This book analyses the implications of the technical, legal, ethical and privacy challenges as well as challenges for human rights and civil liberties regarding Artificial Intelligence (AI) and National Security. It also offers solutions that can be adopted to mitigate or eradicate these challenges wherever possible.
As a general-purpose, dual-use technology, AI can be deployed for both good and evil. The use of AI is increasingly becoming of paramount importance to the government’s mission to keep their nations safe. However, the design, development and use of AI for national security poses a wide range of legal, ethical, moral and privacy challenges. This book explores national security uses for Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Western Democracies and its malicious use. This book also investigates the legal, political, ethical, moral, privacy and human rights implications of the national security uses of AI in the aforementioned democracies. It illustrates how AI for national security purposes could threaten most individual fundamental rights, and how the use of AI in digital policing could undermine user human rights and privacy.
In relation to its examination of the adversarial uses of AI, this book discusses how certain countries utilise AI to launch disinformation attacks by automating the creation of false or misleading information to subvert public discourse. With regards to the potential of AI for national security purposes, this book investigates how AI could be utilized in content moderation to counter violent extremism on social media platforms. It also discusses the current practices in using AI in managing Big Data Analytics demands.
This book provides a reference point for researchers and advanced-level students studying or working in the fields of Cyber Security, Artificial Intelligence, Social Sciences, Network Security as well as Law and Criminology. Professionals working within these related fields and law enforcement employees will also find this book valuable as a reference.
Author(s): Reza Montasari
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 228
City: Cham
Contents
Artificial Intelligence and the Spread of Mis- and Disinformation
1 Introduction
2 Misinformation Versus Disinformation
2.1 Information and the Meaning of Truth in a Post-Truth World
2.2 The Differences Between Misinformation and Disinformation
3 AI, Bots, and the Spread of Mis- and Disinformation
3.1 Definitions of AI and ML
3.2 Types of Disinformation and Detecting Fabricated Content
3.2.1 GAN Images
3.2.2 False Videos and Deepfakes
3.2.3 Multimodal Content
3.3 Software Robots
3.3.1 Types of Bots
3.4 Social Media and the Spread of Mis- and Disinformation
4 The Global Impact of the Spread of Disinformation
5 Mitigating the Impact of Mis- and Disinformation
6 Conclusion
References
How States' Recourse to Artificial Intelligence for National Security Purposes Threatens Our Most Fundamental Rights
1 Introduction
2 Background
2.1 National Security Being a Vague and Ambiguous Term
2.2 Understanding Artificial Intelligence
2.2.1 The Notion of Artificial Intelligence
2.2.2 Threats and Opportunities of Artificial Intelligence
3 Legal Framework of Endangered Human Rights
3.1 Right to Life
3.2 Right to a Fair Trial
3.3 Right to Privacy and Data Protection
3.4 Right to Freedom of Expression and Opinion
3.5 Right to Freedom of Assembly and Association
3.6 Right to Equality: The Prohibition of Discrimination
3.7 Right to Free Elections
4 National Security Uses of Artificial Intelligence
4.1 States' Recourse to Artificial Intelligence in General
4.1.1 Problems of Biases, Errors, False Positives and False Negatives
4.1.2 Problems of Transparency and Accountability
4.2 Surveillance Practices
4.2.1 Surveillance Practices Limited Only to Legitimate National Security Purposes
4.2.2 Surveillance Practices Deployed in Predictive Policing
4.2.3 Facial Recognition Combined with Surveillance Practices
4.3 Drones and Lethal Autonomous Weapons
4.4 AI-Enabled Foreign State Disinformation
4.5 Combating Illegal Content Online: Detection of Threats
5 Conclusion
References
The Use of AI in Managing Big Data Analysis Demands: Status and Future Directions
1 Introduction
2 Previous Work
2.1 Policy
2.1.1 People: UN Future Generations (2030)
2.1.2 Energy: COP 26 UN Climate Change Conference
2.2 Technology
2.2.1 Artificial Intelligence (AI)
2.2.2 Big Data (BD)
2.2.3 Blockchain (BC)
2.3 Application
2.3.1 People: Health Surveillance
2.3.2 Energy: UK Power
2.4 Summary
3 Research Challenges
3.1 Policy
3.1.1 People: Data Protection
3.1.2 Energy: Predictability
3.2 Technology
3.2.1 People: Scalability
3.2.2 Energy: Security
3.3 Applications
3.3.1 People: Smart Meter Connectivity
3.3.2 Energy: Market Supplier
3.4 Summary
4 Potential Solutions
4.1 Policy
4.2 Technology
4.3 Application
4.4 Summary
5 Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendations
References
The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Content Moderation in Countering Violent Extremism on Social Media Platforms
1 Introduction
2 Definitions
2.1 Violent Extremism
2.2 CVE
3 AI in Content Moderation
3.1 Measuring the Accuracy of AI in Content Moderation
3.2 Infringements on the Freedom of Expression and Democracy
4 The Use of De-platforming Measures
5 Conclusion
References
A Critical Analysis into the Beneficial and Malicious Utilisations of Artificial Intelligence
1 Introduction
1.1 Background and Definitions
1.1.1 Machine Learning
1.1.2 Natural Language Processing
1.2 Research Questions
1.3 The Structure of This Chapter
2 The Malicious Use of Artificial Intelligence
2.1 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
2.2 3D Printing
2.3 Distributed Denial of Service (DDOS) Attacks
2.4 Phishing
3 The Beneficial Uses of Artificial Intelligence
3.1 Efficiency and Automation
3.2 Business
3.3 Prisons
3.4 Counterterrorism
4 The Challenges Faced by Artificial Intelligence
4.1 Technical Challenges
4.1.1 Content Moderation
4.1.2 Facial Recognition Bias
4.2 Legal Challenges
4.2.1 Freedom of Expression
4.3 Ethical Challenges
5 Conclusion
References
Countering Terrorism: Digital Policing of Open Source Intelligence and Social Media Using Artificial Intelligence
