Automating Crime Prevention, Surveillance, and Military Operations

Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Contributors
Contributors
Chapter 1: Automation, Knowledge, and Power: How Does Automation Change Social Control and the Balance of Power?
1 Introduction
2 Knowledge Production as a Battlefield: On the Antecedents of Automation in Social Control
3 Automation in Crime Control: How Is the New “Data Science” Changing Crime Control?
4 Automation and Elections: How Does Automation Change Political Power?
“Traditional” Gerrymandering
Rucho v. Common Cause
What About Proportional Systems?
“Digital” Gerrymandering and Microtargeting
The Marketplace-of-Ideas Argument
Stricter Legislation Argument
Interim Conclusion
5 Conclusion
References
Part I: Automating Policing
Chapter 2: Discrimination in Predictive Policing: The (Dangerous) Myth of Impartiality and the Need for STS Analysis
1 Introduction
2 Predictive Policing: A Socio-Technical Assemblage
3 Discrimination and Bias in Place-Based Predictive Policing
Skewed Data, Biased Predictions
Discriminatory Policing Due to Crime Predictions
More Attentive Policing in Predicted Risk Areas
Amplified Discriminatory Profiling
Discrimination Via Socio-Technical Circularity: Feedback Loops
Tech-Washing
4 Decentering Technology: Toward Social and Data Justice
5 The Myth of Objectivity and the Need for STS Analysis
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: The New Platform Policing
1 Introduction
2 Policing’s Platform Imaginary
3 Platform Genealogies 1: Calculation
4 Platform Genealogies 2: Temporality
5 Platform Genealogies 3: Automation
6 Totalization, Capital and Precision
References
Chapter 4: Information In-Formation: Algorithmic Policing and the Life of Data
1 Introduction
2 Data and Life: Towards an Analysis of Data Life Cycles
3 The Rise of Digital Data in the Context of Policing
4 Formations of Information: Data Life Cycles in Predictive Policing
5 Conclusion
References
Websites
Chapter 5: Automating Freedom, Security and Justice: Interoperability of AFSJ Databases as a Move Towards the Indiscriminate Mass Surveillance of Third-Country Nationals
1 Introduction
2 The Birth of Interoperability in the Post-9/11 Era
3 The Cornerstones of Interoperability: The AFSJ Information Systems
4 Interoperability Components
5 Interoperability in the Light of CJEU Jurisprudence on the Right to Privacy and Data Protection
6 Conclusion
References
Part II: Automating Criminal Courts
Chapter 6: Postulates of Criminal Law in the Age of Automated Justice: The Case of Passenger Name Records—Toward Fishing Expeditions, Generalized Suspicion, the Presumption of Guilt, and Responsibility for the Acts of Others?
1 Introducing the Problem
2 The Individual’s Autonomy at the Core of Modern Criminal Law
Autonomy
Autonomy and the Tenets of Substantive and Procedural Criminal Law
Substantive and Procedural Law: The Point of Convergence
3 The Nature of Processing PNR Data Under the PNR Directive
4 Three Dichotomies
Status Versus Actus
Prevention Versus Repression (Reaction)
Administrative Versus Judicial
5 In Lieu of a Conclusion: The Pitfalls
References
Chapter 7: Detention Decision-Making in Slovenia Using the Computerized Risk Assessment Tool Detention v1.0: Effective Use of Machine Learning Algorithms from the Perspective of the Defendant’s Procedural Rights
1 Introduction
2 Assessing the Risk of Recidivism: Slovenia Versus New Jersey
From the Material Perspective
From the Procedural Perspective
Decision-Making
3 The Fairness of Using Detention v1.0 as a Risk Assessment Tool
The Right to Obtain Human Intervention
The Right of the Defendant to Obtain Information and to Express His or Her Point of View
Prohibition of Discrimination and the Use of Special Categories of Personal Data
The Right to Obtain an Explanation of Automated Decision-Making and an Ex Post Explanation of the Decision Reached as a Prerequisite for Challenging the Decision
4 A Way Forward
References
Part III: Automating Surveillance
Chapter 8: Diffuse Disciplining: On the Pervasive Nature of Autonomous Systems and Its Consequences
1 Introduction
2 Disciplining Without Regard to Intent or Result
3 Disciplining Without Regard to Political or Cultural Systems
4 Controlling Design and Designing Control
5 Engaging Technology
6 Utopian Dreams
7 America
8 China
9 Ireland
10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: The Threat of Automating Control: Surveillance of Women’s Clothing in Iran
1 Introduction
2 Policing Hijab After the 1979 Revolution
3 Public Space Surveillance and Compulsory Hijab
4 Compulsory Hijab as Spatial Injustice
5 Revisiting the Concept of Spatial Justice
6 Resisting the Injustice of Compulsory Hijab
7 Conclusion
References
Part IV: Automating Intelligence and Military Operations
Chapter 10: Project Maven, Big Data, and Ubiquitous Knowledge: The Impossible Promises and Hidden Politics of Algorithmic Security Vision
1 Introduction: Unveiling the Unseeable
2 Project Maven: Automating Drone Surveillance and Intelligence Making
3 The Datafication of Counterterrorism: Data Surveillance and Predictive Analytics
4 The Promise of Total Knowledge: The Fallacious Empiricism of Big Data
5 Algorithmic Vision, Apophenia, and the Creation of Meaning
6 Conclusion: Accuracy, Responsibility, and the Hidden Politics of Algorithmic Vision
References
Chapter 11: Automating the Target Selection Process: Humans, Semiautonomous Weapons Systems, and the Assault on International Humanitarian Law
1 Introduction
2 The Principle of Distinction
3 Ignoring the Principle of Distinction
Targeting People Based on Their Communication Patterns
Targeting People Based on Their Location and Movements
Targeting People Possessing a Weapon
4 The Human-Machine Assemblage
5 Conclusion
References
Index