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AVENUE21. Planning and Policy Considerations for an Age of Automated Mobility

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The subject of this open-access publication is the impact of connected and automated vehicles on the European city and the conditions under which this technology can make a positive contribution to urban development. The authors put forward two theses that have received little attention in the scientific discourse so far: Connected and automated vehicles will not become fully established in all sub-areas of the city for a long time. As a result, previously assumed effects - from traffic safety to traffic performance as well as spatial effects - will have to be reevaluated.


To ensure a positive contribution of this technology to the mobility of the future, transport and settlement policy regulations must be further developed. Established territorial, institutional and organizational boundaries need to be challenged in a timely manner.


Despite or because of the existing great uncertainties, we are at the beginning of a phase of yet shaping the possible future - in technology development, but also in politics, urban planning, administration and civil society.


Description of the chapters:

1.    Connected and automated driving: The long level 4

Mathias Mitteregger reflects on the road ahead for automated driving. What pathways of technological development induce which kind of spatial effects and planning needs?

2.    Connected and automated driving: Consideration of the local, spatial context and spatial differentiation

Emilia M. Bruck and Aggelos Soteropoulos reflect on the importance of the local context when classifying and estimating the effects of different forms of automated mobility.

3.    Connected and automated driving in the context of a sustainable transport and mobility transformation

Andrea Stickler, Jens S. Dangschat and Ian Banerjee integrate possible potentials of automated mobility in the context of a transformed, sustainable transport system.

PART I: Mobility and transport

4.    Self-driving turnaround or automotive continuity? Reflections on technology, innovation and social change

Katharina Manderscheid reflects on how differing visions of an automated future can be understood with regard to divergent interests in technological development.

5.    Automated drivability and streetscape compatibility in the urban-rural continuum using the example of Greater Vienna

Aggelos Soteropoulos analyses how different street spaces align with technological requirements of automated mobility, creating a suitability framework for road spaces in the Greater Vienna region.

6.    Automation, public transport and Mobility as a Service: Experience from tests with automated shuttle buses

The authors show what types of automated public transport might be used in the future and what can be learned from testing automated shuttle buses in the past.

7.    Delivery robots as a solution for the last mile in the city?

Bert Leerkamp, Aggelos Soteropoulos and Martin Berger describe how automated delivery robots could be contextualized in terms of solving last-mile problems and discuss what implications might lie ahead for urban planning.

PART II: Public space

8.    Control and design of spatial mobility interfaces

The authors identify the possible implications of automated mobility for mobility interfaces and explore how public spaces could be transformed.

9.    Transformations of European public spaces with AVs

Robert Martin, Emilia M. Bruck and Aggelos Soteropoulos use the example of Copenhagen to show how public spaces could be transformed in an age of automated urban mobility and benefit from lower car dependency.

10.  At the end of the road: Total safety

Mathias Mitteregger discusses how the desire for road safety affects public spaces and how automated mobility influences this discourse.

11.  Integration of cycling into future urban transport structures with connected and automated vehicles

Looking at the future of mobility, Lutz Eichholz and Detlef Kurth show that the bike actually offers solutions to many of our current problems and that planning should not forget to integrate cycling into future urban transport structures and systems.

12.  Against the driverless city

Steven Fleming argues for a radical shift in cities towards a highly improved cycling infrastructure eradicating the need for automated mobility.

Part III: Spatial development

13.  Strategic spatial planning, “smart shrinking” and the deployment of CAVs in rural Japan

Ian Banerjee and Tomoyuki Furutani show where automated mobility could help tackle pressing issues in rural Japan.

14.  Integrated strategic planning approaches to automated transport in the context of the mobility transformation

The authors show how new forms of automated mobility could be integrated into mobility systems in diverse spatial structures in the city region of Vienna with the overriding goal of the mobility transformation.

