Automotive aerodynamics

Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Series Preface
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction and Basic Principles
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Aerodynamics as a Subset of Fluid Dynamics
1.3 Dimensions and Units
1.4 Automobile/Vehicle Aerodynamics
1.5 General Features of Fluid Flow
1.5.1 Continuum
1.5.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flow
1.5.3 Attached and Separated Flow
1.6 Properties of Fluids
1.6.1 Density
1.6.2 Pressure
1.6.3 Temperature
1.6.4 Viscosity
1.6.5 Specific Heat
1.6.6 Heat Transfer Coefficient, k
1.6.7 Modulus of Elasticity, E
1.6.8 Vapor Pressure
1.7 Advanced Topics: Fluid Properties and the Kinetic Theory of Gases
1.8 Summary and Concluding Remarks
Reference
Problems
Chapter 2 The Fluid Dynamic Equations
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Description of Fluid Motion
2.3 Choice of Coordinate System
2.4 Pathlines, Streak Lines, and Streamlines
2.5 Forces in a Fluid
2.6 Integral Form of the Fluid Dynamic Equations
2.7 Differential Form of the Fluid Dynamic Equations
2.8 The Material Derivative
2.9 Alternate Derivation of the Fluid Dynamic Equations
2.10 Example for an Analytic Solution: Two-Dimensional, Inviscid Incompressible, Vortex Flow
2.10.1 Velocity Induced by a Straight Vortex Segment
2.10.2 Angular Velocity, Vorticity, and Circulation
2.11 Summary and Concluding Remarks
References
Problems
Chapter 3 One-Dimensional (Frictionless) Flow
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Bernoulli Equation
3.3 Summary of One-Dimensional Tools
3.4 Applications of the One-Dimensional Friction-Free Flow Model
3.4.1 Free Jets
3.4.2 Examples for Using the Bernoulli Equation
3.4.3 Simple Models for Time-Dependent Changes in a Control Volume
3.5 Flow Measurements (Based on Bernoulli's Equation)
3.5.1 The Pitot Tube
3.5.2 The Venturi Tube
3.5.3 The Orifice
3.5.4 Nozzles and Injectors
3.6 Summary and Conclusions
3.6.1 Concluding Remarks
Problems
Chapter 4 Dimensional Analysis, High Reynolds Number Flows, and Definition of Aerodynamics
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Dimensional Analysis of the Fluid Dynamic Equations
4.3 The Process of Simplifying the Governing Equations
4.4 Similarity of Flows
4.5 High Reynolds Number Flow and Aerodynamics
4.6 High Reynolds Number Flows and Turbulence
4.7 Summary and Conclusions
References
Problems
Chapter 5 The Laminar Boundary Layer
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Two-Dimensional Laminar Boundary Layer Model – The Integral Approach
5.3 Solutions using the von Kármán Integral Equation
5.4 Summary and Practical Conclusions
5.5 Effect of Pressure Gradient
5.6 Advanced Topics: The Two-Dimensional Laminar Boundary Layer Equations
5.6.1 Summary of the Exact Blasius Solution for the Laminar Boundary Layer
5.7 Concluding Remarks
References
Problems
Chapter
6 High Reynolds Number Incompressible Flow Over Bodies: Automobile Aerodynamics
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Inviscid Irrotational Flow (and Some Math)
6.3 Advanced Topics: A More Detailed Evaluation of the Bernoulli Equation
6.4 The Potential Flow Model
6.4.1 Methods for Solving the Potential Flow Equations
6.4.2 The Principle of Superposition
6.5 Two-Dimensional Elementary Solutions
6.5.1 Polynomial Solutions
6.5.2 Two-Dimensional Source (or Sink)
6.5.3 Two-Dimensional Doublet
6.5.4 Two-Dimensional Vortex
6.5.5 Advanced Topics: Solutions Based on Green's Identity
6.6 Superposition of a Doublet and a Free-Stream: Flow Over a Cylinder
6.7 Fluid Mechanic Drag
6.7.1 The Drag of Simple Shapes
6.7.2 The Drag of More Complex Shapes
6.8 Periodic Vortex Shedding
6.9 The Case for Lift
6.9.1 A Cylinder with Circulation in a Free Stream
6.9.2 Two-Dimensional Flat Plate at a Small Angle of Attack (in a Free Stream)
6.9.3 Note About the Center of Pressure
6.10 Lifting Surfaces: Wings and Airfoils
6.10.1 The Two-Dimensional Airfoil
6.10.2 An Airfoil´s Lift
6.10.3 An Airfoil's Drag
6.10.4 An Airfoil Stall
6.10.5 The Effect of Reynolds Number
6.10.6 Three-Dimensional Wings
6.11 Summary of High Reynolds Number Aerodynamics
6.12 Concluding Remarks
References
Problems
Chapter
7 Automotive Aerodynamics: Examples
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Generic Trends (For Most Vehicles)
