This authoritative reference provides a detailed study of the most up-to-date developments in artificial cells, cell engineering, and cell therapy. Broken down into four sections, the book covers the design, engineering, and uses of artificial cells and assesses the clinical relevance of artificial cells and cell engineering. Highlights include liposomes, nanocapsules, stem cell engineering for therapy, cell therapy approaches for spinal cord injury, treatment of cancer, insulin delivery, and pharmaceutical and industry to name just a few. This is a highly dynamic sector with growing interest in the use of engineered cells in controlled release of active drugs and other therapeutic agents.
Author(s): S Prakash
Edition: 1
Year: 2007
Language: English
Pages: 537
1845690362......Page 1
Contents......Page 6
Contributor contact details......Page 14
Preface......Page 18
Acknowledgements......Page 20
Part I The artificial cell......Page 22
1.1 Introduction: concept and history......Page 24
1.2 Designing an artificial cell......Page 29
1.3 Microcapsule design membrane materials......Page 30
1.4 The diversity of artificial cell preparation methods......Page 38
1.5 Production of artificial cells: microencapsulation technologies......Page 41
1.6 Artificial cell microcapsule membrane characterization......Page 44
1.7 Artificial cells: current status and future prospective......Page 47
1.8 Conclusions and future trends......Page 50
1.10 References......Page 51
2.2 Properties and classification of hydrophilic polymers......Page 63
2.3 Targeting mechanisms and materials approaches......Page 67
2.5 References......Page 80
3.1 Introduction......Page 93
3.2 Liposome structure and preparation......Page 95
3.3 Conventional liposome formulations......Page 96
3.4 Targeted drug delivery using liposomes......Page 105
3.5 Future trends......Page 113
3.7 References......Page 114
4.1 Introduction......Page 124
4.3 Design of polymeric nanoparticles......Page 125
4.4 Medical applications of nanoparticles......Page 128
4.6 Future trends......Page 130
4.8 References......Page 132
Part II Cell engineering......Page 136
5.1 Apoptosis......Page 138
5.3 Cell death during stroke......Page 141
5.4 Stroke management......Page 142
5.5 Neuronal cell death and Parkinson's disease......Page 144
5.7 Advances in development of neuro-protective agents......Page 146
5.8 Neuronal cell death and Alzheimer's disease......Page 147
5.9 Apoptosis and cancer......Page 149
5.10 Future trends......Page 156
5.12 References and further reading......Page 157
6.1 Introduction......Page 164
6.3 Mesenchymal stromal cells as adult stem cells......Page 165
6.4 Plasticity of adult MSC: milieu-dependent differentiation......Page 169
6.5 Cardiomyocytic differentiation of MSC......Page 170
6.6 Stem cell niche......Page 174
6.7 Cell signaling and mechanisms of differentiation......Page 175
6.8 Homing of the MSC to the infarcted site......Page 178
6.9 Therapeutic use of MSC......Page 180
6.11 Future trends......Page 181
6.12 References......Page 182
7.1 Introduction......Page 193
7.2 Identification of the optimal cell source......Page 194
7.4 Cell engineering for therapeutic applications......Page 195
7.5 Current progress with MDSCs......Page 199
7.6 Future trends......Page 201
7.8 References......Page 202
Part III Artificial cells for cell therapy......Page 208
8.1 Introduction......Page 210
8.2 Current therapies based on the oral delivery of live bacterial cells......Page 213
8.3 Potential of articial cells for live therapeutic bacterial cell oral delivery......Page 220
8.4 Principle of artificial cells for oral delivery of bacterial cells for therapy......Page 221
8.5 Design and preparation: different immobilization technologies......Page 224
8.6 Conclusions......Page 228
8.8 References......Page 230
9.2 Preparation of microencapsulated hepatocytes......Page 243
9.3 Microencapsulated hepatocytes......Page 244
9.4 Clinical experience with hepatocyte transplantation......Page 247
9.5 Artificial cells in bioartificial liver support systems......Page 250
9.6 The artificial cell bioartificial liver - preliminary studies......Page 251
