This book investigates the most advanced theories and methodologies of array beamforming, with a focus on antenna array enabled wireless communication technology.
Combining with the current development needs and trends of wireless communication technology around the world, the authors explore the potentials and challenges of large-scale antenna array beamforming technology in next-generation mobile communication and some important emerging application scenarios. The book first introduces the basic structure of antenna array hierarchical codebook and channel estimation with high dimensionality, with which the time cost of searching the channel information can be effectively reduced. It then explicates high-efficiency beamforming transmission methods for point-to-point transmission, full-duplex point-to-point transmission, and point-to-multipoint transmission where array beamforming enabled non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technologies for typical two-user systems and general multi-user systems are emphasized. The book also discusses array beamforming enabled unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communications and array beamforming enabled space/air/ground communications, with the uniqueness and relative solutions for single UAV systems and multi-UAV networks being analyzed.
This will be a vital reference for researchers, students, and professionals interested in wireless communications, array beamforming, and millimeter-wave communications.
Author(s): Zhenyu Xiao, Lipeng Zhu, Lin Bai, Xiang-Gen Xia
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 463
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
List of Symbols
List of Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Array Beamforming
1.1. INTRODUCTION
1.2. MIMO SYSTEMS
1.2.1. Fading and Diversity
1.2.1.1. Large-Scale Propagation Effects
1.2.1.2. Small-Scale Propagation Effects
1.2.1.3. Diversity
1.2.2. SIMO System
1.2.3. MISO System
1.2.4. MIMO System
1.2.4.1. Narrowband MIMO Model
1.2.4.2. Decomposition of the MIMO Channel
1.2.4.3. Channel Capacity of MIMO Channel
1.3. ANTENNA ARRAY MODELS
1.3.1. Plane Wavefront
1.3.2. Two-Element Array
1.3.3. N-Element Array: Uniform Linear Array
1.3.3.1. Broadside Array
1.3.3.2. End-Fire Array
1.3.3.3. Phased (Scanning) Array
1.3.4. Planar Array
1.3.4.1. Uniform Rectangular Array
1.3.4.2. Uniform Circular Array
1.3.5. Array Channel Model
1.3.6. Array Beamforming Structures
1.3.6.1. Phased Arrays
1.3.6.2. Digital Arrays
1.3.6.3. Hybrid Antenna Arrays
1.3.6.4. Irregular Antenna Arrays
1.4. ARRAY BEAMFORMING METHODS
1.4.1. Conventional Beamforming Methods
1.4.2. Statistic Beamforming Methods
1.4.2.1. MVDR and MPDR
1.4.2.2. MMSE
1.4.2.3. MOSINR
1.4.3. Adaptive Beamforming Methods
1.4.3.1. LMS
1.4.3.2. SMI
1.4.3.3. RLS
1.4.3.4. CGA
1.4.3.5. CMA
1.5. SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 2: Codebook-Based Beamforming and Channel Estimation
2.1. INTRODUCTION
2.2. CODEBOOK DESIGN
2.2.1. Two Criteria
2.2.2. Antenna Deactivation Codebook
2.2.2.1. Coarse Codebook
2.2.2.2. Fine Codebook
2.2.3. Joint Sub-Array and Deactivation Codebook
2.2.3.1. Beam Rotation
2.2.3.2. Beam Broadening
2.2.3.3. Codebook Generation
2.2.4. Enhanced Codebook
2.2.4.1. Preliminaries of Codebook Design
2.2.4.2. The Enhanced Sub-Array Scheme
2.2.5. Codebook for Hybrid Structures