15.  Opportunities from past mistakes: Land potential en route to an automated mobility system

Looking at the mistakes made in building a car-centric environment in the past, Mathias Mitteregger and Aggelos Soteropoulos identify future areas of urban transformation as a result of a lower demand for car-centric infrastructures and businesses.

Part IV: Governance

16.  New governance concepts for digitalization: Challenges and potentials

Alexander Hamedinger contextualizes the manifold paths towards an automated future with regard to governance and describes how governance concepts might need to adapt in the future.

17.  How are automated vehicles driving spatial development in Switzerland?

Fabienne Perret and Christof Abegg show how automated vehicles are influencing spatial development in Switzerland, focusing on three different scenarios on the road ahead.

18.  Lessons from local transport transition projects for connected and automated transport

Andrea Stickler looks at local projects aiming at a transformation of mobility practices and reflects on implications for automated transport.

19.  Connected and automated transport in the socio-technical transition

Jens S. Dangschat looks at societal transformations in the past and contextualizes automated mobility in terms of a possible socio-technical transition ahead.

20.  Data-driven urbanism, digital platforms and the planning of MaaS in times of deep uncertainty: What does it mean for CAVs?

Ian Banerjee, Peraphan Jittrapirom and Jens S. Dangschat show how continuous digitalization in cities might affect possible uses and implementations of CAVs and their accompanying systems.

 


Author(s): Mathias Mitteregger, Emilia M. Bruck, Aggelos Soteropoulos, Andrea Stickler, Martin Berger, Jens S. Dangschat, Rudolf Scheuvens, Ian Banerjee
Publisher: Springer Vieweg
Year: 2023

