Astronomy

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This fast, effective tutorial helps you master the core concepts of astronomy -- and get the best possible grade. From planets, stars, and galaxies to the search for extraterrestrial life, you get clear, jargon-free explanations of the fundamentals, including all the latest discoveries and theories.

Author(s): Charles J. Peterson
Series: Cliffs Quick Review
Edition: Updated
Publisher: Cliffs Notes
Year: 2000

Language: English
Pages: 289

CONTENTS......Page 4
CHAPTER 1: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY......Page 12
Navigation......Page 13
Greek Astronomy......Page 14
Pythagoras......Page 15
Aristarchus......Page 16
Hipparchus......Page 17
Ptolemy and the Geocentric hypothesis......Page 18
Nicolaus Copernicus and the Heliocentric hypothesis......Page 19
Johannes Kepler......Page 20
Beyond Newton: Relativity Theories......Page 21
The Scientific Method......Page 24
Measurement Methods......Page 25
Kepler’s Three Laws of Planetary Motion......Page 27
Newton’s Three Laws of Motion and a Law of Gravitation......Page 30
Electromagnetic Radiation (Light)......Page 33
Particle properties of light......Page 34
Wave properties of light......Page 35
Kirchoff’s three types of spectra......Page 38
Wien’s and Stefan-Bolzman’s Laws for Continuous Radiation......Page 41
Quantitative Analysis of Spectra......Page 43
Doppler’s Law......Page 44
The sky......Page 46
Stars and constellations......Page 47
The Sun......Page 50
Time......Page 51
The Moon......Page 53
Planets......Page 56
Refracting telescopes......Page 57
Reflecting telescopes......Page 58
Detectors......Page 59
CHAPTER 4: THE SOLAR SYSTEM......Page 62
Origin and Evolution of the Solar System......Page 63
Terrestrial Planets and Gas-Giant Planets......Page 69
Comparative Planetology — Terrestrial Planets......Page 71
Comparative Planetology — Gas-Giant Planets......Page 72
Moons......Page 73
Rings......Page 75
Meteoroids......Page 77
Asteroids......Page 79
Comets......Page 80
Dust and gas......Page 82
Other Planetary Systems......Page 83
Properties of Earth and the Moon......Page 86
Surface features......Page 88
Temperature and energy......Page 90
Earth’s Atmosphere......Page 92
The magnetosphere......Page 94
The greenhouse effect......Page 95
Interior Structure — Core, Mantle, and Crust......Page 96
The Age of Earth......Page 100
Origin of the Earth-Moon System......Page 101
Tidal Forces......Page 102
Evolution of the Earth-Moon System......Page 104
Mercury......Page 106
Venus......Page 109
Mars......Page 113
Jupiter......Page 116
Saturn......Page 120
Uranus......Page 122
Neptune......Page 124
Pluto......Page 126
Global Properties......Page 128
The Photosphere......Page 132
The Chromosphere......Page 133
The Corona......Page 134
The Sunspot Cycle......Page 135
Internal Structure — The Standard Solar Model......Page 136
Energy Generation — The Proton-Proton Cycle......Page 137
Solar Neutrino Problem......Page 140
Helioseismology......Page 141
Stellar Parallax and Distances......Page 143
Apparent Magnitudes......Page 145
Luminosities......Page 147
Masses......Page 148
Radii......Page 149
Spectral Types......Page 150
Luminosity Classes......Page 154
Proper Motions and Radial Velocities......Page 155
Properties of Secondary Importance......Page 156
CHAPTER 9: THE HERTZSPRUNG-RUSSELL DIAGRAM......Page 158
Mass-Luminosity Relationship......Page 162
Red Giants and Supergiants......Page 165
White Dwarf Stars......Page 166
Spectroscopic Parallax......Page 167
Equation of State......Page 170
Thermal Equilibrium......Page 171
Energy Generation — The CNO Cycle......Page 172
Energy Transport......Page 173
High-Mass Stars versus Low-Mass Stars......Page 174
Binary stars......Page 175
Variable stars......Page 176
Bok globules, infared stars, and cocoon stars......Page 182
T Tauri variable starts......Page 183
Evolution of Stars......Page 186
Terminal-Age Main Sequence......Page 188
Red Giant Stage......Page 190
Triple-alpha process......Page 192
Horizontal branch stars......Page 193
Planetary nebulae......Page 197
White Dwarf Stars......Page 200
Novae......Page 202
Type I Supernovae......Page 203
Type II Supernovae......Page 204
Neutron Stars (Pulsars)......Page 209
Black Holes and Binary X Ray Sources......Page 211
Interstellar Matter......Page 214
Dust......Page 215
Emission nebulae (HII regions)......Page 216
Reflection nebulae......Page 217
Interstellar absorption lines......Page 218
21-cm radio radiation from neutral hydrogen......Page 219
Star Clusters......Page 220
Associations......Page 221
Structure of the Galaxy......Page 222
Halo and bulge......Page 225
Exterior to the halo......Page 227
Rotation curve of the Galaxy......Page 228
Mass distribution......Page 231
Spiral arm phenomenon......Page 232
Stellar populations......Page 236
Elliptical (E) galaxies......Page 240
Spiral (SA and SB) galaxies......Page 242
Irregular (Ir) galaxies......Page 245
Hubble “tuning fork” diagram for classification......Page 246
Interacting galaxies......Page 249
Mergers and cannibalism......Page 250
Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN)......Page 251
Clusters of Galaxies......Page 254
Determination of mass in galaxies......Page 255
Dark matter......Page 257
The Origin and Evolution of Galaxies......Page 258
Distances......Page 260
The Hubble Relationship......Page 262
3 K cosmic background radiation......Page 264
Cosmological Principle......Page 266
Closed and open universes......Page 271
Will the universe expand forever?......Page 272
Beyond the Big Bang Theory......Page 274
Grand Unified Theories (GUTs)......Page 276
Cosmological Constant......Page 281
Historical Background......Page 282
Scientific Considerations......Page 283
Philosophical Considerations......Page 285
SETI — The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence......Page 286