2.2.5.1. The GDP Metric
2.2.5.2. Hierarchical Codebook Design
2.2.5.3. Low-Complexity Search and Closed-Form Solutions
2.2.5.4. Codebook Generation
2.2.6. Performance Evaluation of Designed Hierarchical Codebooks
2.2.6.1. Total Transmit Power Model
2.2.6.2. Per-Antenna Transmit Power Model
2.3. BEAM SEARCH AND CHANNEL ESTIMATION
2.3.1. Exhaustive Beam Search
2.3.2. Hierarchical Beam Search
2.3.3. Compressed Sensing for Channel Estimation
2.3.4. Joint Beam Search and Compressed Sensing
2.3.5. Performance Evaluation
2.4. SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 3: Array Beamforming for Point-to-Point Transmission
3.1. INTRODUCTION
3.2. SYSTEM AND CHANNEL MODELS
3.3. EIGENVALUE DECOMPOSITION BASED BEAMFORMING
3.3.1. Iterative EVD Scheme
3.3.1.1. Description of IEVD
3.3.1.2. The Training Approach
3.3.1.3. Convergence Analysis
3.3.2. Multipath Grouping Scheme
3.3.2.1. The Diversity Scheme by Park and Pan
3.3.2.2. MPG Scheme
3.3.2.3. Performance Analysis
3.3.3. Performance Comparison
3.3.3.1. Convergence Rates of IEVD and Its Training Approach
3.3.3.2. Performance Comparisons
3.3.3.3. Complexity Issue
3.4. BEAM SPACE TRANSMISSION
3.4.1. Singular-Vector Based Scheme
3.4.2. Steering-Vector Based Scheme
3.4.3. Performance Evaluation
3.5. SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 4: Array Beamforming Enabled Full-Duplex Transmission
4.1. INTRODUCTION
4.2. BEAMFORMING FOR FULL-DUPLEX POINT-TO-POINT TRANSMISSION
4.2.1. System Model
4.2.2. Channel Model
4.2.2.1. Communication Channel
4.2.2.2. SI Channel
4.2.3. FD Communication without CM Constraint
4.2.3.1. The ZF-Max-Power Approach
4.2.3.2. Closed-Form Solutions
4.2.3.3. Simulation Results
4.2.4. FD Communication Considering CM Constraint
4.2.4.1. CM Beamforming Cancellation
4.2.4.2. Beamforming Cancellation with Double RF Chains
4.2.5. Multi-User Scenario
4.2.5.1. Benefit of FD Transmission
4.2.5.2. Interference Mitigation
4.3. BEAMFORMING FOR FULL-DUPLEX RELAY
4.3.1. System Model
4.3.1.1. Signal Model
4.3.1.2. Channel Model
4.3.2. Beamforming Design
4.3.3. Performance Evaluation
4.3.3.1. Simulation Setup
4.3.3.2. Simulation Results
4.4. SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 5: Array Beamforming Enabled 2-User NOMA
5.1. INTRODUCTION
5.2. MULTI-BEAM FORMING
5.3. DOWNLINK TRANSMISSION
5.3.1. Problem Formulation
5.3.2. Solution of the Problem
5.3.3. Performance Evaluations
5.4. UPLINK TRANSMISSION
5.4.1. System Model and Problem Formulation
5.4.2. Solution of the Problem
5.4.3. Performance Evaluations
5.5. SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 6: Array Beamforming Enabled Multi-User NOMA
6.1. INTRODUCTION
6.2. USER FAIRNESS FOR NOMA
6.2.1. System Model and Problem Formation
6.2.1.1. System Model
6.2.1.2. Problem Formulation
6.2.2. Solution of the Problem
6.2.2.1. Optimal Power Allocation with an Arbitrary Fixed AWV
6.2.2.2. Beamforming Design with Optimal Power Allocation
6.2.2.3. Decoding Order
6.2.2.4. Consideration of Modulus Constraints
6.2.2.5. Computational Complexity
6.2.3. Performance Simulations
6.3. JOINT TX-RX BEAMFORMING FOR NOMA
6.3.1. System Model and Problem Formulation
6.3.1.1. System Model
6.3.1.2. Achievable Rate
6.3.1.3. Problem Formulation
6.3.2. Solution of the Problem
6.3.2.1. Optimal Power Allocation with Arbitrary Fixed Beamforming Vectors