Language: English
Pages: 461
City: Berlin

INTO THE FUTURE WITH KNOWLEDGE
WHAT IS IN STORE FOR US?
AUTHORS
FURTHER PARTICIPANTS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CONTENTS
1 Connected and automated driving:
The Long Level 4
1. INTRODUCTION
2. AUTOMATION AND CONNECTIVITY OF TRANSPORT IN CONTEXT
3. WHAT CHARACTERIZES THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION IN THE
MOBILITY SYSTEM?
REFERENCES
2 Connected and automated driving: Consideration of the local, spatial context and spatial differentiation
1. INTRODUCTION
2. SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION AND TYPES OF SPACE
3. SPATIAL EFFECTS OF AUTOMATED DRIVING
3.1 PRIMARY SPATIAL EFFECTS
3.2 SECONDARY SPATIAL EFFECTS
4. SPATIALLY DIFFERENTIATED EFFECTS OF AUTOMATED DRIVING
REFERENCES
3 Connected and automated driving in the context of a sustainable transport and
mobility transformation
1. INTRODUCTION
2. DEFINITIONS OF THE TERMS TRANSPORT, MOBILITY, MOTILITY,
AND TRANSITION TO SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT AND MOBILITY
3. INNOVATIONS IN THE TRANSITION TO SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT (SHARED MOBILITY, MOBILITY AS A SERVICE,
CONNECTED AND AUTOMATED DRIVING)
4. THE AMBIVALENT IMPACT OF CONNECTED AND AUTOMATED
TRANSPORT ON THE TRANSPORT AND MOBILITY TRANSFORMATION
5. THE CONTRIBUTION OF CONNECTED AND AUTOMATED TRANSPORT
TO THE TRANSPORT AND MOBILITY TRANSFORMATION
REFERENCES
PART I
Mobility and transport
4 Self-driving turnaround or automotive continuity? Reflections on technology,
innovation and social change
1. INTRODUCTION
2. TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION
3. A TURNAROUND IN DRIVE AND AUTOMATION, TRAFFIC OR
MOBILITY?
4. ENVISIONING AND SHAPING THE FUTURE
REFERENCES
5 Automated drivability and streetscape compatibility in the urban-rural continuum
using the example of Greater Vienna
1. INTRODUCTION
2. METHODOLOGY OF THE PRESENT STUDY
2.1 DETERMINING THE SUITABILITY OF STREETSCAPES FOR THE USE OF
AUTOMATED VEHICLES: AUTOMATED DRIVABILITY
2.1.1 POINT OF DEPARTURE, FRAMEWORK AND COMPONENTS OF AUTOMATED
DRIVABILITY
2.1.2 DERIVATION OF INDICATORS FOR THE VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF THE
FRAMEWORK
2.1.3 CONNECTING THE INDICATORS
2.2 PROCEDURE FOR ASSESSING THE STREETSCAPE COMPATIBILITY OF THE
ROAD SECTIONS
2.2.1 DETERMINING THE BASIC STILL COMPATIBLE TRAFFIC LOAD
2.2.2 DETERMINING THE ACTUAL STILL COMPATIBLE TRAFFIC LOAD: ADAPTATION
OF THE BASIC VALUE THROUGH USE AND DESIGN OF THE STREETSCAPE
2.2.3 COLLECTION OF DATA REQUIRED FOR ASSESSING STREETSCAPE
COMPATIBILITY
3. THE MUNICIPALITIES IN GREATER VIENNA AND ANALYSED
ROAD SECTIONS
4. RESULTS OF THE STUDY
4.1 RESULTS FOR SUITABILITY OF STREETSCAPES FOR THE USE OF
AUTOMATED VEHICLES (AUTOMATED DRIVABILITY)
4.2 RESULTS FOR STREETSCAPE COMPATIBILITY
4.2.1 BASIC VALUE OF THE STILL COMPATIBLE AND ACTUAL TRAFFIC LOADS
4.2.2
DETERMINING THE ACTUAL STILL COMPATIBLE TRAFFIC LOAD: ADAPTATION OF THE BASIC VALUE THROUGH USE AND DESIGN OF THE STREETSCAPE
4.2.3
OVERALL ASSESSMENT OF STREETSCAPE COMPATIBILITY
4.3
SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS FOR AUTOMATED DRIVABILITY AND STREETSCAPE COMPATIBILITY
