Examination and Associated Abnormalities......Page 145
PROGNOSIS......Page 146
Physical Examination and Associated Abnormalities......Page 147
Single Gene (Mendelian) Disorders (see Chapter 18)......Page 148
ANGELMAN SYNDROME......Page 149
Suggested Readings......Page 150
Questions......Page 151
Teratogens
......Page 152
Suggested Readings......Page 154
Questions......Page 155
MULTIPLE CONGENITAL ANOMALIES......Page 156
EVALUATION......Page 157
Suggested Readings......Page 160
Questions......Page 161
Specific Disorders of Intoxication......Page 162
Urea Cycle Defects......Page 163
DISORDERS OF ENERGY DEFICIENCY......Page 165
DISORDERS OF COMPLEX MOLECULES......Page 167
Suggested Readings......Page 168
Questions......Page 170
6 -
Nutrition......Page 171
Hormonal Factors......Page 172
Essential and Nonessential Amino Acids......Page 173
Fat Metabolism in Newborn Infants......Page 174
FETAL ORIGINS OF ADULT ONSET DISORDERS......Page 175
Suggested Readings......Page 176
Questions......Page 177
MANIFESTATIONS OF WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMIN DEFICIENCES......Page 178
MANIFESTATION OF FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMIN DEFICIENCIES......Page 179
POTENTIAL TOXICITIES OF TRACE MINERAL SUPPLEMENTATION IN NEONATES......Page 180
Suggested Readings......Page 181
Questions......Page 182
DIFFERENCES IN THE NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF HUMAN MILK AND INFANT FORMULAS......Page 183
HUMAN MILK: THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT PROCESSING METHODS......Page 184
PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN MILK PRODUCTION AND SECRETION......Page 185
DISTRIBUTION OF NUTRIENTS IN INFANT FORMULAS......Page 186
MEDICAL INDICATIONS FOR NONSTANDARD INFANT FORMULAS......Page 187
Suggested Readings......Page 188
Questions......Page 189
IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN AND NONPROTEIN NUTRIENTS TO ACHIEVE OPTIMAL ENERGY......Page 190
CAUSES AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF CATHETER COMPLICATIONS OF PARENTERAL NUTRITION......Page 191
Suggested Readings......Page 192
Questions......Page 194
7 -
Renal/ Fluids/ Electrolytes......Page 195
Water Metabolism......Page 196
Basic Information......Page 197
POTASSIUM METABOLISM......Page 198
ACID-BASE BALANCE......Page 201
RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS......Page 204
Clinical Presentation......Page 205
EVALUATION OF RENAL FUNCTION......Page 206
Suggested Readings......Page 207
Questions......Page 208
Oligohydramnios Sequence (Potter Syndrome) (Fig. 28.1)......Page 210
Renal Agenesis......Page 211
Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney (MCDK)......Page 212
Renal Artery Thrombosis......Page 213
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)......Page 214
Suggested Readings......Page 216
Questions......Page 217
8 -
Endocrine......Page 219
CLINICAL PRESENTATION......Page 220
TREATMENT......Page 222
DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION......Page 223
Suggested Readings......Page 224
Questions......Page 225
BASIC INFORMATION......Page 227
BASIC INFORMATION......Page 228
DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION......Page 229
Suggested Readings......Page 230
Questions......Page 231
BASIC INFORMATION......Page 233
TREATMENT......Page 234
TREATMENT......Page 235
Suggested Readings......Page 236
Questions......Page 237
BASIC INFORMATION......Page 238
TREATMENT......Page 239
TREATMENT......Page 240
Suggested Readings......Page 241
Questions......Page 242
BASIC INFORMATION......Page 243
BASIC INFORMATION......Page 245
CLINICAL PRESENTATION......Page 246
CLINICAL PRESENTATION......Page 247
Suggested Readings......Page 248
Questions......Page 249
Basic Information......Page 250
Suggested Readings......Page 251
Questions......Page 252
9 -
Immunology......Page 253
HEMATOPOIESIS......Page 254
Suggested Readings......Page 257
Question......Page 258
MYELOID LINEAGE IMMUNE CELLS......Page 259
LYMPHOID LINEAGES......Page 260
CYTOKINES......Page 261
ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS (APP)......Page 262
Suggested Readings......Page 263
Questions......Page 264
Inflammation......Page 265
ABNORMAL ORGAN DEVELOPMENT......Page 266
INNATE SYSTEM......Page 267
ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM......Page 268
Suggested Readings......Page 269
Questions......Page 271
10 - Infectious Diseases......Page 272
BASIC INFORMATION......Page 273
DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION......Page 274
BASIC INFORMATION......Page 275
THERAPY......Page 276
DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION......Page 277
THERAPY......Page 278
Suggested Readings......Page 279
Questions......Page 280
BASIC INFORMATION......Page 281
CLINICAL PRESENTATION......Page 282
DIAGNOSIS......Page 283
DIAGNOSIS......Page 284
DIAGNOSIS......Page 286
BASIC INFORMATION......Page 287
CLINICAL PRESENTATION......Page 288
THERAPY......Page 289
BASIC INFORMATION......Page 290
CLINICAL PRESENTATION......Page 291
Suggested Readings......Page 292
Prevention of Specific Fungal Infection......Page 294
Prevention of Specific Viral Infection......Page 295
Prevention of Specific Parasitic Infection......Page 297
Suggested Readings......Page 298
Questions......Page 299
11 - Gastroenterology......Page 300
Intestine......Page 301
Hepatobiliary Liver......Page 302
Suggested Readings......Page 303
Questions......Page 304
Esophagus......Page 305
Stomach......Page 306
Small Intestine......Page 307
Large Intestine......Page 308
Pancreas......Page 309
Abdominal Wall Defects......Page 310
Suggested Readings......Page 311
Questions......Page 312
SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME......Page 313
Maltase-Glucoamylase Deficiency......Page 314
MICROVILLUS INCLUSION DISEASE......Page 315
Suggested Readings......Page 316
Questions......Page 317
EXTRAHEPATIC BILIARY ATRESIA......Page 318
Suggested Readings......Page 319
Questions......Page 321
12 -
Hyperbilirubinemia......Page 322
EXCRETION......Page 323
Suggested Readings......Page 324
Questions......Page 325
PATHOGENESIS......Page 326
TREATMENT......Page 327
Suggested Readings......Page 328
Questions......Page 329
TREATMENT......Page 330
Suggested Readings......Page 331
Questions......Page 332
13 - Skin Disorders......Page 333
48 -
Skin Development and Function......Page 334
Suggested Readings......Page 335
Questions......Page 336
Diagnosis and Treatment......Page 338
Congenital Infections of the Newborn......Page 340
Vascular Anomalies (Vascular Tumors and Vascular Malformations)......Page 341
Disorders of the Umbilical Cord......Page 342
Pigmented Lesions......Page 343
Basic Information......Page 344
Diagnosis and Treatment......Page 345
Genetic Neonatal Syndromes......Page 346
Ichthyosis Vulgaris......Page 348
EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA......Page 349
Suggested Readings......Page 350
Questions......Page 351
14 -
Hematology/Oncology......Page 352
SYMPTOMS......Page 353
TREATMENT......Page 354
β-Thalassemia......Page 355
Common Etiologies of Blood Loss......Page 356
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency......Page 357
Parvovirus......Page 358
OVERVIEW......Page 359
Suggested Readings......Page 360
Questions......Page 361
51 - White Blood Cells......Page 362
TREATMENT......Page 365
Genetic Causes of Platelet Hypoproduction......Page 366
SYMPTOMS, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT......Page 367
SYMPTOMS, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT......Page 368
Suggested Readings......Page 369
Questions......Page 370
CLINICAL INDICATIONS FOR PACKED RED BLOOD CELLS (PRBC)......Page 371
COMPLICATIONS FROM TRANSFUSIONS......Page 372
Suggested Readings......Page 373
Questions......Page 374
TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS......Page 375
DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION......Page 376
TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS......Page 377
BASIC INFORMATION......Page 378
CLINICAL PRESENTATION......Page 379
Suggested Readings......Page 380
Questions......Page 381
15 -
Neurology......Page 383
Primitive Reflexes......Page 384
Suggested Readings......Page 385
LONG-TERM OUTCOMES......Page 386
CAUSES INCLUDE......Page 387
Suggested Readings......Page 388
Question......Page 389
DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION......Page 390
TREATMENT......Page 391
Suggested Reading......Page 392
Question......Page 393
BASIC INFORMATION......Page 394
BASIC INFORMATION......Page 395
TREATMENT......Page 396
Suggested Readings......Page 397
Questions......Page 398
TREATMENT......Page 399
BASIC INFORMATION......Page 400
Suggested Readings......Page 401
Questions......Page 402
DIAGNOSIS/EVALUATION......Page 403
Suggested Reading......Page 404
Questions......Page 405
DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION......Page 406
Suggested Readings......Page 407
Question......Page 408
Treatment......Page 409
Suggested Readings......Page 410
Question......Page 411
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 412
EVALUATION......Page 413
Congenital Cerebral Neoplasms......Page 414
Suggested Readings......Page 415