6.3.2.2. Optimal Rx Beamforming Vectors with an Arbitrary Fixed Tx Beamforming Vector
6.3.2.3. Design of Tx Beamforming Vector with BC-PSO
6.3.2.4. Basics of PSO
6.3.2.5. Implementation of BC-PSO
6.3.2.6. Computational Complexity
6.3.3. Performance Simulations
6.4. NOMA WITH HYBRID BEAMFORMING
6.4.1. System Model
6.4.1.1. System Model
6.4.1.2. Achievable Rate
6.4.2. User Grouping and Problem Formulation
6.4.2.1. User Grouping
6.4.2.2. Problem Formulation
6.4.3. Solution of Power Allocation
6.4.3.1. The Intra-GPA Problem
6.4.3.2. The Inter-GPA Problem
6.4.4. Solution of Hybrid Beamforming
6.4.4.1. Digital Beamforming with Arbitrary Fixed Analog Beamforming
6.4.4.2. Analog Beamforming Using BC-PSO Alogrithm
6.4.5. Summary of the Complete Solution and Computational Complexity
6.4.5.1. Summary of the Complete Solution
6.4.5.2. Computational Complexity
6.4.6. Performance Simulations
6.5. SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 7: Array Beamforming Enabled UAV Communications
7.1. INTRODUCTION
7.2. CHANNEL MODEL
7.2.1. Propagation Characteristics
7.2.2. Airframe Shadowing and Fluctuation
7.2.3. A2G Channel Modeling
7.3. 3D BEAM COVERAGE
7.3.1. Commonly Used 3D Beamforming Methods
7.3.2. Flexible Coverage System Model
7.3.3. Coordinate Transformation of the Target Area
7.3.4. Wide Beam Pattern Design
7.3.5. Performance Evolution
7.4. SINGLE UAV DEPLOYMENT
7.4.1. Single UAV System Model
7.4.2. Single UAV-BS Downlink Channel Model
7.4.3. UAV-BS Deployment with Array Beamforming
7.4.3.1. Solution of the UAV-BS Deployment Problem
7.4.3.2. Solution of the Beamforming Problem
7.4.4. Performance Evaluation
7.5. MULTIPLE UAVS DEPLOYMENT
7.5.1. Multiple UAVs System Model
7.5.2. Positioning, Clustering, and Beamforming for Multiple UAV-BSs
7.5.2.1. Joint UAV-BS Positioning and User Clustering
7.5.2.2. Beamforming Design
7.5.3. Performance Evaluation
7.5.3.1. Simulation Setup and Benchmark Schemes
7.5.3.2. Demonstration of Presented Solution
7.5.3.3. Convergence Evaluation and Performance Comparison
7.5.3.4. Performance Evaluation under Practical Factors
7.6. SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 8: Array Beamforming Enabled UAV Networking
8.1. INTRODUCTION
8.2. NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
8.2.1. Network Topology
8.2.2. SDN-Based Network
8.2.3. Summary and Discussion
8.3. LINK ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE
8.3.1. Neighbor Discovery
8.3.2. Routing
8.3.3. Resource Allocation
8.3.4. Summary and Discussion
8.4. INTEGRATION OF SUB-6 GHZ AND MILLIMETER-WAVE BANDS
8.5. SECURITY
8.5.1. Security Metrics
8.5.2. Anti-Eavesdropping Techniques
8.5.3. Summary and Discussion
8.6. SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 9: Antenna Array Enabled Space/Air/Ground Communications
9.1. INTRODUCTION
9.2. LEO SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
9.2.1. Various Beam Patterns
9.2.2. MBA
9.2.3. Beam Management and Handover
9.3. AIRBORNE COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING
9.3.1. Beam Tracking
9.3.2. Doppler Effect
9.3.3. Joint Positioning and Beamforming
9.3.4. Antenna Array Enabled Aerial Ad Hoc Network
9.4. GROUND CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS
9.4.1. Cellular Massive MIMO
9.4.2. Cell-Free MIMO
9.4.3. V2X Communication
9.5. SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Index