5.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
6 Automation, public transport and Mobility as a Service: Experience from tests with
automated shuttle buses
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PUBLIC TRANSPORT: CURRENT FORMS OF OFFER AND FUTURE
USE CASES OF AUTOMATED VEHICLES
3. AUTOMATED SHUTTLE BUSES AS A PRIORITY USE CASE IN
PUBLIC TRANSPORT PILOT PROJECTS
4. TECHNICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF TESTING AUTOMATED
SHUTTLE BUSES IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT
4.1 THE SHUTTLE BUS
4.2 CHOICE OF ROUTE, INFRASTRUCTURE ADAPTATION AND ORIENTATION OF
THE SHUTTLE BUS
4.3
REGISTRATION AND OPERATION
4.4
INSIGHTS GAINED
5.
OPERATION AND INTEGRATION OF AUTOMATED SHUTTLE BUSES IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
5.1
THE SHUTTLE BUS AND ITS OPERATION
5.2
INTEGRATION INTO PUBLIC TRANSPORT CUSTOMER INFORMATION SYSTEMS
5.3
INSIGHTS GAINED
6.
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
7 Delivery robots as a solution for the last mile
in the city?
1. INTRODUCTION
2. E-COMMERCE AND DELIVERY TRAFFIC ON THE RISE
3. NEW DELIVERY CONCEPTS FOR THE LAST MILE
4. OPERATING CONCEPTS OF AUTOMATED VEHICLES IN LOGISTICS
5. DELIVERY ROBOTS
5.1 DELIVERY ROBOTS FOR OPERATION ON PAVEMENTS
5.2 DELIVERY ROBOTS FOR OPERATION ON PUBLIC ROADS
6. SELECTED EXAMPLES OF TESTS WITH DELIVERY ROBOTS
7. “PAVEMENT-COMPATIBLE” DELIVERY ROBOTS AS A SOLUTION
FOR THE LAST MILE?
8. IMPLICATIONS FOR PLANNING
9. CONCLUSION
10. AN INTERVIEW BY MARTIN BERGER AND AGGELOS
SOTEROPOULOS WITH BERT LEERKAMP
REFERENCES
PART
II Public space
8 Control and design of spatial mobility
interfaces
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE IMPACT OF AUTOMATED DRIVING ON PUBLIC SPACES
2.1 THE SITUATION
2.2 POINTS OF FOCUS
3. STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK CONDITIONS OF SPATIAL INTERFACES
3.1 INTEGRATING ASSESSMENTS: AREAS OF OPERATION,
MODES AND PERMISSIBLE SPEEDS
3.2 EXTENDING THE STATION NETWORKS: ADDING
STOPPING ZONES AND COLLECTION POINTS
3.3 STRENGTHENING CENTRALITIES: LINKING MODES
OF USAGE, ROUTES AND DESTINATIONS
3.4 ENSURING ADAPTIVITY: OPENNESS TO FUTURE
CHANGES IN USAGE
4. SMALL-SCALE DESIGN OF MULTIMODAL PUBLIC SPACES
4.1 MULTIMODAL PUBLIC SPACES: UNBUNDLING AND
BUNDLING OF MODES
4.2 FLEXIBLE DIMENSIONING OF SPACES: BY DEMAND
OR BY TIME OF DAY
4.3 SMOOTH TRANSITIONS: PERMEABLE, WITH
QUALITY OF STAY
4.4
AMENITIES AND ADDRESS GENERATION: INTERPLAY WITH THE SURROUNDINGS
5.
SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK
REFERENCES
9 Transformations of European public spaces
with AVs
1. INTRODUCTION
2. COPENHAGEN DESIGN EXPERIMENTS ON THE SUSTAINABLE
DEPLOYMENT OF AVS
2.1 RETHINKING THE SUBURB
2.2 FROM TRAIN STATION TO MOBILITY HUB
2.3 A NEW DYNAMIC STREETSCAPE
3. CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
10 At the end of the road: Total safety
1.
ROAD SAFETY AS A DRIVING FORCE
1.1
MOBILE ROBOTS AS THE KEY TO SAFETY
1.2
PERSPECTIVE ON ROAD SAFETY: WHO BENEFITS?
1.3
AN ENTIRELY NEW APPROACH
2.
ROADS: TRANSPORT ROUTES AND LIVING SPACE
2.1
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STREETSCAPE FOR URBANITY
2.2
SAFETY AND PUBLIC LIFE
2.3
