This cutting-edge resource offers practical overview of cognitive radio - a paradigm for wireless communications in which a network or a wireless node changes its transmission or reception parameters. The alteration of parameters is based on the active monitoring of several factors in the external and internal radio environment. This book offers a detailed description of cognitive radio and its individual parts. Practitioners learn how the basic processing elements and their capabilities are implemented as modular components. Moreover, the book explains how each component can be developed and tested independently, before integration with the rest of the engine. Practitioners discover how cognitive radio uses artificial intelligence to achieve radio optimization. The book also provides an in-depth working example of the developed cognitive engine and an experimental scenario to help engineers understand its performance and behavior.
Author(s): Thomas W. Rondeau, Charles W. Bostian
Edition: 1
Year: 2009
Language: English
Pages: 228
Artificial Intelligence in Wireless Communications......Page 2
Contents......Page 8
Acknowledgments......Page 14
1 Introduction to Cognitive Radio......Page 16
1.3 Definition......Page 20
1.4 Contributions......Page 21
References......Page 23
1.1 Brief Concept of Cognitive Radio......Page 17
1.2 Very Brief Cognitive Radio History......Page 18
2 The Cognitive Engine: Artificial Intelligence for Wireless Communications......Page 26
2.1 Cognitive Radio Design......Page 27
2.2 Cognitive Engine Design......Page 29
2.3.1 Sensors......Page 31
2.3.2 Optimizer......Page 34
2.3.4 Policy Engine......Page 35
2.3.5 Radio Framework......Page 36
2.3.7 Cognitive Controller Configuration......Page 38
2.4 Artificial Intelligence in Wireless Communications......Page 39
2.5 Artificial Intelligence Techniques......Page 40
2.5.1 Neural Networks......Page 41
2.5.2 Hidden Markov Models (HMM)......Page 42
2.5.5 Case-Based Reasoning......Page 43
2.6 Conclusions......Page 44
References......Page 45
3 Overview and Basics of Software Defined Radios......Page 48
3.1 Background......Page 49
3.2 Benefits of Using SDR......Page 51
3.3 Problems Faced by SDR......Page 53
3.4 GNU Radio Design......Page 54
3.4.1 The Universal Software Radio Peripheral......Page 55
3.4.3 Flow Graphs......Page 56
3.4.4 Parallel Programming in GNU Radio......Page 59
3.4.5 Flow Graph for Simulation and Experimentation......Page 60
3.4.6 Available Knobs and Meters......Page 62
3.5 Conclusions......Page 65
References......Page 66
4.1 Objective Space......Page 68
4.2 Multiobjective Optimization: Objective Functions......Page 70
4.2.1 Bit Error Rate (BER)......Page 71
4.2.2 Bandwidth (Hz)......Page 76
4.2.3 Spectral Efficiency (bits/Hz)......Page 77
4.2.4 Interference......Page 78
4.2.5 Signal to Interference Plus Noise Ratio (SINR)......Page 79
4.2.6 Throughput......Page 80
4.2.7 Power......Page 81
4.2.8 Computational Complexity......Page 82
4.4.1 Utility Functions......Page 83
4.4.2 Population-Based Analysis......Page 86
4.5 Conclusion......Page 88
References......Page 89
5.1 A Brief Review......Page 92
5.2 Simple Example: The Knapsack Problem......Page 93
5.3 Multiobjective GA......Page 99
5.4 Wireless System Genetic Algorithm......Page 101
5.4.1 Details of Chromosome Structure......Page 103
5.4.2 Objective Function Definition......Page 105
5.4.3 Optimal Individual Selection......Page 106
5.5 Conclusions......Page 108
References......Page 109
6 Decision Making with Case-Based Learning......Page 112
6.1 Case-Based Decision Theory......Page 113
6.2 Cognitive Engine Architecture with CBDT......Page 114
6.2.1 Memory and Forgetfulness......Page 116
6.3 Cognitive Engine Case-Based Decision Theory Implementation......Page 117
6.4 Simple CBDT Example......Page 120
6.5 Cognitive Radio Example Problem......Page 128
6.6 Conclusion......Page 132
References......Page 133
7 Cognitive Radio Networking and Rendezvous......Page 134
7.1 Waveform Distribution and Rendezvous......Page 135
7.2 Cognitive Radio Networks......Page 136
7.3 Distributed AI......Page 137
References......Page 138
8 Example Cognitive Engine......Page 140
8.1 Functional System Design......Page 141
8.2.1 BER-only......Page 144
8.2.2 BER and Power (1)......Page 146
8.2.3 BER and Power (2)......Page 147
8.2.5 Waveform Efficiency......Page 149
8.3 Interference Environment......Page 152
8.3.1 Interference (1): Simple BER Tests......Page 153
8.3.2 Interference (2): Sensor Problems......Page 155
8.3.3 Interference (3): Correcting for Sensors......Page 156
8.3.4 Interference (4): Throughput with Low Spectral Footprint......Page 161
8.4 Case-Based Decision Theory Example......Page 163
8.5 Over-the-Air Results......Page 164
8.6 Conclusions......Page 170
References......Page 171
9 Conclusions......Page 172
9.1 Application to Multicarrier Waveforms......Page 173
9.2 Strategies, Not Waveforms......Page 174
9.3 Enhanced Learning Systems......Page 175
References......Page 176
A.1 Bit Error Rate Plots......Page 178
B Additional BER Formulas......Page 184
References......Page 186
C.2 OProfile Results of GNU Radio Modulators......Page 188
References......Page 191
D.1 Waveform Representation......Page 196
D.2 Objectives Sensor......Page 200
D.3 Meters Sensor......Page 201
D.5 Cognitive Controller Configuration......Page 202
E Optimal Solutions of Knapsack Problems......Page 206
F.1 Sensor Design......Page 210
F.2 Simulation......Page 211
F.3.1 SINR Calculation Function......Page 213
F.3.2 Plotting SINR with No Interference Power......Page 215
F.3.3 Plotting SINR with Varying Interference Power......Page 216
Acronyms......Page 218
About the Authors......Page 222
Index......Page 226
