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Autonomous, Connected, Electric and Shared Vehicles: Disrupting the Automotive and Mobility Sectors

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We are at the beginning of the next major disruptive cycle caused by computing. In transportation, the term Autonomous, Connected, Electric, and Shared (ACES) has been coined to represent the enormous innovations enabled by underlying electronics technology. The benefits of ACES vehicles range from improved safety, reduced congestion, and lower stress for car occupants to social inclusion, lower emissions, and better road utilization due to optimal integration of private and public transport.

ACES is creating a new automotive and industrial ecosystem that will disrupt not only the technical development of transportation but also the management and supply chain of the industry. Disruptions caused by ACES are prompted by not only technology but also by a shift from a traditional to a software-based mindset, embodied by the arrival of a new generation of automotive industry workforce.

In Autonomous, Connected, Electric and Shared Vehicles: Disrupting the Automotive and Mobility Sectors, Umar Zakir Abdul Hamid provides an overview of ACES technology for cross-disciplinary audiences, including researchers, academics, and automotive professionals. Hamid bridges the gap among the book's varied audiences, exploring the development and deployment of ACES vehicles and the disruptions, challenges, and potential benefits of this new technology.

Topics covered include:

- Recent trends and progress stimulating ACES growth and development

- ACES vehicle overview

- Automotive and mobility industry disruptions caused by ACES

- Challenges of ACES implementation

- Potential benefits of the ACES ecosystem

While market introduction of ACES vehicles that are fully automated and capable of unsupervised driving in an unstructured environment is still a long-term goal, the future of mobility will be ACES, and the transportation industry must prepare for this transition. Autonomous, Connected, Electric and Shared Vehicles is a necessary resource for anyone interested in the successful and reliable implementation of ACES.

"ACES are destined to be a game changers on the roads, altering the face of mobility."

Daniel Watzenig, Professor

Graz University of Technology, Austria

Author(s): Umar Zakir Abdul Hamid
Publisher: SAE International
Year: 2022

Language: English
Pages: 212
City: Warrendale

Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Foreword by Dr. Rahul Razdan
Foreword by Daniel Watzenig
Preface and Acknowledgments
SECTION 1 — Introduction
CHAPTER 1 Introduction
1.1. FIR and the Automotive Industry
1.2. ACES as the Future Mobility
1.3. Objectives of the Book
1.4. Expectation and Contribution of the Book
1.5. Overview and Outline
1.6. Summary
References
SECTION 2 — ACES as the Future Mobility: Background
CHAPTER 2 Recent Events and Progress Propelling ACES Growth
2.1. Advanced Driver Assistance Systems and Vehicle Automation
2.2. Active Safety and the Safety Benefits
2.3. Software-Defined Vehicles
2.4. Fourth Industrial Revolution
2.5. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
2.6. Society 5.0
2.7. Climate Change and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2021 Report
2.8. Carbon-Neutral and Finite Petroleum Resources
2.9. Green, Circular, and Sustainable Economy
2.10. Sharing Economy
2.11. Regulations Facilitating ACES
2.12. IoT and 5G
2.13. Advances in Computing Power and Platforms
2.14. Sensor Advancements (LiDAR, RADAR, Camera)
2.15. Cross-Functional Software Product Development and Change Management
2.16. Silicon Valley and Rise of Start-Ups
2.17. X-as-a-Service
2.18. Acqui-Hiring and M&A
2.19. Supply Chain Evolutions
2.20. Digital Natives
2.21. Summary
References
SECTION 3 — Concise Over view of ACES
CHAPTER 3 Autonomous Vehicles: Concise Overview
3.1. Background and What
3.2. Technical Overview
3.2.1. How Humans Operate: An Anecdote to Simplify the AV Back-End Algorithms
3.2.2. Human-Operated Vehicles Operation
3.2.3. AV Stack in General
3.2.4. Mapping and Localization
3.2.5. Environmental Awareness
3.2.6. Risk Assessment
3.2.7. Motion Planning
3.2.8. Motion Control
3.2.9. Interface, Calibration, and Monitoring
3.3. Vision and Current State of the AV Industry
3.4. Summary
References
CHAPTER 4 Connected Vehicles: Concise Overview
4.1. Background
4.2. Connecting and Connected
4.3. Back-End Overview
4.3.1. Vehicular Ad Hoc Network
4.3.2. Cloud Technology
4.3.3. Dedicated Short-Range Communications
4.3.4. Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X)
4.3.5. Low-Power Wide-Area Network
4.3.6. 5G and Its Importance for Vehicle Connectivity
4.3.7. A Glimpse of 6G, the Probable Next Step in the Vehicle Connectivity Field
4.4. Applications
4.4.1. Vehicle-to-Everything
4.4.2. Vehicle Connectivity for Improved Active Safety
4.4.3. Vehicle Platooning
4.4.4. Improved Infotainment
4.4.5. Improved GPS and Traffic Jam Reduction
4.4.6. Vehicle Connectivity Enabling Automated Delivery
4.4.7. Vehicle Connectivity Improving Shared Mobility
4.5. Vehicle Connectivity Roles in Enabling True ACES Mobility
4.6. Vision and Current State of the CV Industry
4.7. Summary
References
CHAPTER 5 Electric Vehicles: Concise Overview
5.1. Background
5.2. Electrifying the World—The Motivation
5.3. Back-End Overview
5.3.1. Hybrid Electric Vehicles
5.3.2. Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
5.3.3. Battery Electric Vehicles
5.3.4. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle
5.3.5. Solar EVs
5.4. Vehicle Electrification Roles in Enabling True ACES Mobility
5.5. Vision and Current State of the EV Industry
5.6. Summary
References
CHAPTER 6 Shared Mobility: Concise Overview
6.1. Background
6.2. Motivations behind Shared Mobility
6.2.1. Sharing Economy
6.2.2. Uberization
6.2.3. X-as-a-Service
6.3. Terminology and Definition: Clarification and Difference
6.3.1. Shared Mobility
6.3.2. Carsharing
6.3.3. Carpooling
6.3.4. Ridesharing
6.3.5. Ridehailing
6.3.6. Ridesourcing
6.3.7. Micromobility
6.3.8. Paratransit
6.3.9. Microtransit
6.3.10. Other Types of Shared Mobility
6.4. Differences between “Traditional Taxi” and “Shared Mobility”
6.5. Customer-and-User-Facing Technology Development for Shared Mobility
6.6. Roles of Shared Mobility in the ACES Ecosystem
6.7. Summary
References
SECTION 4 — Disruptions, Challenges, and Benefits of ACES
CHAPTER 7 Disruptions Caused by ACES Mobility
7.1. Background
7.2. Social Disruptions
7.2.1. Work-Life Balance Improvements
7.2.2. Disruptions for Media and Infotainment
7.2.3. Merging with the Other Industrial Revolution 4.0 Ongoing Developments
7.2.4. Redefining Mobility
7.2.5. Disrupting Future Urban Planning
7.3. Legal, Economical, and Workforce Disruptions
7.3.1. Insurance Industry
7.3.2. Taxations
7.3.3. New Required Skills for Workforce
7.3.4. New Job Ecosystems Opportunities
7.3.5. Who Will Have the Ownership of ACES Vehicles?
7.3.6. Indirect Influence on Popular Culture
7.3.7. Passenger Behavior during the ACES Journey
7.3.8. Regulations… and More Regulations
7.3.9. Private-Public-People Partnerships
7.3.10. Increased Requirements of Empathy from the Leaders to Employees
7.4. Technical, Technological, and Industrial Disruptions
7.4.1. ACES Increases the Software Importance in the Automotive and Mobility Industry
7.4.2. Changes in the Business Models
7.4.3. Process and Regulations Changes
7.4.4. Infrastructural Disruptions
7.4.5. New Automotive and Mobility Industrial Stakeholders
7.4.6. Democratizing Mobility
7.4.7. New Incomes for Countries
7.4.8. Skunkworks Project-Organizations
7.4.9. More Concentrated Efforts to Tackle Climate Change Issues
7.5. Summary
References
CHAPTER 8 Potential Challenges of ACES
8.1. Background
8.2. Technical Challenges of ACES
8.2.1. Dealing with Uncertainties
8.2.2. Network Latency
8.2.3. Cybersecurity
8.2.4. Range Anxiety Is Still an Issue
8.2.5. Infrastructural Improvements to Support Vehicle Electrification
8.2.6. Battery Recycling and Waste Management
8.2.7. Hygiene Topics
8.2.8. Ridesharing and Traffic Jams
8.2.9. Traveling Salesman Problem
8.3. Legal, Industrial, and Workforce Challenges of ACES
8.3.1. Vandalism and Petty Crimes
8.3.2. Whose Fault Is It? Who Is to be Blamed?
8.3.3. Scope Creep and Technical Debt in the Software Development
8.3.4. Pricing Is Still Expensive
8.3.5. Unclear Requirements because of the Knowledge Gap in the Business-Facing Organizations
8.4. Social and Ethical Challenges of ACES
8.4.1. Changing Job Landscapes
8.4.2. Transparency Is Needed
8.4.3. Requirement for a Visionary and Skillful Public Leadership
8.4.4. Importance of Education and Propagations
8.4.5. False and Misleading Marketing
8.5. Summary
References
CHAPTER 9 Potential Benefits of ACES
9.1. Technological, Safety, and Security Benefits
9.1.1. Prompting Safer Automation in Other Industries
9.1.2. Encouraging ACES Mobility across Different Transportation Domains
9.1.3. Increased Safety
9.1.4. More Transparency and Security for Mobility
9.2. Societal and Sustainability Benefits
9.2.1. Lessened Car Ownership: A Chance to Reimagine Mobility
9.2.2. Cleaner Mobility Ecosystem and Energy
9.2.3. Improved Traffic in Cities
9.2.4. More Spaces for Urban Recreational Zones and Activities: Improving the City Attractiveness
9.2.5. Less Stress for City Dwellers
9.2.6. Potential to Reduce Crimes
9.2.7. Better Social Security Benefits
9.2.8. Facilitating Some Objectives of the UN SDGs
9.2.9. Improving Air Quality, Improving Health
9.3. Mobility User Benefits
9.3.1. Better Transportations for the Society
9.3.2. Reduced Costs of Transportation
9.4. Economic Benefits
9.4.1. New Investments Potential
9.4.2. Opportunities for Developing Countries
9.4.3. New Business Models
9.4.4. Cross-Collaborations between Different Industries
9.5. Summary
References
SECTION 5 — Summary and Conclusions
CHAPTER 10 Summary: “ACES Is Imminent. It Is a Bumpy Road. Cross-Organizational Collaborations Are a Necessity.”
10.1. Recapitulating the Book
10.2. Summary for Section 1—Introduction
10.3. Summary for Section 2—ACES as the Future Mobility: Background
10.4. Summary for Section 3—Concise Overview of ACES
10.5. Summary for Section 4—Disruptions, Challenges, and Benefits of ACES
10.6. Required Future Efforts for ACES Mass Deployment
10.6.1. Technical
10.6.2. Legal
10.6.3. Social
10.6.4. Process and Procedures
10.7. It Is a Bumpy Road, But It Is Not Impossible
10.8. The Dream and Hope for This Book
10.9. Summary and Conclusion
References
Index
About the Author
Back Cover