EYES ON THE STREET
2.4 THE END OF EQUAL CONDITIONS
3.
FROM SURVEILLANCE TO SOCIAL ENGINEERING
3.1
THE NEVER-PERFECT SYSTEM
3.2
A NEW ROAD MEDIUM
REFERENCES
11 Integration of cycling into future urban transport structures with connected and
automated vehicles
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE FRAMEWORK CONDITIONS FOR CYCLING
2.1 THE LEGAL SITUATION
2.2 DRIVING BEHAVIOUR AND ACCEPTANCE OF RULES
2.3 TYPES OF CYCLIST
2.4 ACCIDENTS INVOLVING CYCLISTS
3. FRAMEWORK CONDITIONS FOR CONNECTED AND AUTOMATED
VEHICLES
3.1 DRIVING BEHAVIOUR OF CONNECTED AND AUTOMATED VEHICLES
3.2 EFFECTS OF CONNECTED AND AUTOMATED TRANSPORT ON TRAFFIC VOLUMESAND ON NUMBERS OF PARKED PRIVATE VEHICLES
3.3 SAVINGS IN TRAFFIC SPACE THANKS TO CONNECTED AND AUTOMATED VEHICLES
4. KEY OBJECTIVES OF THE GERMAN FEDERAL GOVERNMENT FOR
CYCLING AND FOR CONNECTED AND AUTOMATED VEHICLES
4.1 KEY OBJECTIVES FOR CYCLING
4.2 KEY OBJECTIVES RELATING TO CONNECTED AND AUTOMATED VEHICLES
5. CRITERIA FOR THE DRIVABILITY OF CONNECTED AND
AUTOMATED VEHICLES IN INTERACTION WITH CYCLISTS
6. SUITABILITY OF CYCLE LANES FOR CAVS: MIXED OR
SEPARATED TRAFFIC?
7. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERSECTIONS
8. CONCLUSION
9. OUTLOOK AND REQUIREMENT FOR RESEARCH
REFERENCES
12 Against the driverless city
PART III
Spatial development
13 Strategic spatial planning, “smart shrinking” and the deployment of CAVs in rural Japan
1.
INTRODUCTION
2.
JAPAN’S DEMOGRAPHIC CHALLENGE
2.1
POPULATION IMPLOSION
2.2
“DISAPPEARING MUNICIPALITIES”
3.
EVOLUTION OF NATIONAL SPATIAL PLANNING
3.1
ACHIEVING BALANCED GROWTH: COMPREHENSIVE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANS (1962–1998)
3.2
FIRST RESPONSES TO DEPOPULATION: GRAND DESIGN FOR THE 21ST CENTURY (1998–2008)
3.2.1
Compact city and transport-oriented design (TOD)
3.3
A TURNING POINT: FIRST NATIONAL SPATIAL STRATEGY (2008)
3.3.1
Low-carbon city (2012)
3.4
THE SEARCH FOR A GRAND NARRATIVE OF CHANGE
3.4.1Scenarios of hope: Reframing the problem
3.4.2
A culmination point: National Grand Design 2050 (2014)
3.4.3
Smart shrinking: The principles of the National Grand Design 2050
3.4.4
The three spatio-functional building blocks
3.4.5
2nd National Spatial Strategy: A comprehensive planning device (2015–)
4.GOVERNANCE
4.1
STRUCTURE OF TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT
4.2
TWO SHIFTS IN THE APPROACH TO GOVERNANCE
4.2.1
Top-down meets bottom-up
4.2.2
Breaking down the sectoral silos
4.2.3
The “Headquarters”: Coordinating sectoral policies
5.
CAVS IN JAPAN
5.1
THE SIP: AN INSTITUTIONAL CATALYST FOR CROSS-SECTORAL RESEARCH
5.2
NSS AND CAVS
5.3
CAVS IN RURAL JAPAN
5.3.1
Demand-responsive transport (DRT)
5.3.2
The main drivers for CAVs in rural regions
5.3.3
Experiments with CAVs
5.3.4 Findings
6.
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
14 Integrated strategic planning approaches to automated transport in the context of the
mobility transformation
1. TRANSFORMING MOBILITY WITH CONNECTED AND
AUTOMATED VEHICLES
2. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CONNECTED AND
AUTOMATED VEHICLES
2.1 EVOLUTION NOT REVOLUTION: AUTOMATED MOBILITY AND
THE LONG LEVEL 4
2.2 CONNECTED AND AUTOMATED VEHICLE APPLICATIONS
3. SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY AND SETTLEMENT DEVELOPMENT IN
RURAL AREAS
3.1 CO2 EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS IN AUSTRIA’S TRANSPORT SECTOR
3.2 THE ROLE PLAYED BY CONNECTED AND AUTOMATED VEHICLES
3.3 THE UNIQUE CHALLENGES OF RURAL SPACES
4. APPROACHES TO AND THEORIES CONCERNING STRATEGIC
PLANNING CONCEPTS IN FOUR AREA TYPES
4.1 APPROACHING AND ADAPTING PLANNING CONCEPTS
4.2 SELECTING THE AREA TYPES AND CASE STUDY LOCATIONS
5. FUTURE CONCEPTS FOR INTEGRATED MOBILITY AND
SETTLEMENT DEVELOPMENT
5.1 VIENNA SOUTH (AREA TYPE A)
5.2
MISTELBACH (AREA TYPE B)
5.3 EBREICHSDORF (AREA TYPE C)
5.4 BAD SCHÖNAU (AREA TYPE D)
6.
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
15 Opportunities from past mistakes: Land potential en route to an automated mobility system
1.
INTRODUCTION
2.
THE PATH TO A CONNECTED, AUTOMATED AND SERVICE-ORIENTED TRANSPORT SYSTEM
2.1
LAND DEMANDS OF VARIOUS MODES OF TRANSPORTATION
2.2 LAND USE, COMPONENTS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS MODES OF
TRANSPORTATION
2.3 LAND DEMANDS OF LOCAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT
2.4 LAND DEMANDS OF INDIVIDUAL TRANSPORT
2.5
LOCATIONS USED BY NEW TRANSPORT SERVICE PROVIDERS
3. ANALYSING CAR-ASSOCIATED LAND CONVERSIONS WITHIN THE
VIENNA CITY REGION
3.1 CASE STUDY: THE VIENNA CITY REGION
3.2
SELECTING CAR-ASSOCIATED BUSINESSES
3.3
APPROACH TO THE CITY REGION ANALYSIS
4.
FINDINGS OF AN ANALYSIS OF CAR-ASSOCIATED LAND CONVERSIONS WITHIN THE VIENNA CITY REGION
4.1
CITY REGION ANALYSIS
4.2
IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF LIESING
5. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
PART IV
Governance
16 New governance concepts for digitalization:
Challenges and potentials
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE CHALLENGES OF DIGITALIZATION
2.1 ACTORS, INSTITUTIONS AND ACTOR CONSTELLATIONS
2.2 LEGITIMATION
2.3 INTERACTION PROCESSES
2.4 GOVERNANCE OUTPUT
3. SEARCHING FOR NEW GOVERNANCE CONCEPTS
3.1 REFLEXIVE GOVERNANCE
3.2 TENTATIVE GOVERNANCE
4. SUMMARY
REFERENCES
17 How are automated vehicles driving spatial development in Switzerland?
1.
A SWISS PERSPECTIVE
2.
THE OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS OF AUTOMATED DRIVING
3.
AUTOMATED VEHICLES: POTENTIAL TO ENTER THE SWISS MARKET
3.1 THREE SCENARIOS: GENERAL ASSUMPTIONS AND SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS
3.1.1 Scenario 1: Highly individualized use
3.1.2 Scenario 2: New services in cities and agglomerations
3.1.3 Scenario 3: Shared transport services throughout Switzerland
3.2 THE SCENARIOS IN COMPARISON
4.
IMPACTS ON SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT: REGIONAL AND NATIONWIDE EFFECTS
4.1
A POSSIBLE PATH FOR AUTOMATED DRIVING
4.2
NATIONWIDE IMPACTS ON SETTLEMENT STRUCTURES
4.3
IMPACTS IN CITIES AND AGGLOMERATIONS
4.4
SPATIAL IMPACTS: THE THREE SCENARIOS COMPARED
5.
WHY SWITZERLAND NEEDS A REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, AND HOW IT CAN BE SHAPED
5.1
POLITICAL NEED FOR ACTION
5.2
ROLE OF THE STATE AND SCOPE FOR ACTION
5.3
SPECIFIC POLICY OPTIONS FOR CITIES AND AGGLOMERATIONS
6.
STEERING MOBILITY AND SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT: KEEPING OUR HANDS ON THE WHEEL
