Asia's Energy Trends and Developments (In 2 Volumes) : Volume 1: Innovations and Alternative Energy Supplies | Volume 2: Case Studies in Cooperation, Competition and Possibilities from Central, Northeast and South Asia

Volume 1
Foreword
Contributors
CONTENTS
Part I Innovations and Alternative Energy Supplies
Chapter 1 Climate Change: A Global Issue Tan Yong Soon
1.1 BACKGROUND
1.2 SINGAPORE’S ROLE
1.3 SINGAPORE IS SERIOUS ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE
1.4 DOMESTIC MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION MEASURES
1.4.1 Mitigation
1.4.2 Adaptation
1.5 NEW OPPORTUNITIES
1.6 CONCLUSION: WORKING TOGETHER
Chapter 2 Grooming Clean Energy as a Key Growth Area for Singapore Goh Chee Kiong
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 ENERGY INNOVATION PROGRAMME OFFICE
2.3 HOME FOR INNOVATION
2.4 HOME FOR BUSINESS
2.5 CONCLUSION
Chapter 3 Nanoenergy in Singapore Hiranmayee Vedam
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 SINGAPORE ENERGY POLICIES
3.3 BUILDING THE NANOTECHNOLOGY SECTOR IN SINGAPORE
3.4 NANOTECHNOLOGY IN ENERGY
3.5 ENERGY GENERATION
3.5.1 Photovoltaic Cells
3.5.2 Fuel Cells
3.5.3 Wind Energy
3.5.4 Fossil Fuels
3.5.5 Others
3.6 ENERGY STORAGE
3.6.1 Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Batteries
3.6.2 Supercapacitors
3.7 ENERGY DISTRIBUTION
3.8 ENERGY UTILISATION
3.8.1 Transportation
3.8.2 Building
3.8.3 Manufacturing
3.9 NANOENERGY IN SINGAPORE
3.10 PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) CELLS
3.11 FIRST-GENERATION PV CELLS
3.12 NEXT-GENERATION PV CELLS
3.12.1 Dye-Sensitised PV Cells
3.12.2 Organic PV Cells
3.12.3 Fuel Cells
3.12.4 Li-Ion Batteries
3.12.5 OLEDs
3.13 CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 4 Innovation with Energy and Energy with Innovation Geoffrey C. Nicholson
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 THE INNOVATIVE CULTURE
4.3 CHIEF EXECUTIVE’S ROLE
4.4 HIRING INNOVATIVE PEOPLE
4.5 BENEFITS OF A GLOBAL TECHNICAL COMMUNITY
4.6 ENERGY WITH INNOVATION
4.7 EXAMPLES OF 3M INNOVATIONS
4.8 CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 5 Hydropower in Southeast Asia Erik Knive
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 ELECTRICITY MARKETS OVERVIEW
5.3 ELECTRICITY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
5.4 ENERGY SECURITY
5.5 RENEWABLE ENERGY: HYDROPOWER
5.6 COMPETITIVE POWER MARKETS
5.7 THE ROLE OF SN POWER
5.8 CONCLUSION
Chapter 6 Philippine Experiences with Grid-Connected Renewable Energy Power Systems N. A. Orcullo, Jr.