1 Introduction
2 Background
2.1 Cybercrime
2.2 Digital Policing
2.3 Open Source Intelligence
2.4 Social Media Intelligence
2.5 Terrorism and Radicalization
3 Digital Policing Methods of Countering Terrorism
4 Challenges and Recommendations
4.1 Ethical and Legal Challenges
4.2 Technological Challenges
4.3 Organizational Challenges
5 Discussion
6 Conclusion
References
Cyber Threat Prediction and Modelling
1 Introduction
2 Business Importance of Cyber Threat Prediction and Modelling
2.1 What Is an Asset?
2.2 What Is a Threat?
2.3 What Is a Vulnerability?
2.4 What Is the Impact?
3 Threat Intelligence
4 Developing Your Threat Prediction and Modelling Capabilities
4.1 Traditional Threats
4.2 Non-traditional Threats
5 Threat Modelling
5.1 Threat Scenarios
6 Using the Mitre ATT&CK (MITRE. MITRE ATT&CK®) and CAPEC (MITRE. CAPEC – Common Attack Pattern Enumeration and Classification (CAPECTM)) for Cyber Threat Prediction and Modelling
7 Conclusion
References
A Critical Analysis of the Dark Web Challenges to Digital Policing
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Challenges
4 Solutions
5 Discussion
6 Conclusion
References
Insights into the Next Generation of Policing: Understanding the Impact of Technology on the Police Force in the Digital Age
1 Introduction
2 Changes in the Policing Environment in the Era of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence
2.1 Digitisation of Work Models
2.2 Expanded Field of Work
2.3 Increased Technical Requirements for Police Officers
3 Current Status of the Application of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data in Policing
3.1 Combating Crime
3.2 Serving Society
4 Insights Around the Challenges of Digital Policing
4.1 Conflict Between Public Safety and Individual Rights
4.2 Conflict Between Transparency of Evidence and Black Box Effect
4.3 Conflict Between Efficiency and Legality of Law Enforcement
4.4 Conflict Between Emerging Crimes and Lagging Laws
5 The Future of Digital Policing
5.1 Predictive Policing
5.2 Collaboration in Policing
5.3 Reflections on Enhanced Policing
6 Conclusion
References
The Dark Web and Digital Policing
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Challenges
4 Recommendations
5 Discussion
6 Conclusion
References
Pre-emptive Policing: Can Technology be the Answer to Solving London's Knife Crime Epidemic?
1 Introduction
1.1 Statistics
1.1.1 Who Is Affected?
1.1.2 Why Knife Crime?
2 What Is A Knife Crime
3 Motivations and Risk Factors for Carrying Knives
3.1 Risk Factors
3.1.1 Gender
3.1.2 Ethnicity
3.1.3 Age
3.1.4 School Exclusion/Social Exclusion
3.1.5 Gangs
3.1.6 Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
3.1.7 Poor Relationship with the Police and Local Community Relationships with Police
3.1.8 Children and Young People Do Not Trust the Authorities to Protect Them
3.1.9 Poor Mental Health
3.1.10 Family Life
3.1.11 Peer Relationships and Friends
3.1.12 Material Aspirations
3.1.13 Geographical Location
3.1.14 Poverty, Inequality, Deprivation and Austerity
3.1.15 Peer Pressure or Gang Involvement
3.1.16 Drug Dealing
3.1.17 Drug Using
3.1.18 Previous Arrest/Criminality
3.1.19 Fear and Intimidation, Protection
3.1.20 Social Status and Respect
3.1.21 Utility
3.1.22 Victim of Violent Crime
3.1.23 Bullying
3.1.24 Social Media
4 The London Metropolitan Police Force
4.1 Structure of MPS
4.1.1 The Met Comprises Four Business Groups
4.2 Policing Strategies in London Metropolitan Police Service (MPS)
4.2.1 Hot-Spot Policing
4.2.2 Stop and Search
4.2.3 Enhanced Mobility
5 Embracing Innovative Technology to Tackle Knife Crime
6 The Use of Big Data to Predict Knife-Enabled Homicides or Knife Offences in the London Metropolitan Area
6.1 How Can Visualisations Aid Pre-emptive Policing?
7 Conclusion
References