REFERENCES
18 Lessons from local transport transition projects for connected and automated transport
1.
INTRODUCTION
2.
THE POLITICS OF THE TRANSPORT TRANSFORMATION
3.
PERSPECTIVES FROM DISCOURSE AND HEGEMONY THEORY
4.
NEW MOBILITY SERVICES AS EXAMPLES OF TRANSPORT TRANSFORMATION PROJECTS
4.1
STATION-BASED ELECTRIC CAR SHARING
4.2
NON-PROFIT LIFT SERVICES
4.3
RING-AND-RIDE TAXIS
5.
HEGEMONIC SHIFTS WITH NEW MOBILITY SERVICES
6.
CONSEQUENCES FOR CONNECTED AND AUTOMATED TRANSPORT
REFERENCES
19 Connected and automated transport in the
socio-technical transition
1. INTRODUCTION
2. TRANSFORMATION OF (MODERN) SOCIETY
2.1 THE TRANSITION FROM FIRST TO SECOND MODERNITY
2.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF (AUTO-)MOBILITY IN MODERN SOCIETIES
3. SOCIOTECHNOLOGY’S VIEW OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL
TRANSFORMATIONS
3.1 APPROACHES TO THE APPLICATION OF TECHNICS (TECHNOLOGICAL
DETERMINISM)
3.2 APPROACHES TO THE PRODUCTION OF TECHNICS
3.2.1 DEMAND-PULL VERSUS TECHNOLOGY-PUSH THEORIES
3.2.2 SOCIO-CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACHES
3.3 INTEGRATIVE APPROACHES
4.THE APPROACH OF GEELS – AND WHY HE DOES NOT GO FAR ENOUGH
5.
“MOBILITY TRANSFERS” AND “POLICY MOBILITIES”: WHY THE CONTEXT AND CREATION OF IMAGES IS SO IMPORTANT FOR CRITICAL ANALYSIS
6.
DIGITALIZATION AND AUTOMATION AS DRIVERS OF THE SOCIO-TECHNICAL TRANSITION?
REFERENCES
20 Data-driven urbanism, digital platforms and the planning of MaaS in times of deep uncertainty: What does it mean for CAVs?
1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND
1.2
THE FOURFOLD PROCESS: MENTAL MAP OF THE DATA-DRIVEN CITY
2.
DATA-DRIVEN URBANISM
2.1
“CODE/SPACES”: BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE CYBER-PHYSICAL LANDSCAPE
2.2
DIGITALIZATION AND BIG DATA
2.3
THE DATA-DRIVEN CITY
2.4
THE COMPUTATIONAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE CITY AND ITS COMPLICATIONS
2.5
REGULATING THE DATA-DRIVEN CITY
2.6
GOVERNANCE: EXAMPLES OF ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES
3.
DIGITAL PLATFORMS
3.1
RISE OF THE PLATFORM SOCIETY
3.2
FROM “SMART URBANISM” TO “PLATFORM URBANISM”
3.3
THE PROBLEM OF PLATFORMS AND THE CHALLENGE OF THEIR REGULATION
3.3.1
LEGAL ENGINEERING AND DISRUPTIVE BUSINESS MODELS
3.3.2
DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE: SOURCE OF TECHNO-LEGAL FUZZINESS
3.3.3
MECHANISMS OF TRANSACTIONS: SOURCE OF SOCIO-TECHNICAL CONFLICTS
3.3.4
POSSIBLE APPROACHES TO REGULATION: RULES-BASED OR PRINCIPLES-BASED?
3.4
DIGITAL TRANSPORT PLATFORMS
3.4.1 DATAFIED MARKETPLACES, PRICING AND TRUST
3.4.2
GOVERNANCE: AN EXAMPLE OF AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH
4. THE CASE OF MAAS: PLANNING IN TIMES OF DEEP UNCERTAINTY
4.1
MAAS: BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES
4.2
PILOT PROJECTS AND SCHEMES OF MAAS: GOVERNMENT AS A CENTRAL ACTOR
4.3
PLANNING MAAS DURING DEEP UNCERTAINTY
5.
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR CAVS?
5.1
COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING
5.2
PUBLIC VALUE-CENTRIC DESIGN: THREE CRITICAL QUESTIONS
6.
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES