Artificial intelligence (AI) is the latest technological evolution which is transforming the global economy and is a major part of the “Fourth Industrial Revolution.” This book covers the meaning, types, subfields and applications of AI, including U.S. governmental policies and regulations, ethical and privacy issues, particularly as they pertain and affect facial recognition programs and the Internet-of Things (IoT). There is a lengthy analysis of bias, AI’s effect on the current and future job market, and how AI precipitated fake news. In addition, the text covers basics of intellectual property rights and how AI will transform their protection. The author then moves on to explore international initiatives from the European Union, China’s New Generation Development Plan, other regional areas, and international conventions. The book concludes with a discussion of super intelligence and the question and applicability of consciousness in machines. The interdisciplinary scope of the text will appeal to any scholars, students and general readers interested in the effects of AI on our society, particularly in the fields of STS, economics:)law and politics.
Author(s): Rosario Girasa
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Year: 2020
Language: English
Pages: 339
Tags: Science And Technology Studies
Other Publications by Author Under Name of Roy J. Girasa or Rosario Girasa......Page 6
Preface......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Acronyms and Abbreviations......Page 11
List of Figures......Page 14
Table of Cases......Page 15
Part I: Artificial Intelligence: Disruption, Application, and U.S. Policies......Page 17
The Four Industrial Revolutions......Page 18
Disruptive Technologies......Page 19
Artificial Intelligence (AI)......Page 21
Definitions of AI......Page 23
Types of AI Intelligence......Page 25
Machine Learning......Page 28
Robotics......Page 31
Vision (Computer Vision)......Page 32
Artificial Neural Network......Page 33
Speech Processing......Page 34
Natural Language Processing (NLP)......Page 35
2: Applications of AI and Projections of AI Impact......Page 37
Health Care......Page 38
Robots and Robotics......Page 42
Autonomous Vehicles......Page 47
Worker Safety......Page 48
Energy and Energy Management......Page 49
Banking......Page 50
Speech (Voice) Recognition......Page 53
Employment: Impact of AI Automation......Page 56
Workplace Environment and Human Resources......Page 57
Marketing......Page 60
Search Engines......Page 63
Entertainment and Consumer Usages......Page 64
Law Firms......Page 65
Accounting......Page 66
Military and National Security......Page 68
Government......Page 71
Sports......Page 72
Sampling of Companies Engaged in AI Use......Page 73
Projected Risks of AI......Page 76
3: AI U.S. Policies and Regulations......Page 82
Defense Innovation Board Recommendations......Page 83
President Barack Obama’s Initiatives......Page 91
President Donald Trump’s Initiatives: 2018 White House Summit......Page 96
President Donald Trump’s AI Executive Order......Page 100
FY 2020 AI Budget Priorities......Page 102
DARPA......Page 106
U.S. Department of Homeland Security......Page 108
Federal Regulation......Page 110
State Regulations of Autonomous Vehicles......Page 112
Part II: Privacy and Ethical Concerns, Bias, Jobs, Intellectual Property Rights and International Initiatives......Page 116
Need for Regulation?......Page 117
What Is the Meaning of Ethics?......Page 119
Privacy......Page 120
Facial Recognition Programs......Page 125
Current U.S. Government’s Efforts of Facial Recognition......Page 135
AI Code of Ethics......Page 137
European Commission’s Draft AI Ethics Guidelines......Page 138
Debate Concerning Fear of Usage of Robots......Page 141
Autonomous Lethal Weapons and National Security......Page 144
Opposition to Enhanced AI-Based Weaponry......Page 150
Peace Machine......Page 154
United Nations......Page 155
International Peace Institute......Page 156
What Is IoT and IOE?......Page 159
Federal Trade Commission (FTC)......Page 162
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)......Page 172
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)......Page 178
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)......Page 179
Department of Homeland Security (DHS)......Page 181
Department of Transportation (DOT)......Page 183
Department of Defense (DoD)......Page 184
Department of Commerce......Page 186
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)......Page 187
Miscellaneous U.S. Departments’ IoT Engagements......Page 188
States’ Proposals for Privacy Legislation......Page 189
Congressional Proposals for Privacy Legislation......Page 192
European Union and IoT Regulation......Page 195
Bias......Page 198
Meaning and Types of Biases......Page 199
Biases in Criminal Cases......Page 202
AI and Jobs......Page 213
“Fake News” and the Threat to Democratic Values......Page 223
Patent......Page 227
Trademark......Page 228
Copyright......Page 229
Trade Secret......Page 230
Patents and Trademarks......Page 232
Copyrights......Page 234
Trade Secrets......Page 236
AI and Intellectual Property Protection......Page 237
Copyrights......Page 240
Patents......Page 248
International Application of Patent Laws and Regulations......Page 259
Trademarks and AI......Page 262
Declaration of 2018......Page 265
Communication of 2018......Page 266
General Data Protection......Page 268
Robotics......Page 270
E.U. Commission’s Draft AI Guidelines......Page 273
Safety Measures and Liability......Page 277
Member States Initiatives......Page 278
New Generation of Artificial Development Plan......Page 280
I. The Strategic Situation......Page 281
II. The Overall Requirements......Page 282
III. Focus Tasks......Page 283
VI. Organization and Implementation......Page 285
Middle East......Page 290
Latin America......Page 291
Africa......Page 293
Asilomar AI Principles......Page 296
Toronto Declaration......Page 297
Future Trends and Super Intelligence......Page 300
Appendix A: Recommendations of National Science and Technology Council......Page 309
Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence......Page 311
Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence......Page 312
Index of Contents......Page 314
Preamble......Page 315
Using the Framework of International Human Rights Law......Page 317
Preventing Discrimination......Page 318
Protecting the Rights of All Individuals and Groups: Promoting Diversity and Inclusion......Page 319
State Use of Machine Learning Systems......Page 320
Identify Risks......Page 321
Ensure Transparency and Accountability......Page 322
Enforce Oversight......Page 323
Holding Private Sector Actors to Account......Page 324
Responsibilities of Private Sector Actors: Human Rights Due Diligence......Page 325
The Right to an Effective Remedy......Page 327
Conclusion......Page 329
Research Issues......Page 330
Ethics and Values......Page 331
Longer-Term Issues......Page 332
Index......Page 333