6.1 BACKGROUND
6.2 LEGAL MANDATES ESTABLISHED
6.3 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES AND POLICIES2
6.4 MARKET SYSTEM FOR ELECTRIC POWER
6.5 THE ELECTRICAL GRID SYSTEM
6.6 THE RENEWABLE ENERGY ACT OF 2008
6.7 FEED-IN TARIFF SYSTEM FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
6.8 NET-METERING MECHANISM
6.9 ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
6.9.1 Role of the ERC in the EPIRA Regime
6.9.2 Role of the WESM in Electricity Trade
6.9.2.1 Membership in the WESM
6.9.2.2 How Does the WESM Work?
6.10 CAGAYAN ELECTRIC POWER AND LIGHT COMPANY, INC
6.10.1 CEPALCO’s Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Plant
6.10.2 Project Cost of the PV Plant
6.10.3 Generation Cost of the PV Plant
6.10.4 Non-Energy Benefi ts from the PV Plant
6.10.5 Energy Supply Mix of CEPALCO
6.10.6 Expansion of the PV Plant
6.11 NORTHWIND POWER DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (NPDC)
6.11.1 Funding the NPDC Project
6.11.2 NPDC Expansion and Creation of a New Subsidiary
6.11.3 Sale Price of NPDC Power Output
6.11.4 Carbon Credits for the NPDC
6.11.5 Local Government Unit’s Efforts Paid Off
6.11.6 Contribution of the NPDC to the Grid
6.12 ILOCOS NORTE ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE
6.12.1 Energy Supply Mix of INEC
6.12.2 INEC Benefits from Wind Power
6.12.3 INEC’s Concerns about the Spot Market
6.13 MONTALBAN METHANE POWER PROJECT
6.14 MORE WIND POWER PROJECTS
6.15 WIND POWER CONTRACTING ROUND
6.16 FINANCIAL SUPPORT MECHANISM FOR NRETS
6.16.1 Financial Support Under the Renewable Energy Act
6.16.2 Available Financing from the Private Sector
6.16.3 Financial Support from External Parties
6.17 TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY
6.17.1 Margin Advantage for NRET Electricity
6.18 MORE INVESTMENTS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY NEEDED AND EXPECTED
6.19 SUCCESS FACTORS IN THE PHILIPPINE NRET PROGRAMMES/PROJECTS
6.20 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Chapter 7 The Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Business: From Evolution to Revolution Steve Puckett and Tony Regan
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 EVOLUTION
7.3 FROM EVOLUTION TO REVOLUTION
7.4 REVOLUTION: INTRODUCTION OF MERCHANT TRAINS
7.5 REVOLUTION: INTRODUCTION OF MEGA VESSELS
7.6 REVOLUTION: HUGE EXPANSION OF LNG RE-GASIFICATION CAPACITY
7.7 THE GAME CHANGER: FLOATING RE-GASIFICATION VESSELS
7.8 EVOLUTION TO REVOLUTION: LNG LIQUEFACTION CAPACITY
7.9 REVOLUTION: LNG LIQUEFACTION GAME CHANGERS
7.10 LNG LIQUEFACTION: THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD
Can North America make a great leap?
7.11 REVOLUTION: THE INDUSTRY PLAYERS
7.12 OUTLOOK
7.12.1 What about China and India?
7.13 CONCLUSION
Chapter 8 Developing Renewable Energy and Carbon Abatement Projects in Asia William I. Y. Byun
8.1 OVERVIEW OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
8.1.1 The Challenges of Renewables
8.1.2 Overview of Energy in Asia: Selected Country Case Studies
8.1.2.1 Renewable Energy Development in Indonesia
8.1.2.2 Renewable Energy Development in Thailand
8.1.2.3 Renewable Energy Development in Korea
8.1.3 Practical Challenges to Developing Renewable Energy Projects
8.1.4 Climate Change as a Driver of Renewable Energy Development
8.2 “ON THE GROUND”
8.2.1 Investment Considerations
8.2.2 Practical Choke Issues
8.3 CARBON NEXUS
8.3.1 Overview of CER Generation Mechanism
8.3.2 Reality of the CDM Universe
8.4 CRYSTAL BALL
8.4.1 Looking Ahead
Part II Nuclear Issues in Asia
Chapter 9 Power Development Plan and Status of Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) Development in Indonesia Djoko Prasetijo
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 THE “THREE A’S” SITUATION OF THE ELECTRICITY SECTOR
9.3 POWER DEVELOPMENT PLAN
9.4 NUCLEAR POWER DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA
9.5 HIGHLIGHTS OF MEDIA COVERAGE OF NUCLEAR POWER DEVELOPMENT
9.6 PREPAREDNESS OF INDONESIA IN NUCLEAR INFRASTRUCTURE ISSUES
9.7 CONCLUSION
Chapter 10 Korean Nuclear Power Technology Hae Ryong Hwang and Shin Whan Kim
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.2 IMPORTANCE OF NUCLEAR POWER IN KOREA
10.3 HISTORY OF COMMERCIAL NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS IN KOREA
10.4 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE OPR1000 AND APR1400 DESIGNS
10.4.1 OPR1000 Design Features
10.4.2 APR1400 Design Features
10.5 COMPETITIVENESS OF KOREAN NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY
10.6 SHARING THE EXPERIENCE OF THE KOREAN NUCLEAR INDUSTRY
10.7 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Chapter 11 Malaysian Perspectives, Planning and Problems with Regard to Nuclear Energy Shahidan Radiman
11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.2 THE EVOLUTION OF NUCLEAR POWER
11.3 THE GLOBAL ENERGY CHALLENGE
11.4 CURRENT MALAYSIAN ENERGY SITUATION
11.5 MALAYSIA PLANS FOR NUCLEAR POWER BY 2021
11.6 PLANNING FOR A NUCLEAR OPTION
11.7 NUCLEAR ENERGY HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT
11.8 EDUCATING AND ENGAGING THE MALAYSIAN PUBLIC ON NUCLEAR ISSUES
11.9 NON-PROLIFERATION TREATY (NPT) AND MALAYSIA
11.10 PROBLEMS FACING THE MALAYSIAN NUCLEAR PROGRAMME
11.11 CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 12 The Asian Development Bank’s Regional Perspectives, Policies and Issues Regarding Nuclear Energy and Sustainable Development in Southeast Asia Anthony J. Jude
