This book addresses the tension between, on the one hand, anti-doping practices and measures and, on the other hand, the fundamental rights of athletes. New techniques for testing and re-testing samples taken several years ago, have caused a push by the World Anti-Doping Agency and affiliated organizations for stricter rules, more doping tests and higher sanctions. Meanwhile, many States are adopting new laws and regulations to facilitate this push. At the same time, privacy and data protection have gained new momentum, especially in the European Union, where the General Data Protection Regulation came into effect in May 2018. It contains new obligations for data controllers and processors, rights for data subjects and sanctions for those violating the data protection rules. It is clear that gathering whereabouts information on athletes, collecting urine and blood samples, analyzing the samples and using the data distilled therefrom falls within the scope of the data protection framework. In addition, European athletes can invoke their rights to privacy, fair trial and freedom from discrimination as guaranteed by the European Convention on Human Rights. The book is aimed at professionals and organizations involved in sports and anti-doping and provides them with an opportunity to delve into and understand the rights guaranteed to athletes within the European context. Furthermore, it is equally relevant for privacy and data protection lawyers and human rights scholars wishing to familiarize themselves with the difficult questions relating to human rights protection in the world of sport and anti-doping. Written in accessible language, it should also prove useful to athletes and laymen wanting to learn about the rules applicable to almost everyone who practices sport, even at a local amateur level.
Author(s): Bart van der Sloot, Mara Paun, Ronald Leenes
Series: ASSER International Sports Law Series
Publisher: T.M.C. Asser Press/Springer
Year: 2020
Language: English
Pages: 276
Tags: International Sports Law
Series Information......Page 6
I. Anti-doping, Data Processing and Athletes’ Right to Privacy......Page 7
II. A Timely Contribution......Page 10
III. Conclusion: Exaggerated Exigencies or Unrecognised Urgencies?......Page 15
Postscript October 2019......Page 17
Contents......Page 19
Abbreviations......Page 20
1 Introduction......Page 22
References......Page 25
2 The World Anti-Doping Agency and Its Rules......Page 26
Abstract......Page 27
2.1 Introduction......Page 28
2.2 The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)......Page 29
2.2.1 Short History......Page 30
2.2.2 Organisational Overview......Page 32
2.2.3 Standards and Documents......Page 34
2.2.4 Relation to International Anti-Doping Instruments......Page 39
2.3.1 Olympic Organisations......Page 41
2.3.2 International Sport Federations......Page 43
2.3.3 Non-Olympic Sports......Page 44
2.3.4 Organisers of Major Sport Events......Page 45
2.3.5 Laboratories......Page 46
2.3.6 Athletes and Supporting Personnel......Page 47
2.3.7 National Anti-Doping Organisations......Page 49
2.3.9 Regional Anti-Doping Agencies......Page 50
2.3.10 Disputes and Violations......Page 51
2.4.1 ADRV......Page 52
2.4.2 Prohibited Substances and Methods......Page 55
2.4.3 Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUEs)......Page 59
2.4.4 Education......Page 63
2.5.1 Testing Authority......Page 66
2.5.2 Selecting Sports, Athletes and Methods......Page 68
2.5.3 Developing a Testing Program......Page 72
2.5.4 Intelligence and Investigation......Page 75
2.5.5 Whereabouts......Page 79
2.6.1 Qualification and Training Testing Personnel......Page 83
2.6.2 General Requirements for Testing......Page 85
2.6.3 Conducting Alcohol Tests......Page 89
2.6.4 Conducting Urine Tests......Page 91
2.6.5 Conducting Blood Tests......Page 92
2.6.7 Out-of-Competition Tests......Page 94
2.7 Analysing the Samples and Storing the Information......Page 96
2.7.1 Labs......Page 97
2.7.2 Transport of Samples and Administration......Page 102
2.7.3 Analysing the Samples......Page 104
2.7.4 ADAMS......Page 107
2.8.1 Between NADOs......Page 114
2.8.2 Between NADOs and IFs......Page 116
2.8.4 Between ADOs and Intelligence and Law Enforcement Agencies......Page 117
2.9.1 Denying Or Revoking a TUE......Page 120
2.9.2 No Results......Page 121
2.9.4 Sample Findings......Page 122
2.9.5 Passport Findings......Page 123
2.9.6 Whereabouts Failures......Page 125
2.9.8 Provisional Sanctions......Page 128
2.9.9 Liability and Proof......Page 129
2.9.10 Hearings......Page 130
2.9.11 Sanctions......Page 132
2.10 Conclusion......Page 136
Literature......Page 137
Further Reading......Page 139
WADA’s and Other Institution’s Official Documents and Websites......Page 140
Case Law......Page 149
Abstract......Page 151
3.1 Introduction......Page 152
3.2.1 Personal Data......Page 155
3.2.2 Processed......Page 157
3.2.3 Data Controller......Page 158
3.2.4 EU Competence......Page 160
3.3 Fair Information Principles (FIPS)......Page 161
3.3.1 Purpose and Purpose Limitation......Page 163
3.3.2 Data Minimization and Storage Limitation......Page 165
3.3.3 Integrity and Confidentiality......Page 166
3.3.4 Data Quality......Page 169
3.4.1 Legal Grounds for Processing Personal Data......Page 170
3.4.1.1 Consent......Page 171
3.4.1.2 Necessary for the Performance of a Contract......Page 172
3.4.1.4 Vital Interest of the Data Subject......Page 174
3.4.1.5 Task Carried Out in the Public Interest Or in the Exercise of Official Authority......Page 175
3.4.1.7 Conclusion......Page 177
3.4.2 Specific Grounds for Processing of Sensitive Personal Data......Page 178
3.4.2.1 Substantial Public Interest......Page 179
3.4.2.2 Employment Law......Page 180
3.4.2.3 Occupational Medicine and Public Interest in the Area Public Health......Page 181
3.4.2.4 Conclusion......Page 182
3.4.3 Transferring Personal Data to Third Countries......Page 183
3.4.3.1 Transfer Pursuant to an Adequacy Decision......Page 185
3.4.3.2 Transfers to Third Countries Without an Adequacy Decision and Establishment of Appropriate Safeguards......Page 186
3.4.3.3 Derogations......Page 189
3.5 Controller’s Obligations......Page 192
3.5.1 Documentation......Page 193
3.5.2 Data Protection Impact Assessment......Page 194
3.5.3 Data Protection Officer (DPO)......Page 196
3.5.4 Conclusion......Page 197
3.6.1 Information......Page 198
3.6.2 Right to Rectification, Erasure and Object......Page 200
3.6.3 Automated Individual Decision–Making, Including Profiling......Page 201
3.6.5 Conclusion......Page 202
3.7 Conclusion......Page 203
Literature......Page 204
WADA’s and Other Institution’s Official Documents and Websites......Page 205
Case Law......Page 207
Abstract......Page 208
4.1 Introduction......Page 209
4.2.1 Text of Article 8 ECHR......Page 211
4.2.2 Introduction......Page 212
4.2.3 The Core Principles of the ECtHR......Page 214
4.2.4 The Tensions Between the Core Principles and the Anti-Doping Context......Page 217
4.2.4.1 Out of Competition Testing and Whereabouts Requirements......Page 218
4.2.4.2 Blood and Urine......Page 219
4.2.4.3 Biological Passports......Page 220
4.2.4.4 Scope of Testing Authority......Page 221
4.2.4.5 Conclusion......Page 223
4.3.1 Text of Article 6 ECHR......Page 226
4.3.2 Introduction......Page 227
4.3.3.2 Mutu and Pechstein v. Switzerland (Applications no. 40575/10 and 67474/10)......Page 229
4.3.4 Material Scope of Article 6......Page 232
4.3.4.1 Civil Limb......Page 233
4.3.4.3 Core Principles of Article 6......Page 234
4.3.5.1 Waiver of the Right of Access to COURT......Page 236
4.3.5.2 Independence and Impartiality......Page 239
4.3.5.3 Public Hearing......Page 242
4.3.5.4 Presumption of Innocence......Page 243
4.3.5.5 Sanctions......Page 247
4.4.2 Introduction......Page 248
4.4.3.1 Discrimination on the Basis of Sex......Page 251
4.4.3.2 Other Grounds for Discrimination......Page 253
4.4.4 Conclusion......Page 254
4.5 Conclusion......Page 255
Literature......Page 257
WADA’s and Other Institution’s Official Documents and Websites......Page 259
Case Law......Page 260
5.1 Summary of the Book......Page 263
5.2 Current Developments......Page 266
5.3 Debate on Legalisation of Doping......Page 267
5.4 Future Research......Page 268
5.5.1 Clear Legislative Basis for Data-Processing Activities......Page 269
5.5.2 Conditions for the Transfer of Personal Data to Third Countries......Page 270
5.5.4 Determination of Data Controllers and Their Obligations......Page 271
5.5.5 Rights of Athletes......Page 272
5.5.6 Necessity and Proportionality......Page 273