9.7 Future trends......Page 253
9.8 References......Page 254
10.1 Gene therapy: a historical perspective......Page 257
10.2 Experience with gene therapy......Page 258
10.3 Cellular aspects of artificial cell gene therapy......Page 261
10.4 Application to Mendelian genetic diseases......Page 269
10.5 Cancer gene therapy - an expansion from Mendelian disorders......Page 279
10.6 Future trends......Page 286
10.7 Conclusions......Page 293
10.8 References......Page 294
11.1 Hollow fiber (HF) membrane and its evaluation......Page 313
11.2 Biomedical applications of hollow fiber-based devices......Page 324
11.4 Acknowledgements......Page 333
11.5 References......Page 334
Part IV The clinical relevance of artificial cells and cell engineering......Page 340
12.1 Introduction......Page 342
12.2 Red blood cell substitutes......Page 343
12.3 Delivery of enzymes, drugs and genes......Page 347
12.5 Cell encapsulation: hepatocytes, islets, stem cells and others......Page 348
12.6 Conclusions......Page 349
12.8 References......Page 350
13.1 Current therapy for heart failure......Page 354
13.2 The innate capacity for myocardial regeneration......Page 355
13.3 The role of bone marrow stromal cells for myocardial regeneration......Page 356
13.5 Unique immunological properties of MSCs......Page 358
13.6 Current hypothesis of xenogenic MSCs immunotolerance......Page 362
13.7 Conclusions and future trends......Page 364
13.8 References......Page 365
14.2 Background......Page 370
14.3 Current status......Page 375
14.4 Future trends......Page 377
14.6 References......Page 379
15.2 Renal failure......Page 387
15.3 Current renal therapy options......Page 389
15.4 Limitations and complications of current treatment protocols......Page 392
15.5 Artificial cells for the treatment of renal failure......Page 398
15.6 Future trends......Page 401
15.8 References......Page 402
16.2 Approaches for restoring regulated insulin secretion......Page 409
16.4 Development of insulin-producing cells from stem/progenitor cells......Page 411
16.5 Insulin-producing cells derived from liver cells......Page 413
16.6 Insulin-producing cells derived from intestine epithelial cells......Page 414
16.7 Insulin-producing cells derived from bone marrow......Page 415
16.10 Future trends......Page 416
16.13 References......Page 418
17.1 Introduction......Page 425
17.2 Strategies for delivering drugs to the brain......Page 426
17.3 Different drug delivery systems for active brain targeting......Page 432
17.4 Future trends......Page 439
17.6 References......Page 442
18.1 Introduction......Page 445
18.3 In vitro and in vivo enzyme kinetics of artificial cells encapsulated tyrosinase......Page 446
18.4 In vitro and in vivo enzyme kinetics og nandimension artificial cells consisting of polyhemoglobin-tyrosinase......Page 447
18.5 Effect of PolyHb-tyrosinase on melanoma mice model......Page 448
18.6 Effects of combined methods on lowering systemic tyrosine levels in rats......Page 449
18.7 Conclusions......Page 450
18.9 References......Page 451
19.1 Introduction......Page 454
19.2 Impact of innovative technologies in healthcare......Page 456
19.3 Tissue engineering and cell therapy: selected applications......Page 458
19.4 The role of government, profit and non-profit institutions in realizing potential......Page 462
19.5 Cells as products under FDA guidelines......Page 466
19.6 Conclusion and future trends......Page 469
19.7 References......Page 472
20.1 Introduction......Page 475
20.3 Current therapies......Page 476
20.5 Biologic therapy......Page 477
20.7 IL-10......Page 478
20.8 Probiotics and prebiotics......Page 479
20.10 Limitations of current therapies......Page 480
20.12 Current strategies for oral delivery of IBD medication......Page 481
20.13 Delivery using artificial cell microcapsules......Page 482
20.16 References......Page 486
21.1 Introduction......Page 490
21.2 Carrier-mediated and artificial-cell targeted cancer drug delivery......Page 493
21.3 Future trends......Page 503
21.4 Conclusions......Page 512
21.6 References......Page 514
Index......Page 523