Questions......Page 416
16 -
Neurodevelopment......Page 417
RISK FACTORS......Page 418
FETAL (INTRAUTERINE) GROWTH RESTRICTION (FGR)......Page 419
CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA (CDH)......Page 420
Suggested Readings......Page 421
Non-nutritional Maternal-Infant Factors......Page 422
Early Intervention......Page 423
Suggested Readings......Page 424
Developmental Coordination Disorder......Page 425
DIAGNOSIS......Page 426
CLASSIFICATION......Page 427
Suggested Readings......Page 428
17 - Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat......Page 429
BASIC INFORMATION......Page 430
TREATMENT......Page 431
BASIC INFORMATION......Page 432
DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION......Page 433
Suggested Readings......Page 434
Questions......Page 435
NORMAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 436
Genetic: Syndromic Autosomal Dominant (AD)......Page 437
Suggested Readings......Page 438
Questions......Page 439
NECK MASSES......Page 440
NORMAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 441
PATHOLOGY......Page 442
PATHOLOGY......Page 443
Suggested Readings......Page 444
Questions......Page 445
18 - Diagnostic Imaging......Page 446
Hypoxia and Ischemia......Page 447
Chiari II Malformation......Page 448
Holoprosencephaly......Page 450
Suggested Readings......Page 452
Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn (TTN)......Page 456
Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation (CPAM)......Page 458
Pneumomediastinum and Pneumopericardium......Page 459
Suggested Readings......Page 462
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis......Page 463
Suggested Reading......Page 467
Thanatophoric Deformity......Page 468
Achondroplasia......Page 469
Urinary Tract Dilation—Posterior Urethral Valves (PUV)......Page 470
Suggested Reading......Page 472
19 - Pharmacology......Page 474
METABOLISM......Page 475
Quantitative Pharmacokinetics......Page 478
Suggested Readings......Page 480
Drugs in Lactation......Page 481
Suggested Readings......Page 483
Cephalosporins (Beta-Lactam)......Page 484
BENZODIAZEPINES......Page 485
Suggested Readings......Page 486
20 - Ethics and Health Services Delivery......Page 488
Transport......Page 489
Quality Improvement......Page 490
Suggested Readings......Page 491
Questions......Page 492
Ethical and Legal Issues and Death and Dying......Page 493
Case Law and Legislation......Page 494
Important Federal Regulations......Page 495
Genetic Testing and Gene Therapy......Page 496
DEATH AND DYING......Page 497
Suggested Readings......Page 498
Questions......Page 499
21 - Core Knowledge and Scholarly Activities......Page 500
Distribution of Data......Page 501
Statistical Tests......Page 502
Measuring Correlation......Page 503
Survival Analysis......Page 504
Diagnostic Tests......Page 505
Assessing Diagnostic Tests......Page 506
Suggested Readings......Page 507
Questions......Page 508
Study Types......Page 510
Sources of Error in Clinical Studies......Page 512
Screening......Page 513
Qualities of Measurement......Page 514
Suggested Readings......Page 515
Questions......Page 516
Assessment of Study Design, Performance, and Analysis......Page 517
Assessment of Generalizability......Page 519
Using the Medical Literature......Page 520
Suggested Readings......Page 521
Questions......Page 522
ASSESSMENTS......Page 523
Teaching Preparation and Planning......Page 525
Suggested Readings......Page 526
Questions......Page 527
Conflicts of Interest and Commitment......Page 528
Further Application of Research Ethics to Human Subjects......Page 529
Research in Vulnerable Populations......Page 530
Suggested Readings......Page 531
Questions......Page 532
Chapter 4......Page 534
Chapter 13......Page 535
Chapter 17......Page 536
Chapter 21......Page 537
Chapter 26......Page 538
Chapter 27......Page 539
Chapter 28......Page 540
Chapter 29......Page 541
Chapter 31......Page 542
Chapter 32......Page 543
Chapter 33......Page 544
Chapter 36......Page 545
Chapter 37......Page 546
Chapter 43......Page 547
Chapter 45......Page 548
Chapter 50......Page 549
Chapter 53......Page 550
Chapter 54......Page 551
Chapter 60......Page 552
Chapter 67......Page 553
Chapter 79......Page 554
Chapter 80......Page 555
Chapter 81......Page 556
Chapter 83......Page 557
A......Page 559
B......Page 560
C......Page 562
D......Page 564
E......Page 565
F......Page 566
G......Page 567
H......Page 568
I......Page 570
M......Page 571
N......Page 573
O......Page 574
P......Page 575
R......Page 577
S......Page 578
T......Page 579
U......Page 580
W......Page 581
Z......Page 582
IBC......Page 589