12.1 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
12.2 ENERGY DEMAND AND FINANCING NEEDS
12.3 REGIONAL ELECTRICITY DEMAND AND ENERGY SUPPLY SITUATION
12.4 ENERGY RESOURCE OPTIONS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
12.4.1 Hydropower
12.4.2 Natural Gas
12.4.3 Coal
12.4.4 Geothermal
12.5 WHY NUCLEAR ENERGY? WHY NOT STRENGTHEN REGIONAL COOPERATION?
12.6 LONG-TERM PLANNING NEEDED FOR NUCLEAR ENERGY DEVELOPMENT
12.7 NATIONS PLANNING PEACEFUL NUCLEAR POWER DEVELOPMENT
12.8 SALIENT POINTS ABOUT NUCLEAR ENERGY AND PLANS IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
12.9 ROLE OF THE ADB
Chapter 13 Birthing an Asean Nuclear Energy Cooperation Regime: Drivers, Status and Way Forward Francisco G. Delfin Jr.
13.1 INTRODUCTION
13.2 ENERGY, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND GOVERNANCE DRIVERS
13.2.1 Energy Drivers
13.2.2 Environmental Drivers
13.2.3 Governance Drivers
13.3 THE ASEAN NEC-SSN: STATUS AND CHALLENGES
13.3.1 Status of the NEC-SSN
13.3.2 Challenges to the NEC-SSN
13.4 SKETCHING A WAY FORWARD
REFERENCES
Chapter 14 Should Asean Go Nuclear? Lee Yoong Yoong
14.1 INTRODUCTION
14.2 ENERGY SECURITY IS CRITICAL TO ASEAN
14.3 OUTLOOK FOR NUCLEAR ENERGY
14.4 CONCLUSION
Chapter 15 Myanmar and the Nuclear Option Thaung Tun
Index
Volume 2
Foreword
Contributors
CONTENTS
Chapter 1 The Logic of Energy Policy: The Case of Upstream Oil, Gas, Coal and Downstream Oil Sectors in Southeast Asia Ridwan D. Rusli
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF ENERGY POLICY
1.3 DETERMINANTS OF ENERGY POLICY
1.3.1 Geography and Resource Endowment
1.3.2 Demographics, Economic and Industrial Development, Geography and Population Distribution
1.3.3 Refinery Sector and Fuel Distribution
1.3.4 Energy and Fuel Subsidies
1.3.5 Institutional History and Foundation
1.3.5.1 Indonesia
1.3.5.2 Thailand
1.3.5.3 Malaysia
1.3.6 Upstream Fiscal Policy
1.3.7 Regional Summary
1.4 POLICY INSTRUMENTS AND NORMATIVE ENERGY POLICY GRID
1.4.1 Industrial, Trade, Investment and Fiscal Policy
1.4.2 Energy Sector Regulation and Policy
1.4.3 Role of SOEs and NOCs
1.4.4 Normative Energy Policy Grid
1.5 ANALYSIS OF ENERGY POLICY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
1.5.1 Observed Policy Grid
1.5.2 Normative versus Observed Energy Policy Grids
1.5.2.1 Industrial Policy and Energy Strategy
1.5.2.2 Industry Structure and Sector Regulation
1.5.2.3 Trade, Investment and Fiscal Policy
1.5.3 Implementation and Institutional Challenges
1.5.4 More on Institutional Weaknesses
1.5.5 Commercial Strategy and Government Role
1.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Chapter 2 East Asia’s Energy Challenges: General Energy Cooperation and the Question of Competition Christopher Len
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 ENERGY PROFILES OF KEY COUNTRIES IN EAST ASIA
2.2.1 Key Non-ASEAN Member Countries: China, India, Japan and South Korea
2.2.2 Key ASEAN Member Countries
2.3 DISTINGUISHING GENERAL ENERGY COOPERATION FROM ENERGY SECURITY COOPERATION
2.4 EAST ASIA’S FOCUS ON GENERAL ENERGY COOPERATION
2.5 CONCLUDING THOUGHTS: ENERGY SECURITY COOPERATION AND COMPETITION IN EAST ASIA
Chapter 3 Contemporary Japanese-Russian Energy Cooperation: Problems, Current Developments and Perspectives Svetlana Vassiliouk
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 HISTORY OF BILATERAL COOPERATION: LESSONS AND PROBLEMS FROM THE PAST
3.3 OVERVIEW OF CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN JAPANESE-RUSSIAN ENERGY COOPERATION
3.3.1 Sakhalin Projects