7.2.1 Ground Effect
7.2.2 Generic Automobile Shapes and Vortex Flows
7.3 Downforce and Vehicle Performance
7.4 How to Generate Downforce
7.5 Tools used for Aerodynamic Evaluations
7.5.1 Example for Aero Data Collection: Wind Tunnels
7.5.2 Wind Tunnel Wall/Floor Interference
7.5.3 Simulation of Moving Ground
7.5.4 Expected Results of CFD, Road, or Wind Tunnel Tests (and Measurement Techniques)
7.6 Variable (Adaptive) Aerodynamic Devices
7.7 Vehicle Examples
7.7.1 Passenger Cars
7.7.2 Pickup Trucks
7.7.3 Motorcycles
7.7.4 Competition Cars (Enclosed Wheel)
7.7.5 Open-Wheel Racecars
7.8 Concluding Remarks
References
Problems
Chapter 8 Introduction to Computational Fluid Mechanics (CFD)
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Finite-Difference Formulation
8.3 Discretization and Grid Generation
8.4 The Finite-Difference Equation
8.5 The Solution: Convergence and Stability
8.6 The Finite-Volume Method
8.7 Example: Viscous Flow Over a Cylinder
8.8 Potential-Flow Solvers: Panel Methods
8.9 Summary
References
Problems
Chapter 9 Viscous Incompressible Flow: "Exact Solutions"
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Viscous Incompressible Flow Equations (Steady State)
9.3 Laminar Flow between Two Infinite Parallel Plates: The Couette Flow
9.3.1 Flow with a Moving Upper Surface
9.3.2 Flow between Two Infinite Parallel Plates: The Results
9.3.3 Flow between Two Infinite Parallel Plates – The Poiseuille Flow
9.3.4 The Hydrodynamic Bearing (Reynolds Lubrication Theory)
9.4 Flow in Circular Pipes (The Hagen-Poiseuille Flow)
9.5 Fully Developed Laminar Flow between Two Concentric Circular Pipes
9.6 Laminar Flow between Two Concentric, Rotating Circular Cylinders
9.7 Flow in Pipes: Darcy's Formula
9.8 The Reynolds Dye Experiment, Laminar/Turbulent Flow in Pipes
9.9 Additional Losses in Pipe Flow
9.10 Summary of 1D Pipe Flow
9.10.1 Simple Pump Model
9.10.2 Flow in Pipes with Noncircular Cross Sections
9.10.3 Examples for One-Dimensional Pipe Flow
9.10.4 Network of Pipes
9.11 Free Vortex in a Pool
9.12 Summary and Concluding Remarks
Reference
Problems
Chapter 10 Fluid Machinery
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Work of a Continuous-Flow Machine
10.3 The Axial Compressor (The Mean Radius Model)
10.3.1 Velocity Triangles
10.3.2 Power and Compression Ratio Calculations
10.3.3 Radial Variations
10.3.4 Pressure Rise Limitations
10.3.5 Performance Envelope of Compressors and Pumps
10.3.6 Degree of Reaction
10.4 The Centrifugal Compressor (or Pump)
10.4.1 Torque, Power, and Pressure Rise
10.4.2 Impeller Geometry
10.4.3 The Diffuser
10.4.4 Concluding Remarks: Axial versus Centrifugal Design
10.5 Axial Turbines
10.5.1 Torque, Power, and Pressure Drop
10.5.2 Axial Turbine Geometry and Velocity Triangles
10.5.3 Turbine Degree of Reaction
10.5.4 Turbochargers (for Internal Combustion Engines)
10.5.5 Remarks on Exposed Tip Rotors (Wind Turbines and Propellers)
10.6 Concluding Remarks
Reference
Problems
Chapter 11 Elements of Heat Transfer
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Elementary Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
11.2.1 Conductive Heat Transfer
11.2.2 Convective Heat Transfer
11.2.3 Radiation Heat Transfer
11.3 Heat Conduction
11.3.1 Steady One-Dimensional Heat Conduction
11.3.2 Combined Heat Transfer
11.3.3 Heat Conduction in Cylinders
11.3.4 Cooling Fins
11.4 Heat Transfer by Convection
11.4.1 The Flat Plate Model
11.4.2 Formulas for Forced External Heat Convection
11.4.3 Formulas for Forced Internal Heat Convection
11.4.4 Formulas for Free (Natural) Heat Convection
11.5 Heat Exchangers
11.6 Concluding Remarks
References
Problems
Chapter 12 Automobile Aero-Acoustics
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Sound as a Pressure Wave
12.3 Sound Loudness Scale
12.4 The Human Ear Perception
12.5 The One-Dimensional Linear Wave Equation
12.6 Sound Radiation, Transmission, Reflection, Absorption
12.6.1 Sound Wave Expansion (Radiation)
12.6.2 Reflections, Transmission, Absorption
12.6.3 Standing Wave (Resonance), Interference, and Noise Cancellations
12.7 Vortex Sound
12.8 Example: Sound from a Shear Layer
12.9 Buffeting
12.10 Experimental Examples for Sound Generation on a Typical Automobile
12.11 Sound and Flow Control
12.12 Concluding Remarks
References
Problems
Appendix A: Conversion Factors
Appendix B
Index
EULA