This professional book provides a comprehensive overview of the modern organisational tool of intralogistics. Automated Guided Vehicle Systems (AGV Systems) are floor-based systems that are used internally inside and/or outside of buildings. Since the mid-1990s, AGV Systems have successfully penetrated almost all sectors of industry and many public areas, such as hospitals. The technological standards of all AGV-relevant components and functions are explained and numerous practical examples, e.g. from the automotive, electrical and food industries, are presented. Another focus is the practical planning of such intralogistics systems based on the VDI guidelines, including hints and tips for successful project management when introducing an AGV System. This edition has been completely revised, restructured and reflects the rapid developments in technology and markets.
Author(s): Günter Ullrich, Thomas Albrecht
Edition: 2
Publisher: Springer Vieweg
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 286
City: Wiesbaden
Preface
Contents
About the Authors
1: History of Automated Guided Vehicle Systems
1.1 The First AGVS Epoch: Idea and Implementation
1.1.1 First European Companies
1.1.2 Early Technology and Tasks
1.2 The Second Epoch: Euphoria About Automation
1.2.1 Progress in Technology
1.2.2 Major Projects in Automotive Industry
1.2.3 The Big Crash
1.3 The Third Epoch: Established Technology for Intralogistics
1.4 The Fourth Epoch: The AGV Expands the Scope of Action
1.4.1 New Markets
1.4.2 New Functions and Technologies
2: Technological Standards
2.1 Navigation and Safety as Central System Functions
2.1.1 Navigation
2.1.1.1 The Physical Track Guidance
2.1.1.2 Navigation with Support Points
2.1.1.3 Laser Navigation
2.1.1.4 Contour Navigation
2.1.1.5 Radio Localisation
2.1.1.6 Comparison of the Methods
2.1.2 Safety
2.1.2.1 Legislation
2.1.2.2 Obligations of the Manufacturer/Supplier
2.1.2.3 Obligations of the Operator
2.1.2.4 Components and Equipment
2.1.2.5 Mixed Operation with Persons from Outside the Company
2.2 AGV Master Control System
2.2.1 System Architecture of an AGV System
2.2.2 Users and Orderers
2.2.3 Function Modules of an AGV Master Control System
2.2.3.1 User Interface
2.2.3.2 Transport Order Processing
2.2.3.3 Service Functions
2.3 The Automated Guided Vehicle
2.3.1 AGV Categories
2.3.1.1 Forklift AGV: Specially Designed
2.3.1.2 Forklift AGV as an Automated Series Equipment
2.3.1.3 Piggyback AGV
2.3.1.4 Towing Tractors
2.3.1.5 Underrun AGV
2.3.1.6 Assembly AGV
2.3.1.7 Heavy Duty AGV
2.3.1.8 Mini-AGV
2.3.1.9 Outdoor AGV
2.3.1.10 Special Design AGV
2.3.2 Vehicle Control
2.3.2.1 Requirements for a Vehicle Control System
2.3.2.2 Vehicle Control Interfaces
2.3.2.3 Typical Function Blocks
2.3.2.4 Operating Modes
2.3.3 Mechanical Movement Components
2.3.3.1 Wheels
2.3.3.2 Wheel Configuration
2.3.3.3 Steering
2.3.3.4 Drives
2.3.4 Energy Supply of AGVs
2.3.4.1 Traction Battery
2.3.4.2 Contactless Energy Transmission
2.3.4.3 Hybrid System
2.4 Environment of the AGV System
2.4.1 Operating Environment
2.4.2 System-Specific Interfaces
2.4.3 Peripheral Interfaces
2.4.3.1 Doors and Gates
2.4.3.2 Lifts
2.4.3.3 Other Automatic Transport Systems
2.4.4 Humans and AGV
2.4.4.1 Segregated Areas
2.4.4.2 Staff Members
2.4.4.3 Public Traffic
3: Areas of Application
3.1 Task-Related Aspects of AGV Use
3.1.1 The AGV in Production and Services
3.1.2 AGV System as an Organisational Tool
3.1.3 Arguments in Favour the Use of AGVs
3.1.4 AGVs in Taxi Operations
3.1.5 Assembly Line Operation and the Focus on Series Assembly
3.1.5.1 Tasks in Series Assembly
3.1.5.2 AGV or EMS in the Assembly Line?
3.1.5.3 AGV or Forklift Truck for Order Picking and Transportation?
3.1.5.4 AGVs or Simple Handcarts in Order Picking?
3.1.5.5 AGV or Forklift Truck for Pure Transportation?
3.1.5.6 Conclusions for Series Assembly
3.1.6 Storage and Picking
3.1.6.1 Floor Level Block Storage
3.1.6.2 High Block Storage
3.2 Sector-Related Aspects and Examples
3.2.1 Automotive and Supplier Industry
3.2.1.1 AGVS in the Transparent Manufacture Dresden (Volkswagen)
3.2.1.2 Production of the BMW 3 Series at the Leipzig Plant
3.2.1.3 Logistics Task at Deutz AG in Cologne-Porz
3.2.1.4 Front-End Assembly at BMW AG in Dingolfing
3.2.1.5 Assembly Line for Cockpits at VW in Wolfsburg
3.2.1.6 Use of AGVs in Car Seat Production
3.2.1.7 Use of Underrun AGVs for Production Supply at BMW
3.2.1.8 Improving Production Efficiency at Denso in the Czech Republic
3.2.2 Paper Production and Processing
3.2.2.1 Transport and Handling of Paper Rolls at Einsa Print International
3.2.2.2 Newspaper Printing at the Braunschweig Printing Centre
3.2.3 Electrical Industry
3.2.3.1 Just-In-Time Container Transport at Wöhner
3.2.4 Beverage/Food Industry
3.2.4.1 Intralogistic Optimisation Approaches in the Beverage Industry
3.2.4.2 Project Example Radeberger Brewery
3.2.4.3 Innovative Order Picking at Marktkauf Logistik GmbH
3.2.4.4 AGV Monitors Cheese Ripening Process at Campina
3.2.4.5 AGV Made of Stainless Steel in the Schönegger Cheese Dairy, Steingaden
3.2.5 Building Materials
3.2.6 Steel Industry
3.2.7 Hospital Logistics
3.2.7.1 AGV System at Klagenfurt Regional Hospital, Austria
3.2.7.2 AGV System at St. Olav´s Hospital, Trondheim
3.2.8 Pharmaceutical Industry
3.2.9 Aviation and Supply Industry
3.2.10 Plant Engineering
3.2.11 Warehouse and Transport Logistics
3.2.11.1 Automatic Narrow Aisle Truck in a High Bay Warehouse
3.2.11.2 Efficient Fulfillment with Automatic Transport Vehicles
3.3 Outdoor Use (Outdoor AGV)
3.3.1 Outdoor Safety
3.3.2 Outdoor Navigation
3.3.3 Summary
4: The Future of the AGV
4.1 Standardisation of the AGV Master Control System
4.2 The World Is Not a Disc
4.3 Drive Safe: The Integration of Navigation and Safety
4.4 The Autonomous AGV: How Much Autonomy Does the Application Need?
4.4.1 Autonomous AGV in Intralogistics
4.4.2 Autonomous Interaction: Intelligent Action
5: The Holistic AGVS Planning
5.1 The Importance of Planning in AGV Projects
5.1.1 Resource-Determining Criteria
5.1.2 Organisation of the Project Team
5.2 Planning Steps
5.2.1 System Identification
5.2.1.1 As-Is Analysis
5.2.1.2 Needs Analysis and Concept Identification
5.2.1.3 Framework Data
5.2.1.4 System Selection
5.2.2 System Design
5.2.2.1 The Simulation
5.2.2.2 Technical and Organisational Delimitation of the AGV System
5.2.2.3 Detailed Technical Planning
5.2.2.4 Specifications
5.2.2.5 Final Economic Efficiency Assessment
5.2.3 Procurement
5.2.3.1 Analysis of the Supplier Market
5.2.3.2 Tender
5.2.3.3 Bid Evaluation and Contracting
5.2.3.4 Specifications
5.2.3.5 Realisation
5.2.4 Operational Planning
5.2.5 Change Planning
5.2.6 Decommissioning
5.3 Planning Support
5.4 10 Key Factors for Successful AGVS Projects
5.4.1 Holistic Understanding of the Project and Design with Vision
5.4.2 Technical Design vs. Technical Demand
5.4.3 Strong Specifications as the Technical Basis of the Project
5.4.4 Project Managers with Expertise Hopefully on Both Sides
5.4.5 Realistic Timetable with Milestones
5.4.6 Integration of the AGVS into the Periphery vs. Adaptation of the Periphery to the AGV
5.4.7 Early Integration of Occupational Safety, IT and Production
5.4.8 Meeting Culture
5.4.9 Agreed Acceptance Procedures
5.4.10 Fair Dealings with Each Other