3.3.2 The Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean Pipeline and Related Projects
3.4 PROSPECTS FOR FUTURE JAPAN-RUSSIA BILATERAL ENERGY COOPERATION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 4 Energy-Related Policy Issues in Terms of Japan-China Relations Yuji Morita
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 CHINA’S ENERGY DEMAND
4.2.1 Energy Consumption in China
4.2.2 China’s Energy Output
4.2.3 Energy Supply and Demand
4.3 CHINA’S DEMAND FOR OIL
4.3.1 Development of Domestic Oil Resources
4.3.2 Oil Imports
4.3.3 Overseas Equity Procurement
4.3.4 Measures to Secure Oil and Gas Transportation Routes
4.3.5 Strategic Oil Reserves
4.4 TRADE WITH JAPAN
4.4.1 Resumption of Trade between Japan and China: L-T Trade
4.4.2 Normalisation of Relations between Japan and China
4.4.3 Progress in Trade between Japan and China
4.5 ENERGY TRADE BETWEEN JAPAN AND CHINA
4.5.1 Oil Trade
4.5.2 Coal Trade
4.6 OIL EXPLORATION COOPERATION BETWEEN JAPAN AND CHINA
4.6.1 Exploration and Development of Bohai Bay Oil Field
4.7 CONFLICT OF INTEREST BETWEEN JAPAN AND CHINA OVER MEASURES TO SECURE ENERGY SUPPLY
4.7.1 Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean (ESPO) Pipeline
4.7.2 Development of Gas Fields in the East China Sea
4.7.3 Oil Development in Iran
4.7.4 Energy Cooperation between Japan and China
4.8 CONCLUSION
Chapter 5 India’s Pipelines: Paradox, Problems and Possibilities Marie Lall
5.1 THE CENTRALITY OF THE QUESTION OF ENERGY SECURITY
5.2 THE PROPOSED PIPELINES
5.2.1 Iran-Pakistan-India (IPI) Pipeline
5.2.2 Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) Pipeline
5.2.3 Myanmar-Bangladesh-India Pipeline
5.3 PROBLEMS WHICH HAVE FRUSTRATED THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PIPELINES
5.3.1 Foreign Policy Issues
5.3.2 Domestic Constraints
5.3.3 The Future: The Need for a Policy Turnaround
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 6 The Caucasus: Conflict, Instability and Fossil Energy Export Route Hooman Peimani
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 OIL AND THE CAUCASUS
6.3 THE SALIENCE OF THE MAJOR CAUCASIAN PIPELINE PROJECTS
6.3.1 Azeri Pipelines
6.3.2 Armenian Pipelines
6.3.3 Georgian Pipelines
6.4 BARRIERS TO THE CAUCASUS’S EMERGENCE AS A LONG-TERM EXPORT ROUTE
6.4.1 Potential for Armed Conflicts
6.4.2 Potential of Internal Instability
6.4.3 Potential Oil-Related Sources of Instability
6.5 CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 7 Kazakh Gas Policy in the Central Asian Region: Problems and Prospects Zhanibek Saurbek
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 KAZAKHSTAN
7.3 OVERVIEW OF THE GAS INDUSTRY OF KAZAKHSTAN
7.4 UZBEKISTAN
7.4.1 Historical Background
7.4.2 Key Problematic Issues in Kazakh-Uzbek Relations
7.4.3 Legal Instruments and Their Impact on Kazakh-Uzbek Relations
7.5 TURKMENISTAN
7.6 CONCLUSION
Chapter 8 The Theory of Stable Arab Gas Diplomacy: Regional Energy Security Through the Arab Gas Pipeline Mary E. Stonaker
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 THEORY
8.3 ORIGINS OF THE ARAB GAS PIPELINE
8.4 OBSTACLES FACED BY THE ARAB GAS PIPELINE
8.5 PRESENT STATUS OF THE ARAB GAS PIPELINE
8.5.1 Egypt
8.6 SNAPSHOTS OF DOMESTIC NATURAL GAS SECTORS
8.6.1 Jordan
8.6.2 Syria
8.6.3 Lebanon
8.6.4 Israel
8.6.5 Turkey
8.7 EMERGING HORIZONS OF THE ARAB GAS PIPELINE
8.8 THE FIRST INDICATORS OF STABLE ARAB GAS DIPLOMACY
8.8.1 Close Neighbors Economic and Trade Partnership Council (CNETAC)27
8.8.2 Regional Israeli Relations
8.8.3 Syrian-Lebanese Relations
8.8.4 Syrian-Turkish Relations
8.9 CONCLUSION
Index